UNITED
STATES
SECURITIES
AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington,
D.C. 20549
FORM
10-Q
x
|
Quarterly report pursuant to
Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 for the
quarterly period ended June 30,
2010.
|
OR
¨
|
Transition report pursuant to
Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 for the
transition period from
to
.
|
Commission
File Number: 001-34371
United
States Short Oil Fund, LP
(Exact
name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Delaware
|
|
20-2939256
|
(State
or other jurisdiction of
incorporation
or organization)
|
|
(I.R.S.
Employer
Identification
No.)
|
1320
Harbor Bay Parkway, Suite 145
Alameda,
California 94502
(Address
of principal executive offices) (Zip code)
(510)
522-9600
(Registrant’s
telephone number, including area code)
N/A
(Former
name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last
report)
Indicate
by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to
be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant
was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing
requirements for the past 90 days.
x
Yes ¨ No
Indicate
by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on
its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be
submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this
chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the
registrant was required to submit and post such files).
¨
Yes ¨ No
Indicate
by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an
accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting
company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,”
“accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the
Exchange Act.
Large
accelerated filer ¨
|
Accelerated
filer ¨
|
|
|
Non-accelerated
filer x
|
Smaller
reporting company ¨
|
(Do
not check if a smaller reporting company)
|
|
Indicate
by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule
12b-2 of the Exchange Act).
¨
Yes x No
UNITED
STATES SHORT OIL FUND, LP
Table
of Contents
|
|
Page
|
Part I. FINANCIAL
INFORMATION |
|
|
Item
1. Condensed Financial Statements.
|
|
1
|
|
|
|
Item
2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results
of Operations.
|
|
16
|
|
|
|
Item
3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market
Risk.
|
|
33
|
|
|
|
Item
4. Controls and Procedures.
|
|
34
|
|
|
|
Part
II. OTHER INFORMATION
|
|
|
Item
1. Legal Proceedings.
|
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35
|
|
|
|
Item
1A. Risk Factors.
|
|
35
|
|
|
|
Item
2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of
Proceeds.
|
|
35
|
|
|
|
Item
3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities.
|
|
36
|
|
|
|
Item
4. Reserved.
|
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36
|
|
|
|
Item
5. Other Information.
|
|
36
|
|
|
|
Item
6. Exhibits.
|
|
36
|
Part I. FINANCIAL
INFORMATION
Item 1. Condensed Financial
Statements.
Index
to Condensed Financial Statements
Documents
|
|
Page
|
Condensed
Statements of Financial Condition at June 30, 2010 (Unaudited) and
December 31, 2009
|
|
2
|
|
|
|
Condensed
Schedule of Investments (Unaudited) at June 30, 2010
|
|
3
|
|
|
|
Condensed
Statements of Operations (Unaudited) for the three and six months ended
June 30, 2010
|
|
4
|
|
|
|
Condensed
Statement of Changes in Partners’ Capital (Unaudited) for the six months
ended June 30, 2010
|
|
5
|
|
|
|
Condensed
Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited) for the six months ended June 30,
2010 and 2009
|
|
6
|
|
|
|
Notes
to Condensed Financial Statements for the period ended June 30, 2010
(Unaudited)
|
|
7
|
United
States Short Oil Fund, LP
Condensed
Statements of Financial Condition
At
June 30, 2010 (Unaudited) and December 31, 2009
|
|
June 30, 2010
|
|
|
December 31, 2009
|
|
Assets
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cash
and cash equivalents (Note 5)
|
|
$ |
20,792,563 |
|
|
$ |
11,690,132 |
|
Equity
in UBS Securities LLC trading accounts:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cash
|
|
|
3,172,397 |
|
|
|
2,543,700 |
|
Unrealized
gain (loss) on open commodity futures contracts
|
|
|
45,500 |
|
|
|
(1,024,370 |
) |
Receivable
from General Partner (Note 3)
|
|
|
144,775 |
|
|
|
206,444 |
|
Dividend
receivable
|
|
|
627 |
|
|
|
453 |
|
Other
assets
|
|
|
349 |
|
|
|
- |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total
assets
|
|
$ |
24,156,211 |
|
|
$ |
13,416,359 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Liabilities
and Partners’ Capital
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Professional
fees payable
|
|
$ |
157,620 |
|
|
$ |
211,500 |
|
General
Partner management fees payable (Note 3)
|
|
|
11,788 |
|
|
|
7,063 |
|
Brokerage
commission fees payable
|
|
|
1,080 |
|
|
|
600 |
|
Other
liabilities
|
|
|
667 |
|
|
|
891 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total
liabilities
|
|
|
171,155 |
|
|
|
220,054 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Commitments and Contingencies
(Notes 3, 4 and 5)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Partners’
Capital
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
General
Partner
|
|
|
- |
|
|
|
- |
|
Limited
Partners
|
|
|
23,985,056 |
|
|
|
13,196,305 |
|
Total
Partners’ Capital
|
|
|
23,985,056 |
|
|
|
13,196,305 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total
liabilities and partners’ capital
|
|
$ |
24,156,211 |
|
|
$ |
13,416,359 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Limited
Partners’ units outstanding
|
|
|
500,000 |
|
|
|
300,000 |
|
Net
asset value per unit
|
|
$ |
47.97 |
|
|
$ |
43.99 |
|
Market
value per unit
|
|
$ |
48.20 |
|
|
$ |
43.90 |
|
See
accompanying notes to condensed financial statements.
United
States Short Oil Fund, LP
Condensed
Schedule of Investments (Unaudited)
At
June 30, 2010
|
|
|
|
|
Gain
on Open
|
|
|
%
of
|
|
|
|
Number
of
|
|
|
Commodity
|
|
|
Partners’
|
|
|
|
Contracts
|
|
|
Contracts
|
|
|
Capital
|
|
Open
Futures Contracts - Short
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
United
States Contracts
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
NYMEX
Crude Oil Futures CL contracts, expire August 2010
|
|
|
317 |
|
|
$ |
45,500 |
|
|
|
0.19 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Principal Amount
|
|
|
Market Value
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cash
Equivalents
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
United
States - Money Market Funds
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fidelity
Institutional Government Portfolio - Class I
|
|
$ |
5,001,715 |
|
|
$ |
5,001,715 |
|
|
|
20.85 |
|
Goldman
Sachs Financial Square Funds - Government Fund - Class
SL
|
|
|
5,000,718 |
|
|
|
5,000,718 |
|
|
|
20.85 |
|
Morgan
Stanley Institutional Liquidity Fund - Government
Portfolio
|
|
|
5,000,351 |
|
|
|
5,000,351 |
|
|
|
20.85 |
|
Total
Cash Equivalents
|
|
|
|
|
|
$ |
15,002,784 |
|
|
|
62.55 |
|
See
accompanying notes to condensed financial statements.
United
States Short Oil Fund, LP
Condensed
Statements of Operations (Unaudited)
For
the three and six months ended June 30, 2010
|
|
Three
months ended
|
|
|
Six
months ended
|
|
|
|
June 30, 2010
|
|
|
June 30, 2010
|
|
Income
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Gain
on trading of commodity futures contracts:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Realized
gain on closed positions
|
|
$ |
4,104,130 |
|
|
$ |
2,631,100 |
|
Change
in unrealized gain on open positions
|
|
|
306,530 |
|
|
|
1,069,870 |
|
Dividend
income
|
|
|
1,444 |
|
|
|
1,989 |
|
Interest
income
|
|
|
618 |
|
|
|
893 |
|
Other
income
|
|
|
4,000 |
|
|
|
5,000 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total
income
|
|
|
4,416,722 |
|
|
|
3,708,852 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Expenses
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Professional
fees
|
|
|
30,820 |
|
|
|
157,620 |
|
General
Partner management fees (Note 3)
|
|
|
31,661 |
|
|
|
51,377 |
|
Brokerage
commission fees
|
|
|
8,514 |
|
|
|
12,883 |
|
Other
expenses
|
|
|
3,354 |
|
|
|
4,331 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total
expenses
|
|
|
74,349 |
|
|
|
226,211 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Expense
waivers (Note 3)
|
|
|
(22,904 |
) |
|
|
(144,775 |
) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net
expenses
|
|
|
51,445 |
|
|
|
81,436 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net
income
|
|
$ |
4,365,277 |
|
|
$ |
3,627,416 |
|
Net
income per limited partnership unit
|
|
$ |
6.44 |
|
|
$ |
3.98 |
|
Net
income per weighted average limited partnership unit
|
|
$ |
9.32 |
|
|
$ |
9.42 |
|
Weighted
average limited partnership units outstanding
|
|
|
468,132 |
|
|
|
385,083 |
|
See
accompanying notes to condensed financial statements.
United
States Short Oil Fund, LP
Condensed
Statement of Changes in Partners’ Capital (Unaudited)
For
the six months ended June 30, 2010
|
|
General Partner
|
|
|
Limited Partners
|
|
|
Total
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Balances,
at December 31, 2009
|
|
$ |
- |
|
|
$ |
13,196,305 |
|
|
$ |
13,196,305 |
|
Addition
of 500,000 partnership units
|
|
|
- |
|
|
|
22,638,937 |
|
|
|
22,638,937 |
|
Redemption
of 300,000 partnership units
|
|
|
- |
|
|
|
(15,477,602 |
) |
|
|
(15,477,602 |
) |
Net
income
|
|
|
- |
|
|
|
3,627,416 |
|
|
|
3,627,416 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Balances,
at June 30, 2010
|
|
$ |
- |
|
|
$ |
23,985,056 |
|
|
$ |
23,985,056 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net
Asset Value Per Unit
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
At
December 31, 2009
|
|
$ |
43.99 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
At
June 30, 2010
|
|
$ |
47.97 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
See
accompanying notes to condensed financial statements.
United
States Short Oil Fund, LP
Condensed
Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited)
For
the six months ended June 30, 2010 and 2009
|
|
Six
months ended
|
|
|
Six
months ended
|
|
|
|
June 30, 2010
|
|
|
June 30, 2009
|
|
Cash
Flows from Operating Activities:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net
income
|
|
$ |
3,627,416 |
|
|
$ |
- |
|
Adjustments
to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating
activities:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Increase
in commodity futures trading account - cash
|
|
|
(628,697 |
) |
|
|
- |
|
Unrealized
gain on futures contracts
|
|
|
(1,069,870 |
) |
|
|
- |
|
Decrease
in receivable from General Partner
|
|
|
61,669 |
|
|
|
- |
|
Increase
in dividend receivable and other assets
|
|
|
(523 |
) |
|
|
- |
|
Decrease
in professional fees payable
|
|
|
(53,880 |
) |
|
|
- |
|
Increase
in General Partner management fees payable
|
|
|
4,725 |
|
|
|
- |
|
Increase
in brokerage commission fees payable
|
|
|
480 |
|
|
|
- |
|
Decrease
in other liabilities
|
|
|
(224 |
) |
|
|
- |
|
Net
cash provided by operating activities
|
|
|
1,941,096 |
|
|
|
- |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cash
Flows from Financing Activities:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Subscription
of partnership units
|
|
|
22,638,937 |
|
|
|
- |
|
Redemption
of partnership units
|
|
|
(15,477,602 |
) |
|
|
- |
|
Net
cash provided by financing activities
|
|
|
7,161,335 |
|
|
|
- |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net
Increase in Cash and Cash Equivalents
|
|
|
9,102,431 |
|
|
|
- |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cash and Cash
Equivalents, beginning of period
|
|
|
11,690,132 |
|
|
|
1,000 |
|
Cash and Cash
Equivalents, end of period
|
|
$ |
20,792,563 |
|
|
$ |
1,000 |
|
See
accompanying notes to condensed financial statements.
United
States Short Oil Fund, LP
Notes
to Condensed Financial Statements
For
the period ended June 30, 2010 (Unaudited)
NOTE
1 - ORGANIZATION AND BUSINESS
The
United States Short Oil Fund, LP (“USSO”) was organized as a limited partnership
under the laws of the state of Delaware on June 30, 2008. USSO is a commodity
pool that issues limited partnership units (“units”) that may be purchased and
sold on the NYSE Arca, Inc. (the “NYSE Arca”). USSO will continue in perpetuity,
unless terminated sooner upon the occurrence of one or more events as described
in its Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership dated as of January
6, 2009 (the “LP Agreement”). The investment objective of USSO is for
the changes in percentage terms of its units’ net asset value to inversely
reflect the changes in percentage terms of the spot price of light, sweet crude
oil delivered to Cushing, Oklahoma, as measured by the changes in the price of
the futures contract for light, sweet crude oil traded on the New York
Mercantile Exchange (the “NYMEX”) that is the near month contract to expire,
except when the near month contract is within two weeks of expiration, in which
case the futures contract will be the next month contract to expire, less USSO’s
expenses. USSO accomplishes its objective through investments in
short positions in futures contracts for light, sweet crude oil and other types
of crude oil, heating oil, gasoline, natural gas and other petroleum-based fuels
that are traded on the NYMEX, ICE Futures or other U.S. and foreign exchanges
(collectively, “Futures Contracts”) and other crude oil-related investments such
as cash-settled options on Futures Contracts, forward contracts for crude oil,
cleared swap contracts and over-the-counter transactions that are based on the
price of crude oil, heating oil, gasoline, natural gas and other petroleum-based
fuels, Futures Contracts and indices based on the foregoing (collectively,
“Other Crude Oil-Related Investments”). As of June 30, 2010, USSO
held short 317 Futures Contracts for light, sweet crude oil traded on the
NYMEX.
USSO
commenced investment operations on September 24, 2009 and has a fiscal year
ending on December 31. United States Commodity Funds LLC (the “General Partner”)
is responsible for the management of USSO. The General Partner is a member
of the National Futures Association (the “NFA”) and became a
commodity pool operator registered with the Commodity Futures Trading Commission
(the “CFTC”) effective December 1, 2005. The General Partner is also the general
partner of the United States Oil Fund, LP (“USOF”), the United States Natural
Gas Fund, LP (“USNG”), the United States 12 Month Oil Fund, LP (“US12OF”),
the United States Gasoline Fund, LP (“UGA”) and the United States Heating Oil
Fund, LP (“USHO”), which listed their limited partnership units on the American
Stock Exchange (the “AMEX”) under the ticker symbols “USO” on April 10,
2006, “UNG” on April 18, 2007, “USL” on December 6, 2007, “UGA”
on February 26, 2008 and “UHN” on April 9, 2008, respectively. As a result of
the acquisition of the AMEX by NYSE Euronext, each of USOF’s, USNG’s, US12OF’s,
UGA’s and USHO’s units commenced trading on the NYSE Arca on November 25, 2008.
The General Partner is also the general partner of the United States 12 Month
Natural Gas Fund, LP (“US12NG”) and the United States Brent Oil Fund, LP
(“USBO”), which listed their limited partnership units on the NYSE Arca under
the ticker symbols “UNL” on November 18, 2009 and “BNO” on June 2, 2010,
respectively. The General Partner has also filed a registration
statement to register units of the United States Commodity Index Fund (“USCI”),
which was declared effective on July 30, 2010 and commenced trading on the NYSE
Arca on August 10, 2010 under the ticker symbol “USCI”.
The
accompanying unaudited condensed financial statements have been prepared in
accordance with Rule 10-01 of Regulation S-X promulgated by the U.S. Securities
and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and, therefore, do not include all
information and footnote disclosure required under accounting principles
generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). The financial
information included herein is unaudited; however, such financial information
reflects all adjustments which are, in the opinion of management, necessary for
the fair presentation of the condensed financial statements for the interim
period.
USSO
issues units to certain authorized purchasers (“Authorized Purchasers”) by
offering baskets consisting of 100,000 units (“Creation Baskets”) through
ALPS Distributors, Inc., as the marketing agent (the “Marketing Agent”).
The purchase price for a Creation Basket is based upon the net asset value of
a unit calculated shortly after the close of the core trading session on
the NYSE Arca on the day the order to create the basket is properly
received.
In
addition, Authorized Purchasers pay USSO a $1,000 fee for each order placed
to create one or more Creation Baskets or to redeem one or more baskets
consisting of 100,000 units (“Redemption Baskets”). Units may be purchased
or sold on a nationally recognized securities exchange in smaller increments
than a Creation Basket or Redemption Basket. Units purchased or sold on a
nationally recognized securities exchange are not purchased or sold at the net
asset value of USSO but rather at market prices quoted on such
exchange.
In
September 2009, USSO initially registered 25,000,000 units on Form S-1 with the
SEC. On September 24, 2009, USSO listed its units on the NYSE Arca under the
ticker symbol “DNO”. On that day, USSO established its initial net asset
value by setting the price at $50.00 per unit and issued 200,000 units in
exchange for $10,000,000. USSO also commenced investment operations on September
24, 2009, by taking short positions in Futures Contracts traded on the
NYMEX based on light, sweet crude oil. As of June 30, 2010, USSO
had registered a total of 25,000,000 units.
NOTE
2 - SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Revenue
Recognition
Commodity
futures contracts, forward contracts, physical commodities, and related options
are recorded on the trade date. All such transactions are recorded on the
identified cost basis and marked to market daily. Unrealized gains or losses on
open contracts are reflected in the condensed statement of financial
condition and is the difference between the original contract amount and the
market value (as determined by exchange settlement prices for futures contracts
and related options and cash dealer prices at a predetermined time for forward
contracts, physical commodities, and their related options) as of the last
business day of the year or as of the last date of the condensed financial
statements. Changes in the unrealized gains or losses between periods are
reflected in the condensed statement of operations. USSO earns interest on
its assets denominated in U.S. dollars on deposit with the futures commission
merchant at the 90-day Treasury bill rate. In addition, USSO earns income
on funds held at the custodian at prevailing market rates earned on such
investments.
Brokerage
Commissions
Brokerage
commissions on all open commodity futures contracts are accrued on a full-turn
basis.
Income
Taxes
USSO is
not subject to federal income taxes; each partner reports his/her allocable
share of income, gain, loss deductions or credits on his/her own income tax
return.
In
accordance with GAAP, USSO is required to determine whether a tax position is
more likely than not to be sustained upon examination by the applicable taxing
authority, including resolution of any tax related appeals or litigation
processes, based on the technical merits of the position. USSO files an income
tax return in the U.S. federal jurisdiction, and may file income tax returns in
various U.S. states. USSO is not subject to income tax return examinations by
major taxing authorities for years before 2008 (year of inception). The tax
benefit recognized is measured as the largest amount of benefit that has a
greater than fifty percent likelihood of being realized upon ultimate
settlement. De-recognition of a tax benefit previously recognized results in
USSO recording a tax liability that reduces net assets. However,
USSO’s conclusions regarding this policy may be subject to review and adjustment
at a later date based on factors including, but not limited to, on-going
analyses of and changes to tax laws, regulations and interpretations thereof.
USSO recognizes interest accrued related to unrecognized tax benefits and
penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in income tax fees payable, if
assessed. No interest expense or penalties have been recognized as of and for
the period ended June 30, 2010.
Creations
and Redemptions
Authorized
Purchasers may purchase Creation Baskets or redeem Redemption Baskets only in
blocks of 100,000 units at a price equal to the net asset value of the units
calculated shortly after the close of the core trading session on the NYSE Arca
on the day the order is placed.
USSO
receives or pays the proceeds from units sold or redeemed within three business
days after the trade date of the purchase or redemption. The amounts due from
Authorized Purchasers are reflected in USSO’s condensed statement of financial
condition as receivable for units sold, and amounts payable to Authorized
Purchasers upon redemption are reflected as payable for units
redeemed.
Partnership
Capital and Allocation of Partnership Income and Losses
Profit or
loss shall be allocated among the partners of USSO in proportion to the number
of units each partner holds as of the close of each month. The General Partner
may revise, alter or otherwise modify this method of allocation as described in
the LP Agreement.
Calculation
of Net Asset Value
USSO’s
net asset value is calculated on each NYSE Arca trading day by taking the
current market value of its total assets, subtracting any liabilities and
dividing the amount by the total number of units issued and outstanding. USSO
uses the closing price for the contracts on the relevant exchange on that
day to determine the value of contracts held on such exchange.
Net
Income (Loss) per Unit
Net
income (loss) per unit is the difference between the net asset value per
unit at the beginning of each period and at the end of each period. The
weighted average number of units outstanding was computed for purposes of
disclosing net income (loss) per weighted average unit. The weighted average
units are equal to the number of units outstanding at the end of the period,
adjusted proportionately for units redeemed based on the amount of time the
units were outstanding during such period. There were no units held by the
General Partner at June 30, 2010.
Offering
Costs
Offering
costs incurred in connection with the registration of additional units after the
initial registration of units are borne by USSO. These costs include
registration fees paid to regulatory agencies and all legal, accounting,
printing and other expenses associated with such offerings. These costs are
accounted for as a deferred charge and thereafter amortized to expense over
twelve months on a straight-line basis or a shorter period if
warranted.
Cash
Equivalents
Cash
equivalents include money market funds and overnight deposits or time deposits
with original maturity dates of three months or less.
Reclassification
Certain
amounts in the accompanying condensed financial statements were reclassified to
conform with the current presentation.
Use
of Estimates
The
preparation of condensed financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires
USSO’s management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported
amount of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and
liabilities at the date of the condensed financial statements, and the reported
amounts of the revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results
could differ from those estimates and assumptions.
NOTE 3
- FEES PAID BY THE FUND AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
General
Partner Management Fee
Under the
LP Agreement, the General Partner is responsible for investing the assets of
USSO in accordance with the objectives and policies of USSO. In addition, the
General Partner has arranged for one or more third parties to provide
administrative, custody, accounting, transfer agency and other necessary
services to USSO. For these services, USSO is contractually obligated to pay the
General Partner a fee, which is paid monthly, that is equal to 0.60% per annum
of average daily net assets.
Ongoing
Registration Fees and Other Offering Expenses
USSO pays
all costs and expenses associated with the ongoing registration of its units
subsequent to the initial offering. These costs include registration
or other fees paid to regulatory agencies in connection with the offer and sale
of units, and all legal, accounting, printing and other expenses associated
with such offer and sale. For the six months ended June 30, 2010, USSO did
not incur any registration fees or other offering expenses.
Directors’
Fees and Expenses
USSO is
responsible for paying its portion of the directors’ and officers’ liability
insurance of the General Partner and the fees and expenses of the independent
directors of the General Partner who are also the General Partner’s audit
committee members. These fees and expenses for the calendar year 2010
are estimated to be a total of $1,178,870 for all funds. Effective as
of April 1, 2010, USSO is responsible for paying its portion of any payments
that may become due to the independent
directors pursuant to
the deferred
compensation agreements entered into
between the independent directors, the General Partner and each of the
affiliated funds. USSO shares all director fees and expenses,
including any that may become due pursuant to the deferred compensation
agreements, with USOF, USNG, US12OF, UGA, USHO, US12NG and USBO based on the
relative assets of each fund, computed on a daily basis.
Licensing
Fees
As
discussed in Note 4, USSO entered into a licensing agreement with the NYMEX
on May 22, 2009. Pursuant to the agreement, USSO and the affiliated funds
managed by the General Partner, other than USBO, pay a licensing fee that is
equal to 0.04% for the first $1,000,000,000 of combined assets of the funds
and 0.02% for combined assets above $1,000,000,000. During the six months ended
June 30, 2010, USSO incurred $2,021 under this arrangement.
Investor
Tax Reporting Cost
The fees
and expenses associated with USSO’s audit expenses and tax accounting and
reporting requirements, with the exception of certain initial implementation
service fees and base service fees which were borne by the General Partner, are
paid by USSO. These costs are estimated to be $132,317 for the
calendar year 2010.
Other
Expenses and Fees and Expense Waivers
In
addition to the fees described above, USSO pays all brokerage fees and
other expenses in connection with the operation of USSO, excluding costs and
expenses paid by the General Partner as outlined in Note 4. The General Partner,
though under no obligation to do so, agreed to pay certain expenses, to the
extent that such expenses exceed 0.15% (15 basis points) of USSO’s NAV, on an
annualized basis, through at least December 31, 2010, after which date such
payments are no longer expected to be necessary. The General Partner
has no obligation to continue such payment into subsequent periods.
NOTE
4 - CONTRACTS AND AGREEMENTS
USSO is
party to a marketing agent agreement, dated as of June 8, 2009, as amended
from time to time, with the Marketing Agent and the General Partner,
whereby the Marketing Agent provides certain marketing services for USSO as
outlined in the agreement. The fee of the Marketing Agent, which is borne by the
General Partner, is equal to 0.06% on USSO’s assets up to $3 billion and 0.04%
on USSO’s assets in excess of $3 billion.
The above
fee does not include the following expenses, which are also borne by the General
Partner: the cost of placing advertisements in various periodicals; web
construction and development; or the printing and production of various
marketing materials.
USSO is
also party to a custodian agreement, dated October 7, 2008, as amended from time
to time, with Brown Brothers Harriman & Co. (“BBH&Co.”) and the General
Partner, whereby BBH&Co. holds investments on behalf of USSO. The General
Partner pays the fees of the custodian, which are determined by the parties
from time to time. In addition, USSO is party to an administrative agency
agreement, dated October 7, 2008, as amended from time to time, with the General
Partner and BBH&Co., whereby BBH&Co. acts as the administrative agent,
transfer agent and registrar for USSO. The General Partner also pays the fees of
BBH&Co. for its services under this agreement and such fees are determined
by the parties from time to time.
Currently,
the General Partner pays BBH&Co. for its services, in the foregoing
capacities, a minimum amount of $75,000 annually for its custody, fund
accounting and fund administration services rendered to USSO and each of the
affiliated funds managed by the General Partner, as well as a $20,000 annual fee
for its transfer agency services. In addition, the General Partner pays
BBH&Co. an asset-based charge of (a) 0.06% for the first $500 million of
USSO’s, USOF’s, USNG’s, US12OF’s, UGA’s, USHO’s, US12NG’s and USBO’s combined
net assets, (b) 0.0465% for USSO’s, USOF’s, USNG’s, US12OF’s, UGA’s, USHO’s,
US12NG’s and USBO’s combined net assets greater than $500 million but less than
$1 billion, and (c) 0.035% once USSO’s, USOF’s, USNG’s, US12OF’s, UGA’s, USHO’s,
US12NG’s and USBO’s combined net assets exceed $1 billion. The annual minimum
amount will not apply if the asset-based charge for all accounts in the
aggregate exceeds $75,000. The General Partner also pays transaction fees
ranging from $7.00 to $15.00 per transaction.
USSO has
entered into a brokerage agreement with UBS Securities LLC (“UBS Securities”).
The agreement requires UBS Securities to provide services to USSO in connection
with the purchase and sale of Futures Contracts and Other Crude Oil-Related
Investments that may be purchased and sold by or through UBS Securities for
USSO’s account. In accordance with the agreement, UBS Securities charges USSO
commissions of approximately $7
per
round-turn trade, including applicable exchange and NFA fees for Futures
Contracts and options on Futures Contracts.
On May
22, 2009, USSO and the NYMEX entered into a licensing agreement whereby USSO was
granted a non-exclusive license to use certain of the NYMEX’s settlement prices
and service marks. Under the licensing agreement, USSO and the affiliated
funds managed by the General Partner, other than USBO, pay the NYMEX an
asset-based fee for the license, the terms of which are described in Note
3.
USSO
expressly disclaims any association with the NYMEX or endorsement of USSO by the
NYMEX and acknowledges that “NYMEX” and “New York Mercantile Exchange” are
registered trademarks of the NYMEX.
NOTE
5 - FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS, OFF-BALANCE SHEET RISKS AND
CONTINGENCIES
USSO engages
in the trading of futures contracts and options on futures contracts and may
engage in cleared swaps (collectively, “derivatives”). USSO is exposed to both
market risk, which is the risk arising from changes in the market value of the
contracts, and credit risk, which is the risk of failure by another party to
perform according to the terms of a contract.
USSO may
enter into futures contracts, options on futures contracts and cleared swaps to
gain exposure to changes in the value of an underlying commodity. A futures
contract obligates the seller to deliver (and the purchaser to accept) the
future delivery of a specified quantity and type of a commodity at a specified
time and place. Some futures contracts may call for physical delivery of the
asset, while others are settled in cash. The contractual obligations
of a buyer or seller may generally be satisfied by taking or making physical
delivery of the underlying commodity or by making an offsetting sale or purchase
of an identical futures contract on the same or linked exchange before the
designated date of delivery.
The
purchase and sale of futures contracts, options on futures contracts and cleared
swaps require margin deposits with a futures commission merchant. Additional
deposits may be necessary for any loss on contract value. The Commodity Exchange
Act requires a futures commission merchant to segregate all customer
transactions and assets from the futures commission merchant’s proprietary
activities.
Futures
contracts and cleared swaps involve, to varying degrees, elements of market risk
(specifically commodity price risk) and exposure to loss in excess of the amount
of variation margin. The face or contract amounts reflect the extent of the
total exposure USSO has in the particular classes of instruments. Additional
risks associated with the use of futures contracts are an imperfect correlation
between movements in the price of the futures contracts and the market value of
the underlying securities and the possibility of an illiquid market for a
futures contract.
All of
the futures contracts currently traded by USSO are exchange-traded. The risks
associated with exchange-traded contracts are generally perceived to be less
than those associated with over-the-counter transactions since, in
over-the-counter transactions, USSO must rely solely on the credit of its
respective individual counterparties. However, in the future, if USSO were
to enter into non-exchange traded contracts, it would be subject to the credit
risk associated with counterparty non-performance. The credit risk from
counterparty non-performance associated with such instruments is the net
unrealized gain, if any. USSO also has credit risk since the sole
counterparty to all domestic and foreign futures contracts is the
clearinghouse for the exchange on which the relevant contracts are traded. In
addition, USSO bears the risk of financial failure by the clearing
broker.
USSO’s
cash and other property, such as U.S. Treasuries, deposited with a futures
commission merchant are considered commingled with all other customer funds,
subject to the futures commission merchant’s segregation requirements. In the
event of a futures commission merchant’s insolvency, recovery may be limited to
a pro rata share of segregated funds available. It is possible that the
recovered amount could be less than the total of cash and other property
deposited. The insolvency of a futures commission merchant could result in the
complete loss of USSO’s assets posted with that futures commission merchant;
however, the vast majority of USSO’s assets are held in U.S. Treasuries, cash
and/or cash equivalents with USSO’s custodian and would not be impacted by the
insolvency of a futures commission merchant. Also, the failure or insolvency of
USSO’s custodian could result in a substantial loss of USSO’s
assets.
The
General Partner invests a portion of USSO’s cash in money market funds that seek
to maintain a stable net asset value. USSO is exposed to any risk of loss
associated with an investment in these money market funds. As of June 30, 2010
and December 31, 2009, USSO had deposits in domestic and foreign financial
institutions, including cash investments in money market funds, in the amounts
of $23,964,960 and $14,233,832, respectively. This amount is subject to loss
should these institutions cease operations.
For
derivatives, risks arise from changes in the market value of the contracts.
Theoretically, USSO is exposed to a market risk equal to the value of futures
contracts purchased and unlimited liability on such contracts sold short. As
both a buyer and a seller of options, USSO pays or receives a premium at the
outset and then bears the risk of unfavorable changes in the price of the
contract underlying the option.
USSO’s
policy is to continuously monitor its exposure to market and counterparty risk
through the use of a variety of financial, position and credit exposure
reporting controls and procedures. In addition, USSO has a policy of requiring
review of the credit standing of each broker or counterparty with which it
conducts business.
The
financial instruments held by USSO are reported in its condensed
statement of financial condition at market or fair value, or at carrying amounts
that approximate fair value, because of their highly liquid nature and
short-term maturity.
NOTE 6
– FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
USSO
values its investments in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification 820
– Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures (“ASC 820”). ASC 820
defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value in
generally accepted accounting principles, and expands disclosures about fair
value measurement. The changes to past practice resulting from the application
of ASC 820 relate to the definition of fair value, the methods used to measure
fair value, and the expanded disclosures about fair value measurement. ASC 820
establishes a fair value hierarchy that distinguishes between (1) market
participant assumptions developed based on market data obtained from sources
independent of USSO (observable inputs) and (2) USSO’s own assumptions about
market participant assumptions developed based on the best information available
under the circumstances (unobservable inputs). The three levels defined by the
ASC 820 hierarchy are as follows:
Level I –
Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or
liabilities that the reporting entity has the ability to access at the
measurement date.
Level II
– Inputs other than quoted prices included within Level I that are observable
for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. Level II assets
include the following: quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities
in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities
in markets that are not active, inputs other than quoted prices that are
observable for the asset or liability, and inputs that are derived principally
from or corroborated by observable market data by correlation or other means
(market-corroborated inputs).
Level III
– Unobservable pricing input at the measurement date for the asset or liability.
Unobservable inputs shall be used to measure fair value to the extent that
observable inputs are not available.
In some
instances, the inputs used to measure fair value might fall in different levels
of the fair value hierarchy. The level in the fair value hierarchy within which
the fair value measurement in its entirety falls shall be determined based on
the lowest input level that is significant to the fair value measurement in its
entirety.
The
following table summarizes the valuation of USSO’s securities at December 31,
2009 using the fair value hierarchy:
At December
31, 2009
|
|
Total
|
|
|
Level I
|
|
|
Level II
|
|
|
Level III
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Short-Term
Investments
|
|
$ |
8,000,969 |
|
|
$ |
8,000,969 |
|
|
$ |
- |
|
|
$ |
- |
|
Exchange-Traded
Futures Contracts United States Contracts
|
|
|
(1,024,370 |
) |
|
|
(1,024,370 |
) |
|
|
- |
|
|
|
- |
|
During
the year ended December 31, 2009, there were no significant transfers between
Level I and Level II.
The
following table summarizes the valuation of USSO’s securities at June 30, 2010
using the fair value hierarchy:
At June
30, 2010
|
|
Total
|
|
|
Level I
|
|
|
Level II
|
|
|
Level III
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Short-Term
Investments
|
|
$ |
15,002,784 |
|
|
$ |
15,002,784 |
|
|
$ |
- |
|
|
$ |
- |
|
Exchange-Traded
Futures Contracts United States Contracts
|
|
|
45,500 |
|
|
|
45,500 |
|
|
|
- |
|
|
|
- |
|
During
the six months ended June 30, 2010, there were no significant transfers between
Level I and Level II.
Effective
January 1, 2009, USSO adopted the provisions of Accounting Standards
Codification 815 – Derivatives and Hedging, which require presentation of
qualitative disclosures about objectives and strategies for using derivatives,
quantitative disclosures about fair value amounts and gains and losses on
derivatives.
Fair
Value of Derivative Instruments
Derivatives
not Accounted
|
|
Statement
of Financial
|
|
Fair
Value
|
|
|
Fair
Value
|
|
for as Hedging Instruments
|
|
Condition Location
|
|
At June 30, 2010
|
|
|
At December 31, 2009
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Futures
- Commodity Contracts
|
|
Assets
|
|
$ |
45,500 |
|
|
$ |
(1,024,370 |
) |
The
Effect of Derivative Instruments on the Statement of Operations
|
|
|
|
For the six months
ended June 30, 2010
|
|
Derivatives not
Accounted for as
Hedging Instruments
|
|
Location of Gain on
Derivatives
Recognized in
Income
|
|
Realized Gain on
Derivatives
Recognized in
Income
|
|
|
Change in
Unrealized Gain
Recognized in
Income
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Futures
- Commodity Contracts
|
|
Realized
gain on closed futures contracts
|
|
$ |
2,631,100 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Change
in unrealized gain on open futures contracts
|
|
|
|
|
|
$ |
1,069,870 |
|
NOTE 7
- FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS
The
following table presents per unit performance data and other supplemental
financial data for the six months ended June 30, 2010 for the unitholders. This
information has been derived from information presented in the condensed
financial statements.
|
|
For the six months
|
|
|
|
ended
June 30, 2010
|
|
|
|
(Unaudited)
|
|
Per Unit Operating
Performance:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net
asset value, beginning of period
|
|
$ |
43.99 |
|
Total
income
|
|
|
4.19 |
|
Total
expenses
|
|
|
(0.21
|
) |
Net
increase in net asset value
|
|
|
3.98 |
|
Net
asset value, end of period
|
|
$ |
47.97 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total
Return
|
|
|
9.05
|
% |
|
|
|
|
|
Ratios
to Average Net Assets
|
|
|
|
|
Total
income
|
|
|
21.48
|
% |
Management
fees*
|
|
|
0.60
|
% |
Total
expenses excluding management fees*
|
|
|
2.04
|
% |
Expenses
waived*
|
|
|
(1.69
|
)% |
Net
expenses excluding management fees*
|
|
|
0.35
|
% |
Net
income
|
|
|
21.01
|
% |
|
|
|
|
|
*Annualized
|
|
|
|
|
Total
returns are calculated based on the change in value during the period. An
individual unitholder’s total return and ratio may vary from the above total
returns and ratios based on the timing of contributions to and withdrawals from
USSO.
NOTE
8 – RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS
In
January 2010, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued Accounting
Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2010-06 “Improving
Disclosures about Fair Value Measurements.” ASU No. 2010-06 clarifies existing
disclosure and requires additional
disclosures regarding fair value measurements. Effective for fiscal years
beginning after
December 15, 2010, and for interim periods within those fiscal years, entities
will need to disclose information about purchases, sales,
issuances and settlements of Level 3 securities on a gross basis, rather than as
a net number as currently required. The
implementation of ASU No. 2010-06 will have no impact on USSO’s financial
statement disclosures.
NOTE
9 – SUBSEQUENT EVENTS
USSO has
performed an evaluation of subsequent events through the date the financial
statements were issued. This evaluation did not result in any subsequent events
that necessitated disclosures and/or adjustments.
The
following discussion should be read in conjunction with the condensed financial
statements and the notes thereto of the United States Short Oil Fund, LP
(“USSO”) included elsewhere in this quarterly report on Form 10-Q.
Forward-Looking
Information
This
quarterly report on Form 10-Q, including this “Management’s Discussion and
Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” contains
forward-looking statements regarding the plans and objectives of management for
future operations. This information may involve known and unknown risks,
uncertainties and other factors that may cause USSO’s actual results,
performance or achievements to be materially different from future results,
performance or achievements expressed or implied by any forward-looking
statements. Forward-looking statements, which involve assumptions and describe
USSO’s future plans, strategies and expectations, are generally identifiable by
use of the words “may,” “will,” “should,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “estimate,”
“believe,” “intend” or “project,” the negative of these words, other
variations on these words or comparable terminology. These forward-looking
statements are based on assumptions that may be incorrect, and USSO cannot
assure investors that the projections included in these forward-looking
statements will come to pass. USSO’s actual results could differ materially from
those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements as a result of
various factors.
USSO has
based the forward-looking statements included in this quarterly report on Form
10-Q on information available to it on the date of this quarterly report on Form
10-Q, and USSO assumes no obligation to update any such forward-looking
statements. Although USSO undertakes no obligation to revise or update any
forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future
events or otherwise, investors are advised to consult any additional disclosures
that USSO may make directly to them or through reports that USSO in the
future files with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”),
including annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q and
current reports on Form 8-K.
Introduction
USSO, a
Delaware limited partnership, is a commodity pool that issues units that
may be purchased and sold on the NYSE Arca, Inc. (the “NYSE Arca”). The
investment objective of USSO is for the changes in percentage terms of its
units’ net asset value (“NAV”) to inversely reflect the changes in percentage
terms of the spot price of light, sweet crude oil delivered to Cushing,
Oklahoma, as measured by the changes in the price of the futures contract for
light, sweet crude oil traded on the New York Mercantile Exchange (the
“NYMEX”) that is the near month contract to expire, except when the near month
contract is within two weeks of expiration, in which case it will be the futures
contract that is the next month contract to expire (the “Benchmark Futures
Contract”), less USSO’s expenses.
USSO
invests in short positions in futures contracts for crude oil, heating oil,
gasoline, natural gas and other petroleum-based fuels that are traded on the
NYMEX, ICE Futures or other U.S. and foreign exchanges (collectively, “Futures
Contracts”). USSO may take short positions in other crude oil-related
investments such as cash-settled options on Futures Contracts, forward contracts
for crude oil, cleared swap contracts and over-the-counter transactions that are
based on the price of crude oil and other petroleum-based fuels, Futures
Contracts and indices based on the foregoing (collectively, “Other Crude
Oil-Related Investments”). For convenience and unless otherwise specified,
Futures Contracts and Other Crude Oil-Related Investments collectively are
referred to as “Crude Oil Interests” in this quarterly report on Form
10-Q.
USSO
seeks to achieve its investment objective by investing in short positions in a
combination of Futures Contracts and Other Oil Interests such that changes in
its NAV, measured in percentage terms, will closely track the inverse of the
changes in the price of the Benchmark Futures Contract, also measured in
percentage terms. USSO’s general partner believes the changes in the price of
the Benchmark Futures Contract have historically exhibited a close correlation
with the changes in the spot price of light, sweet crude oil. It is not the
intent of USSO to be operated in a fashion such that the NAV will equal, in
dollar terms, the spot price of light, sweet crude oil or any particular futures
contract based on light, sweet crude oil. Management believes that it is not
practical to manage the portfolio to achieve such an investment goal when
investing in Futures Contracts and Other Oil-Related
Investments.
On any
valuation day, the Benchmark Futures Contract is the near month futures contract
for light, sweet crude oil traded on the NYMEX unless the near month
contract is within two weeks of expiration, in which case the Benchmark Futures
Contract becomes, over a 4-day period, the next month contract for light, sweet
crude oil traded on the NYMEX. “Near month contract” means the next contract
traded on the NYMEX due to expire. “Next month contract” means the first
contract traded on the NYMEX due to expire after the near month
contract.
To
achieve its investment objective, USSO anticipates that it will need to maintain
“short” positions in the Futures Contracts and Other Crude-Oil Related
Investments in which it invests. A short position is one in which USSO will have
sold the Futures Contract or Other Crude-Oil Related Investment and must buy it
back or otherwise close out the position in the future. As a result, a drop in
the market value of the Crude Oil Interest would lead to a potential gain for
USSO, while an increase in the market value of the Crude Oil Interest would lead
to a potential loss for USSO. Typically, a short position will produce a result
that is the inverse of buying the Futures Contract or Other Crude-Oil Related
Investment (an approach referred to as being “long” the investment). The General
Partner expects the performance of USSO to generally be inverse to the
performance of the United States Oil Fund, LP (“USOF”), another commodity pool
managed by the General Partner, which seeks to have the changes in percentage
terms of its units’ NAV track the changes in percentage terms of the spot price
of light, sweet crude oil as traded in the United States.
The
regulation of commodity interests in the United States is a rapidly changing
area of law and is subject to ongoing modification by governmental and judicial
action. As stated under the heading, “Risk Factors” in Item 1A of
this quarterly report on Form 10-Q, regulation of the commodity interests and
energy markets is extensive and constantly changing; future regulatory
developments in the commodity interests and energy markets are impossible to
predict but may significantly and adversely affect USSO.
On July
21, 2010, a broad financial regulatory reform bill, “The Dodd-Frank Wall Street
Reform and Consumer Protection Act,” was signed into law that includes
provisions altering the regulation of commodity interests. Provisions
in the new law include the requirement that position limits on energy-based
commodity futures contracts be established; new registration, recordkeeping,
capital and margin requirements for “swap dealers” and “major swap participants”
as determined by the new law and applicable regulations; and the forced use of
clearinghouse mechanisms for most over-the-counter transactions. Additionally,
the new law requires the aggregation, for purposes of position limits, of all
positions in energy futures held by a single entity and its affiliates, whether
such positions exist on U.S. futures exchanges, non-U.S. futures exchanges, or
in over-the-counter contracts. The U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission
(the “CFTC”), along with the SEC and other federal regulators, has been tasked
with developing the rules and regulations enacting the provisions noted
above. The new law and the rules to be promulgated may negatively
impact USSO’s ability to meet its investment objective either through limits or
requirements imposed on it or upon its counterparties. In particular,
new position limits imposed on USSO or its counterparties may impact USSO’s
ability to invest in a manner that most efficiently meets its investment
objective, and new requirements, including capital and mandatory clearing, may
increase the cost of USSO’s investments and doing business, which could
adversely affect USSO’s investors.
The
general partner of USSO, United States Commodity Funds LLC (the “General
Partner”), which is registered as a commodity pool operator (“CPO”) with
the CFTC, is authorized by the Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited
Partnership of USSO (the “LP Agreement”) to manage USSO. The General
Partner is authorized by USSO in its sole judgment to employ and establish the
terms of employment for, and termination of, commodity trading advisors or
futures commission merchants.
Price
Movements
Crude oil
futures prices were volatile during the six months ended June 30, 2010 and
exhibited moderate daily swings along with an uneven upward trend between
January and late March 2010 and a downward trend from April to late June 2010.
The price of the Benchmark Futures Contract started the period at $79.36 per
barrel. The low of the period was on May 25, 2010 when the price dropped to
$68.75 per barrel. The period ended with the Benchmark Futures Contract at
$75.63 per barrel, down approximately 4.7% over the period. USSO’s
NAV began the period at $43.99 per unit and ended at $47.97 on June 30, 2010, an
increase of approximately 9.05% over the period. USSO’s NAV reached its high for
the period on May 25, 2010 at $52.53 per unit and reached its low for the period
on April 6th, 2010 at $40.02 per unit. Since USSO’s investment objective is to
track the inverse of the changes in the price of the Benchmark Futures Contract,
the increase in NAV reflects the inverse of the decrease in the price of the
Benchmark Futures Contract. The Benchmark Futures Contract prices listed above
began with the February 2010 contract and ended with the August 2010 contract.
The return of approximately -4.70% on the Benchmark Futures Contract listed
above is a hypothetical return only and could not actually be achieved by an
investor holding futures contracts. An investment in Futures
Contracts would need to be rolled forward during the time period described in
order to achieve such a result. Furthermore, the change in the
nominal price of these differing crude oil futures contracts, measured from the
start of the period to the end of the period, does not represent the actual
benchmark results that USSO seeks to track, which are more fully described
below, in the section titled “Tracking USSO’s Benchmark”.
During
the six months ended June 30, 2010, the level of contango remained mildly
steep, meaning that the price of the near month crude oil futures contract was
less than the price of the next month crude oil futures contract, or contracts
further away from expiration. Crude oil inventories, which reached historic
levels in January 2009 and February 2009 and which appeared to be the primary
cause of the steep level of contango, began to drop in March 2009 and for the
remainder of 2009 and the beginning of 2010. During the six months ended
June 30, 2010, crude oil inventories began to climb higher, which contributed to
the crude oil futures market remaining in contango through the end of June
2010. For a discussion of the impact of backwardation and contango on
total returns, see “Term Structure of Crude Oil Prices and the Impact on Total
Returns.”
Valuation
of Futures Contracts and the Computation of the NAV
The NAV
of USSO’s units is calculated once each NYSE Arca trading day. The
NAV for a particular trading day is released after 4:00 p.m. New York
time. Trading during the core trading session on the NYSE Arca
typically closes at 4:00 p.m. New York time. USSO’s administrator uses the NYMEX
closing price (determined at the earlier of the close of the NYMEX or
2:30 p.m. New York time) for the contracts held on the NYMEX, but
calculates or determines the value of all other USSO investments, including ICE
Futures contracts or other futures contracts, as of the earlier of the close of
the NYSE Arca or 4:00 p.m. New York time.
Results
of Operations and the Crude Oil Market
Results of
Operations. On September 24, 2009, USSO listed its units on
the NYSE Arca under the ticker symbol “DNO.” On that day, USSO established its
initial offering price at $50.00 per unit and issued 200,000 units to the
initial authorized purchaser, Deutsche Bank Securities Inc., in exchange for
$10,000,000 in cash.
Since its
initial offering of 25,000,000 units, USSO has not made any subsequent offering
of its units. As of June 30, 2010, USSO had issued 800,000
units, 500,000 of which were outstanding. As of June 30,
2010, there were 24,200,000 units registered but not yet issued.
More
units may have been issued by USSO than are outstanding due to the redemption of
units. Unlike funds that are registered under the Investment Company Act of
1940, as amended, units that have been redeemed by USSO cannot be resold by
USSO. As a result, USSO contemplates that additional offerings of its units will
be registered with the SEC in the future in anticipation of additional issuances
and redemptions.
For the Six Months Ended
June 30, 2010
A
comparison of USSO’s results of operations for the six months ended June 30,
2009 and 2010 has not been provided because USSO did not conduct operations for
the six months ended June 30, 2009.
As of
June 30, 2010, the total unrealized gain on short positions in Futures
Contracts owned or held on that day was $45,500 and USSO established cash
deposits, including cash investments in money market funds, that were equal
to $23,964,960. USSO held 86.76% of its cash assets in overnight deposits and
money market funds at its custodian bank, while 13.24% of the cash balance was
held as margin deposits for USSO’s short positions in Futures Contracts. The
ending per unit NAV on June 30, 2010 was $47.97.
Portfolio Expenses. USSO’s
expenses consist of investment management fees, brokerage
fees and commissions, certain offering costs, licensing fees, the fees and
expenses of the independent directors of the General Partner and expenses
relating to tax accounting and reporting requirements. The management
fee that USSO pays to the General Partner is calculated as a percentage of the
total net assets of USSO. USSO pays the General Partner a management
fee of 0.60% of its average net assets. The fee is accrued daily and paid
monthly.
During
the six months ended June 30, 2010, the daily average total net assets of USSO
were $17,267,723. The management fee paid by USSO during the
period amounted to $51,377.
In
addition to the management fee, USSO pays all brokerage fees and other
expenses, including certain tax reporting costs, licensing fees for the use of
intellectual property, ongoing registration or other fees paid to the
SEC, the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) and any
other regulatory agency in connection with offers and sales of its units
subsequent to the initial offering and all legal, accounting, printing and other
expenses associated therewith. The total of these fees and expenses for the six
months ended June 30, 2010 was $174,834. For the six months ended
June 30, 2010, USSO did not incur any fees or other expenses relating to
the registration or offering of additional units. During the six
months ended June 30, 2010, an expense waiver was in effect which offset certain
of the expenses incurred by USSO. The total amount of the expense
waiver totaled $144,775. For the six months ended June 30, 2010, the
expenses of USSO, including management fees, commissions, and all other
expenses, before allowance for the expense waiver, totaled $226,211, and after
allowance for the expense waiver, totaled $81,436.
USSO is
responsible for paying its portion of the directors’ and officers’ liability
insurance of the General Partner and the fees and expenses of the independent
directors of the General Partner who are also the General Partner’s audit
committee members. USSO shares these fees and expenses with USOF, the
United States Natural Gas Fund, LP (“USNG”), the United States 12 Month Oil
Fund, LP (“US12OF”), the United States Gasoline Fund, LP (“UGA”), the United
States Heating Oil Fund, LP (“USHO”), the United States 12 Month Natural Gas
Fund, LP (“US12NG”) and the United States Brent Oil Fund, LP (“USBO”), based on
the relative assets of each fund computed on a daily basis. These
fees and expenses for the calendar year 2010 are estimated to be a total of
$1,178,870 for all funds. By comparison, for the year ended December 31, 2009,
these fees and expenses amounted to a total of $433,046 for all funds, and
USSO’s portion of such fees and expenses was $167. Directors’ expenses
are expected to increase in 2010 due to an increase in the amount of directors’
and officers’ liability insurance coverage and the incurrence of the independent
directors’ deferred compensation expense. Effective as of March 3, 2009,
the General Partner obtained directors’ and officers’ liability insurance
covering all of the directors and officers of the General Partner. Previously,
the General Partner did not have liability insurance for its directors and
officers; instead, the independent directors received a payment in lieu of
directors’ and officers’ liability insurance coverage. Effective as of
April 1, 2010, USSO is also responsible for paying its portion of any payments
that may become due to the independent
directors pursuant to
the deferred
compensation agreements entered into
between the independent directors, the General Partner and each of the
funds.
USSO also
incurs commissions to brokers for the purchase and sale of Futures Contracts,
Other Crude Oil-Related Investments or short-term obligations of the United
States of two years or less (“Treasuries”). During the six months
ended June 30, 2010, total commissions paid to brokers amounted to
$12,883. As an annualized percentage of total net assets,
the figure for the six months ended June 30, 2010 represents approximately
0.15% of total net assets. However, there can be no assurance that commission
costs and portfolio turnover will not cause commission expenses to rise in
future quarters.
The fees
and expenses associated with USSO’s audit expenses and tax accounting and
reporting requirements, with the exception of certain initial implementation
service fees and base service fees which were borne by the General Partner, are
paid by USSO. These costs are estimated to be $132,217 for the
calendar year 2010. The General Partner, though under no obligation
to do so, agreed to pay certain expenses, to the extent that such expenses
exceed 0.15% (15 basis points) of USSO’s NAV, on an annualized basis, through
December 31, 2010, after which date such payments are no longer expected to be
necessary. The General Partner has no obligation to continue such
payment into subsequent periods.
Dividend and Interest Income.
USSO seeks to invest
its assets such that it holds short positions in Futures Contracts and
Other Crude Oil-Related Investments in an amount equal to the total net assets
of its portfolio. Typically, such investments do not require USSO to pay the
full amount of the contract value at the time of purchase, but rather require
USSO to post an amount as a margin deposit against the eventual settlement of
the short position. As a result, USSO retains an amount that is approximately
equal to its total net assets, which USSO invests in Treasuries, cash
and/or cash equivalents. This includes both the amount on deposit with the
futures commission merchant as margin, as well as unrestricted cash and cash
equivalents held with USSO’s custodian bank. The Treasuries, cash and/or cash
equivalents earn income that accrues on a daily basis. For the six months ended
June 30, 2010, USSO earned $2,882 in dividend and interest income on such cash
and/or cash equivalents. Based on USSO’s average daily total net
assets, this was equivalent to an annualized yield of 0.03%. USSO did
not purchase Treasuries during the six months ended June 30, 2010 and held
only cash and/or cash equivalents during this time period.
For the Three Months Ended
June 30, 2010
A
comparison of USSO’s results of operations for the three months ended June 30,
2009 and 2010 has not been provided because USSO did not conduct operations for
the three months ended June 30, 2009.
Portfolio
Expenses. During the three months ended June 30, 2010, the
daily average total net assets of USSO were $21,165,570. The
management fee paid by USSO during the period amounted to $31,661.
In
addition to the management fee, USSO pays all brokerage fees and other
expenses, including certain tax reporting costs, licensing fees for the use of
intellectual property, ongoing registration or other fees paid to the
SEC, FINRA and any other regulatory agency in connection
with offers and sales of its units subsequent to the initial offering and
all legal, accounting, printing and other expenses associated therewith. The
total of these fees and expenses for the three months ended June 30, 2010 was
$42,688. For the three months ended June 30, 2010, USSO did not
incur any fees or other expenses relating to the registration or offering of
additional units. During the three months ended June 30, 2010, an
expense waiver was in effect which offset certain of the expenses incurred by
USSO. The total amount of the expense waiver totaled
$22,904. For the three months ended June 30, 2010, the expenses of
USSO, including management fees, commissions, and all other expenses, before
allowance for the expense waiver, totaled $74,349, and after allowance for the
expense waiver, totaled $51,445.
USSO is
responsible for paying its portion of the directors’ and officers’ liability
insurance of the General Partner and the fees and expenses of the independent
directors of the General Partner who are also the General Partner’s audit
committee members. USSO shares these fees and expenses with USOF,
USNG, US12OF, UGA, USHO, US12NG and USBO based on the relative assets of
each fund computed on a daily basis. These fees and expenses for the
calendar year 2010 are estimated to be a total of $1,178,870 for all
funds. By comparison, for the year ended December 31, 2009,
these fees and expenses amounted to a total of $433,046 for all funds, and
USSO’s portion of such fees and expenses was $167. Directors’ expenses
are expected to increase in 2010 due to an increase in the amount of directors’
and officers’ liability insurance coverage and the incurrence of the independent
directors’ deferred compensation expense. Effective as of March 3, 2009,
the General Partner obtained directors’ and officers’ liability insurance
covering all of the directors and officers of the General Partner. Previously,
the General Partner did not have liability insurance for its directors and
officers; instead, the independent directors received a payment in lieu of
directors’ and officers’ liability insurance coverage. Effective as of
April 1, 2010, USSO is also responsible for paying its portion of any payments
that may become due to the independent
directors pursuant to
the deferred
compensation agreements entered into
between the independent directors, the General Partner and each of the
funds.
USSO also
incurs commissions to brokers for the purchase and sale of Futures Contracts,
Other Crude Oil-Related Investments or Treasuries. During the three
months ended June 30, 2010, total commissions paid to brokers amounted to
$8,514. As an annualized percentage of total net assets,
the figure for the three months ended June 30, 2010 represents
approximately 0.16% of total net assets. However, there can be no assurance that
commission costs and portfolio turnover will not cause commission expenses to
rise in future quarters.
The fees
and expenses associated with USSO’s audit expenses and tax accounting and
reporting requirements, with the exception of certain initial implementation
service fees and base service fees which were borne by the General Partner, are
paid by USSO. These costs are estimated to be $132,317 for the
calendar year 2010. The General Partner, though under no obligation
to do so, agreed to pay certain expenses, to the extent that such expenses
exceed 0.15% (15 basis points) of USSO’s NAV, on an annualized basis, through
December 31, 2010, after which date such payments are no longer expected to be
necessary. The General Partner has no obligation to continue such
payment into subsequent periods.
Dividend and Interest Income.
USSO seeks to invest
its assets such that it holds short positions in Futures Contracts and
Other Crude Oil-Related Investments in an amount equal to the total net assets
of its portfolio. Typically, such investments do not require USSO to pay the
full amount of the contract value at the time of purchase, but rather require
USSO to post an amount as a margin deposit against the eventual settlement of
the short position. As a result, USSO retains an amount that is approximately
equal to its total net assets, which USSO invests in Treasuries, cash
and/or cash equivalents. This includes both the amount on deposit with the
futures commission merchant as margin, as well as unrestricted cash and cash
equivalents held with USSO’s custodian bank. The Treasuries, cash and/or cash
equivalents earn income that accrues on a daily basis. For the three months
ended June 30, 2010, USSO earned $2,062 in dividend and interest income on such
cash and/or cash equivalents. Based on USSO’s average daily total net
assets, this was equivalent to an annualized yield of 0.04%. USSO did
not purchase Treasuries during the three months ended June 30, 2010 and
held only cash and/or cash equivalents during this time period.
Tracking
USSO’s Benchmark
USSO’s
management seeks to manage USSO’s portfolio such that changes in its average
daily NAV, on a percentage basis, inversely track, on a percentage basis, the
changes in the average daily price of the Benchmark Futures Contract.
Specifically, USSO’s management seeks to manage the portfolio such that over any
rolling period of 30 valuation days, the average daily change in USSO’s NAV is
within a range of -90% to -110% (-0.9 to -1.1) of the average daily change in
the price of the Benchmark Futures Contract. As an example, if the average daily
movement of the price of the Benchmark Futures Contract for a particular 30-day
time period was 0.5% per day, USSO management would attempt to manage the
portfolio such that the average daily movement of the NAV during that same time
period fell between -0.45% and -0.55% (i.e., between -0.9 and -1.1
of the benchmark’s results). USSO’s portfolio management goals do not include
trying to make the nominal price of USSO’s NAV equal to the inverse of the
nominal price of the current Benchmark Futures Contract or the spot price for
light, sweet crude oil. Management believes that it is not practical to manage
the portfolio to achieve such an investment goal when investing in listed
Futures Contracts.
For the
30 valuation days ended June 30, 2010, the inverse of the simple average daily
change in the Benchmark Futures Contract was 0.097%, while the simple average
daily change in the NAV of USSO over the same time period was -0.1%. The average
daily difference was -0.003% (or -0.3 basis points, where 1 basis point equals
1/100 of 1%). As a percentage of the inverse of the daily movement of
the Benchmark Futures Contract, the average error in daily tracking by the NAV
was -0.95%, meaning that over this time period USSO’s tracking error was within
the plus or minus 10% range established as its benchmark tracking goal. The
first chart below shows the daily movement of USSO’s NAV versus the inverse of
the daily movement of the Benchmark Futures Contract for the 30-day valuation
period ended June 30, 2010.
*PAST PERFORMANCE IS NOT NECESSARILY
INDICATIVE OF FUTURE RESULTS
*PAST
PERFORMANCE IS NOT NECESSARILY INDICATIVE OF FUTURE RESULTS
Since the
offering of USSO’s units to the public on September 24, 2009 to June 30,
2010, the inverse of the simple average daily change in the Benchmark Futures
Contract was 0.121%, while the simple average daily change in the NAV of USSO
over the same time period was -0.124%. The average daily difference was -0.003%
(or -0.3 basis points, where 1 basis point equals 1/100 of 1%). As a percentage
of the inverse of the daily movement of the Benchmark Futures Contract, the
average error in daily tracking by the NAV was -2.633%, meaning that over this
time period USSO’s tracking error was within the plus or minus 10% range
established as its benchmark tracking goal.
An
alternative tracking measurement of the return performance of USSO versus the
inverse of the return of its Benchmark Futures Contract can be calculated by
comparing the actual return of USSO, measured by changes in its NAV, versus
the expected changes in
its NAV under the assumption that USSO’s returns had been exactly inverse to the
daily changes in its Benchmark Futures Contract.
For the
six months ended June 30, 2010, the actual total return of USSO as measured by
changes in its NAV was 9.05%. This is based on an initial NAV of $43.99 on
December 31, 2009 and an ending NAV as of June 30, 2010 of $47.97. During this
time period, USSO made no distributions to its unitholders. However, if USSO’s
daily changes in its NAV had instead exactly inversely tracked the changes in
the daily return of the Benchmark Futures Contract, USSO would have had an
estimated NAV of $48.19 as of June 30, 2010, for a total return over the
relevant time period of 9.55%. The difference between the actual NAV total
return of USSO of 9.05% and the expected total return based on the inverse of
changes in the daily return of the Benchmark Futures Contract of 9.55% was an
error over the time period of -0.5%, which is to say that USSO’s actual total
return underperformed the inverse of the benchmark result by that percentage.
Management believes that a portion of the difference between the actual
return and the expected benchmark return can be attributed to the net impact of
the expenses that USSO pays and the income that USSO collects on its cash and
cash equivalent holdings. During the six months ended June 30, 2010, USSO
received dividend and interest income of $2,882, which is equivalent to a
weighted average income rate of 0.03% for such period. In addition,
during the six months ended June 30, 2010, USSO also collected $5,000 from its
Authorized Purchasers for creating or redeeming baskets of
units. This income also contributed to USSO’s actual
return. During the six months ended June 30, 2010, USSO incurred net
expenses of $81,436. Income from dividends and interest and Authorized Purchaser
collections net of expenses was $(73,554) which is equivalent to an annualized
weighted average net income rate of -0.86 % for the six months ended June 30,
2010.
There are
currently three factors that have impacted or are most likely to impact USSO’s
ability to accurately inversely track its Benchmark Futures
Contract.
First,
USSO may buy or sell its holdings in the then current Benchmark Futures Contract
at a price other than the closing settlement price of that contract on the day
during which USSO executes the trade. In that case, USSO may pay a price that is
higher, or lower, than that of the Benchmark Futures Contract, which could
cause the changes in the daily NAV of USSO to either be too high or too low
relative to the changes in the Benchmark Futures Contract. During the six months
ended June 30, 2010, management attempted to minimize the effect of these
transactions by seeking to execute its purchase or sale of the Benchmark Futures
Contract at, or as close as possible to, the end of the day settlement price.
However, it may not always be possible for USSO to obtain the closing settlement
price and there is no assurance that failure to obtain the closing settlement
price in the future will not adversely impact USSO’s attempt to inversely track
the Benchmark Futures Contract over time.
Second,
USSO earns dividend and interest income on its cash and cash equivalents.
USSO is not required to distribute any portion of its income to its unitholders
and did not make any distributions to unitholders during the six months ended
June 30, 2010. Interest payments, and any other income, were retained within the
portfolio and added to USSO’s NAV. When this income exceeds the level of USSO’s
expenses for its management fee, brokerage commissions and other expenses
(including ongoing registration fees, licensing fees and the fees and
expenses of the independent directors of the General Partner), USSO will realize
a net yield that will tend to cause daily changes in the NAV of USSO to track
slightly higher than the inverse of daily changes in the Benchmark Futures
Contract. During the six months ended June 30, 2010, USSO earned, on an
annualized basis, approximately 0.03% on its cash holdings. It also incurred
cash expenses on an annualized basis of 0.60% for management fees and
approximately 0.15% in brokerage commission costs related to the purchase and
sale of futures contracts, and 0.20% for other expenses. The foregoing fees and
expenses resulted in a net yield on an annualized basis of approximately -0.92%
and affected USSO’s ability to track the inverse of the daily changes in the
Benchmark Futures Contract. If short-term interest rates rise above the current
levels, the level of deviation created by the yield would decrease. Conversely,
if short-term interest rates were to decline, the amount of error created by the
yield would increase. When short-term yields drop to a level lower than the
combined expenses of the management fee and the brokerage commissions, then the
tracking error becomes a negative number and would tend to cause the daily
returns of the NAV to underperform the daily returns of the Benchmark Futures
Contract.
Third,
USSO may hold Other Crude Oil-Related Investments in its portfolio that may
fail to closely track the inverse of the Benchmark Futures Contract’s total
return movements. In that case, the error in tracking the Benchmark
Futures Contract could result in daily changes in the NAV of USSO that are
either too high, or too low, relative to the inverse of the daily changes in the
Benchmark Futures Contract. During the six months ended June 30,
2010, USSO did not hold any Other Crude Oil-Related Investments. If
USSO increases in size, and due to its obligations to comply with regulatory
limits, USSO may invest in Other Crude Oil-Related Investments which may have
the effect of increasing transaction related expenses and may result in
increased tracking error.
Term Structure of Crude Oil Futures
Prices and the Impact on Total Returns. Several factors determine
the total return from investing in a futures contract position. One factor that
impacts the total return that will result from investing in near month crude oil
futures contracts and “rolling” those contracts forward each month is the price
relationship between the current near month contract and the next month
contract. For example, if the price of the near month contract is higher than
the next month contract (a situation referred to as “backwardation” in the
futures market), then absent any other change there is a tendency for the price
of a next month contract to rise in value as it becomes the near month contract
and approaches expiration. Conversely, if the price of a near month contract is
lower than the next month contract (a situation referred to as “contango” in the
futures market), then absent any other change there is a tendency for the price
of a next month contract to decline in value as it becomes the near month
contract and approaches expiration.
As an
example, assume that the price of crude oil for immediate delivery (the “spot”
price), was $50 per barrel, and the value of a position in the near month
futures contract was also $50. Over time, the price of the barrel of crude oil
will fluctuate based on a number of market factors, including demand for
oil relative to its supply. The value of the near month contract will likewise
fluctuate in reaction to a number of market factors. If investors seek to
maintain their position in a near month contract and not take delivery of the
oil, every month they must sell their current near month contract as it
approaches expiration and invest in the next month contract.
If the
futures market is in backwardation, e.g., when the expected price
of crude oil in the future would be less, the investor would be buying a next
month contract for a lower price than the current near month contract.
Hypothetically, and assuming no other changes to either prevailing crude oil
prices or the price relationship between the spot price, the near month contract
and the next month contract (and ignoring the impact of commission costs and the
income earned on cash and/or cash equivalents), the value of the next month
contract would rise as it approaches expiration and becomes the new near month
contract. In this example, the value of the $50 investment would tend to rise
faster than the spot price of crude oil, or fall slower. As a result, it would
be possible in this hypothetical example for the spot price of crude oil to have
risen to $60 after some period of time, while the value of the investment in the
futures contract would have risen to $65, assuming backwardation is large enough
or enough time has elapsed. Similarly, the spot price of crude oil could have
fallen to $40 while the value of an investment in the futures contract could
have fallen to only $45. Over time, if backwardation remained constant, the
difference would continue to increase.
If the
futures market is in contango, the investor would be buying a next month
contract for a higher price than the current near month contract.
Hypothetically, and assuming no other changes to either prevailing crude oil
prices or the price relationship between the spot price, the near month contract
and the next month contract (and ignoring the impact of commission costs and the
income earned on cash and/or cash equivalents), the value of the next month
contract would fall as it approaches expiration and becomes the new near month
contract. In this example, it would mean that the value of the $50 investment
would tend to rise slower than the spot price of crude oil, or fall faster. As a
result, it would be possible in this hypothetical example for the spot price
of crude oil to have risen to $60 after some period of time, while the
value of the investment in the futures contract will have risen to only $55,
assuming contango is large enough or enough time has elapsed. Similarly, the
spot price of crude oil could have fallen to $45 while the value of an
investment in the futures contract could have fallen to $40. Over time, if
contango remained constant, the difference would continue to
increase.
The chart
below compares the price of the near month contract to the average price of the
near 12 month contracts over the last 10 years (2000-2009) for light, sweet
crude oil. When the price of the near month contract is higher than the average
price of the near 12 month contracts, the market would be described as being in
backwardation. When the price of the near month contract is lower than the
average price of the near 12 month contracts, the market would be described as
being in contango. Although the prices of the near month contract and the
average price of the near 12 month contracts do tend to move up or down
together, it can be seen that at times the near month prices are clearly higher
than the average price of the near 12 month contracts (backwardation), and other
times they are below the average price of the near 12 month contracts
(contango).
*PAST
PERFORMANCE IS NOT NECESSARILY INDICATIVE OF FUTURE RESULTS
An
alternative way to view the same data is to subtract the dollar price of the
average dollar price of the near 12 month contracts for light, sweet crude oil
from the dollar price of the near month contract for light, sweet crude oil. If
the resulting number is a positive number, then the near month price is higher
than the average price of the near 12 months and the market could be described
as being in backwardation. If the resulting number is a negative number, then
the near month price is lower than the average price of the near 12 months and
the market could be described as being in contango. The chart below shows the
results from subtracting the average dollar price of the near 12 month contracts
from the near month price for the 10 year period between 2000 and
2009.
*PAST
PERFORMANCE IS NOT NECESSARILY INDICATIVE OF FUTURE RESULTS
An
investment in a portfolio that involved owning only the near month contract
would likely produce a different result than an investment in a portfolio that
owned an equal number of each of the near 12 months’ worth of contracts.
Generally speaking, when the crude oil futures market is in backwardation, the
near month only portfolio would tend to have a higher total return than the 12
month portfolio. Conversely, if the crude oil futures market was in contango,
the portfolio containing 12 months’ worth of contracts would tend to outperform
the near month only portfolio. The chart below shows the annual results of
owning a portfolio consisting of the near month contract and a portfolio
containing the near 12 months’ worth of contracts. In addition, the chart shows
the annual change in the spot price of light, sweet crude oil. In this example,
each month, the near month only portfolio would sell the near month contract at
expiration and buy the next month out contract. The portfolio holding an equal
number of the near 12 months’ worth of contracts would sell the near month
contract at expiration and replace it with the contract that becomes the new
twelfth month contract.
*PAST
PERFORMANCE IS NOT NECESSARILY INDICATIVE OF FUTURE RESULTS
As seen
in the chart above, there have been periods of both positive and negative annual
total returns for both hypothetical portfolios over the last 10 years. In
addition, there have been periods during which the near month only approach had
higher returns, and periods where the 12 month approach had higher total
returns. The above chart does not represent the performance history of USSO or
any affiliated funds.
Historically,
the crude oil futures markets have experienced periods of contango and
backwardation, with backwardation being in place more often than
contango. During 2006 and the first half of 2007, these markets
experienced contango. However, starting early in the third quarter of
2007, the crude oil futures market moved into backwardation. The
crude oil markets remained in backwardation until late in the second quarter of
2008 when they moved into contango. The crude oil markets remained in
contango until late in the third quarter of 2008, when the markets moved into
backwardation. Early in the fourth quarter of 2008, the crude oil
market moved back into contango and remained in contango for the balance of
2008. Throughout 2009, the crude oil market remained in
contango. During parts of January and February 2009, the level of
contango was unusually steep. Crude oil inventories, which reached historic
levels in January and February 2009 and which appeared to be the primary cause
of the steep level of contango, began to drop in March 2009 and for the balance
of 2009. The crude oil futures market remained in contango through
June 30, 2010.
Periods
of contango or backwardation do not materially impact USSO’s investment
objective of having the percentage changes in its per unit NAV inversely track
the percentage changes in the price of the Benchmark Futures Contract since the
impact of backwardation and contango tend to equally impact the percentage
changes in price of both USSO’s units and the Benchmark Futures Contract.
It is impossible to predict with any degree of certainty whether backwardation
or contango will occur in the future. It is likely that both conditions will
occur during different periods.
Crude Oil Market. During the
six months ended June 30, 2010, crude oil prices were impacted by several
factors. On the consumption side, demand increased inside and outside the United
States as global economic growth, including emerging economies such as China and
India, improved for the second quarter of the year. On the supply side, efforts
to reduce production by the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries to
more closely match global consumption were partially successful. Crude oil
prices finished the second quarter of 2010 approximately 4.7% lower than at the
beginning of the year, though investors looked forward to continued improvements
in the global economy. Management believes, however, that should the global
economic situation cease to improve, or decline, there is a meaningful
possibility that crude oil prices could further retreat from their current
levels.
Crude Oil Price Movements in
Comparison to Other Energy Commodities and Investment Categories. The
General Partner believes that investors frequently measure the degree to which
prices or total returns of one investment or asset class move up or down in
value in concert with another investment or asset class. Statistically, such a
measure is usually done by measuring the correlation of the price movements of
the two different investments or asset classes over some period of time. The
correlation is scaled between 1 and -1, where 1 indicates that the two
investment options move up or down in price or value together, known as
“positive correlation,” and -1 indicating that they move in completely opposite
directions, known as “negative correlation.” A correlation of 0 would mean that
the movements of the two are neither positively or negatively correlated, known
as “non-correlation.” That is, the investment options sometimes move up and down
together and other times move in opposite directions.
For the
ten year time period between 2000 and 2009, the chart below compares the monthly
movements of crude oil prices versus the monthly movements of the prices of
several other energy commodities, such as natural gas, heating oil, and unleaded
gasoline, as well as several major non-commodity investment asset classes, such
as large cap U.S. equities, U.S. government bonds and global equities. It can be
seen that over this particular time period, the movement of crude oil on a
monthly basis was not strongly correlated, positively or negatively, with the
movements of large cap U.S. equities, U.S. government bonds or global equities.
However, movements in crude oil had a strong positive correlation to movements
in heating oil and unleaded gasoline. Finally, crude oil had a positive, but
weaker, correlation with natural gas.
10 Year Correlation
Matrix 2000-2009
|
|
Large
Cap
U.S.
Equities
(S&P
500)
|
|
|
U.S. Gov’t.
Bonds
(EFFAS
U.S. Gov’t.
Bond Index)
|
|
|
Global
Equities
(FTSE
World
Index)
|
|
|
Unleaded
Gasoline
|
|
|
Natural
Gas
|
|
|
Heating
Oil
|
|
|
Crude
Oil
|
|
Large
Cap U.S. Equities (S&P 500)
|
|
|
1.000 |
|
|
|
-0.259 |
|
|
|
0.966 |
|
|
|
0.135 |
|
|
|
0.087 |
|
|
|
0.023 |
|
|
|
0.152 |
|
U.S.
Gov’t. Bonds (EFFAS U.S. Gov’t. Bond Index)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1.000 |
|
|
|
-0.237 |
|
|
|
-0.214 |
|
|
|
-0.078 |
|
|
|
0.128 |
|
|
|
-0.127 |
|
Global
Equities (FTSE World Index)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1.000 |
|
|
|
0.196 |
|
|
|
0.165 |
|
|
|
0.084 |
|
|
|
0.246 |
|
Unleaded
Gasoline
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1.000 |
|
|
|
0.613 |
|
|
|
0.257 |
|
|
|
0.724 |
|
Natural
Gas
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1.000 |
|
|
|
0.466 |
|
|
|
0.334 |
|
Heating
Oil
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1.000 |
|
|
|
0.783 |
|
Crude
Oil
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1.000 |
|
source:
Bloomberg, NYMEX
PAST
PERFORMANCE IS NOT NECESSARILY INDICATIVE OF FUTURE RESULTS
The chart
below covers a more recent, but much shorter, range of dates than the above
chart. Over the one year period ended June 30, 2010, crude oil continued to have
a strong positive correlation with heating oil and unleaded gasoline. During
this period, it also had a no positive or
negative correlation
with the movements of natural gas compared to what it had displayed over the ten
year period ended December 31, 2009. Notably, the correlation between crude oil
and both large cap U.S. equities and global equities, which had been essentially
non-correlated over the ten year period ended December 31, 2009, displayed
results that indicated that they had a mildly positive correlation over this
shorter time period, particularly due to the recent downturn in the U.S.
economy. Finally, the results showed that crude oil and U.S.
government bonds, which had essentially been non-correlated for the ten
year period ended December 31, 2009, were weakly negatively correlated over this
more recent time period.
Correlation Matrix 12
months ended
June 30, 2010
|
|
Large
Cap
U.S.
Equities
(S&P
500)
|
|
|
U.S.
Gov't.
Bonds
(EFFAS
U.S.
Gov’t.
Bond
Index)
|
|
|
Global
Equities
(FTSE
World
Index)
|
|
|
Unleaded
Gasoline
|
|
|
Heating
Oil
|
|
|
Natural
Gas
|
|
|
Crude
Oil
|
|
Large
Cap U.S. Equities (S&P 500)
|
|
|
1.000 |
|
|
|
-0.400 |
|
|
|
0.968 |
|
|
|
0.460 |
|
|
|
0.613 |
|
|
|
-0.125 |
|
|
|
0.495 |
|
U.S.
Gov't. Bonds (EFFAS U.S. Gov’t. Bond Index)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1.000 |
|
|
|
-0.411 |
|
|
|
-0.445 |
|
|
|
-0.574 |
|
|
|
-0.015 |
|
|
|
-0.486 |
|
Global
Equities (FTSE World Index)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1.000 |
|
|
|
0.471 |
|
|
|
0.635 |
|
|
|
-0.079 |
|
|
|
0.523 |
|
Unleaded
Gasoline
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1.000 |
|
|
|
0.846 |
|
|
|
-0.524 |
|
|
|
0.801 |
|
Heating
Oil
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1.000 |
|
|
|
-0.075 |
|
|
|
0.941 |
|
Natural
Gas
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1.000 |
|
|
|
-0.089 |
|
Crude
Oil
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1.000 |
|
Source:
Bloomberg, NYMEX
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
PAST
PERFORMANCE IS NOT NECESSARILY INDICATIVE OF FUTURE RESULTS
Investors
are cautioned that the historical price relationships between crude oil and
various other energy commodities, as well as other investment asset classes, as
measured by correlation may not be reliable predictors of future price movements
and correlation results. The results pictured above would have been different if
a different range of dates had been selected. The General Partner believes that
crude oil has historically not demonstrated a strong correlation with equities
or bonds over long periods of time. However, the General Partner also believes
that in the future it is possible that crude oil could have long term
correlation results that indicate prices of crude oil more closely track the
movements of equities or bonds. In addition, the General Partner believes that,
when measured over time periods shorter than ten years, there will always be
some periods where the correlation of crude oil to equities and bonds will be
either more strongly positively correlated or more strongly negatively
correlated than the long term historical results suggest.
The correlations between
crude oil, natural gas, heating oil and gasoline are relevant because the
General Partner endeavors to invest USSO’s assets in Futures Contracts and Other
Crude Oil-Related Investments so that daily changes in percentage terms in
USSO’s NAV correlate as closely as possible with the inverse of the daily
changes in percentage terms in the price of the Benchmark Futures Contract. If
certain other fuel-based commodity Futures Contracts do not closely
correlate with the Benchmark Futures Contract, then their use could lead to
greater tracking error. As noted above, the General Partner also believes that
the changes in percentage terms in the price of the Benchmark Futures Contract
will closely correlate with changes in percentage terms in the spot price of
light, sweet crude oil.
Critical
Accounting Policies
Preparation
of the condensed financial statements and related disclosures in compliance with
accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America
requires the application of appropriate accounting rules and guidance, as well
as the use of estimates. USSO’s application of these policies involves judgments
and actual results may differ from the estimates used.
The
General Partner has evaluated the nature and types of estimates that
it makes in preparing USSO’s condensed financial statements and related
disclosures and has determined that the valuation of its investments which
are not traded on a United States or internationally recognized futures exchange
(such as forward contracts and over-the-counter contracts) involves a critical
accounting policy. The values which are used by USSO for its futures
contracts are provided by its commodity broker who uses market prices when
available, while over-the-counter contracts are valued based on the present
value of estimated future cash flows that would be received from or paid to a
third party in settlement of these derivative contracts prior to their delivery
date and valued on a daily basis. In addition, USSO estimates income on a daily
basis using prevailing rates earned on its cash and cash equivalents. These
estimates are adjusted to the actual amount received on a monthly basis and the
difference, if any, is not considered material.
Liquidity
and Capital Resources
USSO has
not made, and does not anticipate making, use of borrowings or other lines of
credit to meet its obligations. USSO has met, and it is anticipated that USSO
will continue to meet, its liquidity needs in the normal course of business from
the proceeds of the sale of its investments or from the Treasuries, cash
and/or cash equivalents that it intends to hold at all times. USSO’s
liquidity needs include: redeeming units, providing margin deposits for its
existing Futures Contracts or the purchase of additional Futures Contracts and
posting collateral for its over-the-counter contracts, if applicable, and,
except as noted below, payment of its expenses, summarized below under
“Contractual Obligations.”
USSO
currently generates cash primarily from (i) the sale of baskets consisting of
100,000 units (“Creation Baskets”) and (ii) income earned on cash and/or
cash equivalents. USSO has allocated substantially all of its net assets to
trading in Crude Oil Interests. USSO invests in Crude Oil Interests to the
fullest extent possible without being leveraged or unable to satisfy its current
or potential margin or collateral obligations with respect to its investments in
Futures Contracts and Other Crude Oil-Related Investments. A significant portion
of USSO’s NAV is held in cash and cash equivalents that are used as margin
and as collateral for its trading in Crude Oil Interests. The balance of the net
assets is held in USSO’s account at its custodian bank. Income received from
USSO’s money market funds is paid to USSO. During the six months
ended June 30, 2010, USSO’s expenses exceeded the income USSO earned and the
cash earned from the sale of Creation Baskets. During the six months ended June
30, 2010, USSO was forced to use other assets to pay cash expenses, which could
cause a drop in USSO’s NAV over time. To the extent expenses exceed
income, USSO’s NAV will be negatively impacted.
USSO’s
investments in Crude Oil Interests may be subject to periods of illiquidity
because of market conditions, regulatory considerations and other reasons. For
example, most commodity exchanges limit the fluctuations in futures contracts
prices during a single day by regulations referred to as “daily limits.” During
a single day, no trades may be executed at prices beyond the daily limit. Once
the price of a futures contract has increased or decreased by an amount equal to
the daily limit, positions in the contracts can neither be taken nor liquidated
unless the traders are willing to effect trades at or within the specified daily
limit. Such market conditions could prevent USSO from promptly liquidating its
positions in Futures Contracts. During the six months ended June 30, 2010, USSO
was not forced to purchase or liquidate any of its positions while daily limits
were in effect; however, USSO cannot predict whether such an event may occur in
the future.
Prior to
the initial offering of USSO, all payments with respect to USSO’s expenses were
paid by the General Partner. USSO does not have an obligation or
intention to refund such payments by the General Partner. The General
Partner is under no obligation to pay USSO’s current or future expenses. Since
the initial offering of units, USSO has been responsible for expenses relating
to (i) management fees, (ii) brokerage fees and commissions, (iii)
licensing fees for the use of intellectual property, (iv) ongoing registration
expenses in connection with offers and sales of its units subsequent to the
initial offering, (v) other expenses, including certain tax reporting costs,
(vi) fees and expenses of the independent directors of the General Partner and
(vii) other extraordinary expenses not in the ordinary course of business, while
the General Partner has been responsible for expenses relating to the fees of
USSO’s marketing agent, administrator and custodian and registration expenses
relating to the initial offering of units. If the General Partner and USSO
are unsuccessful in raising sufficient funds to cover these respective expenses
or in locating any other source of funding, USSO will terminate and investors
may lose all or part of their
investment.
Market
Risk
Trading
in Futures Contracts and Other Crude Oil-Related Investments, such as
forwards, involves USSO entering into contractual commitments to purchase
or sell crude oil at a specified date in the future. The aggregate market value
of the contracts will significantly exceed USSO’s future cash requirements
since USSO intends to close out its open positions prior to settlement. As a
result, USSO is generally only subject to the risk of loss arising
from the change in value of the contracts. USSO considers the “fair value” of
its derivative instruments to be the unrealized gain or loss on the contracts.
The market risk associated with USSO’s commitments to purchase oil is limited to
the aggregate market value of the contracts held. However, should USSO enter
into a contractual commitment to sell oil, it would be required to make delivery
of the oil at the contract price, repurchase the contract at prevailing prices
or settle in cash. Since there are no limits on the future price of oil, the
market risk to USSO could be unlimited.
USSO’s
exposure to market risk depends on a number of factors, including the
markets for oil, the volatility of interest rates and foreign exchange rates,
the liquidity of the Futures Contracts and Other Crude Oil-Related Investments
markets and the relationships among the contracts held by USSO. The limited
experience that USSO has had in utilizing its model to trade in Crude Oil
Interests in a manner intended to inversely track the changes in the spot price
of crude oil, as well as drastic market occurrences, could ultimately lead to
the loss of all or substantially all of an investor’s capital.
Credit
Risk
When USSO
enters into Futures Contracts and Other Crude Oil-Related Investments, it is
exposed to the credit risk that the counterparty will not be able to meet its
obligations. The counterparty for the Futures Contracts traded on the NYMEX and
on most other futures exchanges is the clearinghouse associated with the
particular exchange. In general, in addition to margin required to be posted by
the exchange or clearinghouse in connection with trades on the exchange or
through the clearinghouse, clearinghouses are backed by their members who may be
required to share in the financial burden resulting from the nonperformance of
one of their members and, therefore, this additional member support should
significantly reduce credit risk. Some foreign exchanges are not backed by their
clearinghouse members but may be backed by a consortium of banks or other
financial institutions. There can be no assurance that any counterparty,
clearinghouse, or their members or their financial backers will satisfy their
obligations to USSO in such circumstances.
The
General Partner attempts to manage the credit risk of USSO by following
various trading limitations and policies. In particular, USSO generally posts
margin and/or holds liquid assets that are approximately equal to the market
value of its obligations to counterparties under the Futures Contracts and Other
Crude Oil-Related Investments it holds. The General Partner has implemented
procedures that include, but are not limited to, executing and clearing trades
only with creditworthy parties and/or requiring the posting of collateral or
margin by such parties for the benefit of USSO to limit its credit exposure. UBS
Securities LLC, USSO’s commodity broker, or any other broker that may be
retained by USSO in the future, when acting as USSO’s futures commission
merchant in accepting orders to purchase or sell Futures Contracts on United
States exchanges, is required by CFTC regulations to separately account for
and segregate as belonging to USSO, all assets of USSO relating to domestic
Futures Contracts trading. These futures commission merchants are not allowed to
commingle USSO’s assets with their other assets. In addition, the CFTC requires
commodity brokers to hold in a secure account USSO’s assets related to foreign
Futures Contracts trading.
If, in
the future, USSO purchases over-the-counter contracts, see “Item 3. Quantitative
and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk” of this quarterly report on Form
10-Q for a discussion of over-the-counter contracts.
As of June 30, 2010, USSO had deposits
in domestic and foreign financial institutions, including cash investments in
money market funds, in the amount of $23,964,960. This amount is subject to loss
should these institutions cease operations.
Off
Balance Sheet Financing
As of
June 30, 2010, USSO has no loan guarantee, credit support or other off-balance
sheet arrangements of any kind other than agreements entered into in the normal
course of business, which may include indemnification provisions relating to
certain risks that service providers undertake in performing services which are
in the best interests of USSO. While USSO’s exposure under these indemnification
provisions cannot be estimated, they are not expected to have a material impact
on USSO’s financial position.
Redemption
Basket Obligation
In order
to meet its investment objective and pay its contractual obligations described
below, USSO requires liquidity to redeem units, which redemptions must be
in blocks of 100,000 units called “Redemption Baskets”. USSO has to date
satisfied this obligation by paying from the cash or cash equivalents it holds
or through the sale of its Treasuries in an amount proportionate to the number
of units being redeemed.
Contractual
Obligations
USSO’s
primary contractual obligations are with the General Partner. In return for its
services, the General Partner is entitled to a management fee calculated monthly
as a fixed percentage of USSO’s NAV, currently 0.60% of NAV on its average daily
net assets.
The
General Partner agreed to pay the start-up costs associated with the
formation of USSO, primarily its legal, accounting and other costs in connection
with the General Partner’s registration with the CFTC as a CPO and the
registration and listing of USSO and its units with the SEC, FINRA and the
NYSE Arca, respectively. However, since USSO’s initial offering of units,
offering costs incurred in connection with registering and listing additional
units of USSO are directly borne on an ongoing basis by USSO, and not by the
General Partner.
The
General Partner pays the fees of USSO’s marketing agent, ALPS Distributors,
Inc., and the fees of the custodian and transfer agent, Brown Brothers Harriman
& Co. (“BBH&Co.”), as well as BBH&Co.’s fees for performing
administrative services, including those in connection with the preparation of
USSO’s condensed financial statements and its SEC and CFTC reports. The General
Partner and USSO have also entered into a licensing agreement with the
NYMEX pursuant to which USSO and the affiliated funds managed by the General
Partner, other than USBO, pay a licensing fee to the NYMEX. USSO also pays the
fees and expenses associated with its tax accounting and reporting requirements
with the exception of certain initial implementation service fees and base
service fees which are paid by the General Partner. The General
Partner, though under no obligation to do so, agreed to pay certain costs for
tax reporting and audit expenses normally borne by USSO to the extent that such
expenses exceed 0.15% (15 basis points) of USSO’s NAV, on an annualized basis,
through at least December 31, 2010. The General Partner has no obligation to
continue such payment into subsequent periods.
In
addition to the General Partner’s management fee, USSO pays its brokerage fees
(including fees to a futures commission merchant), over-the-counter dealer
spreads, any licensing fees for the use of intellectual property, and,
subsequent to the initial offering, registration and other fees paid to the SEC,
FINRA, or other regulatory agencies in connection with the offer and sale of
units, as well as legal, printing, accounting and other expenses associated
therewith, and extraordinary expenses. The latter are expenses not incurred
in the ordinary course of USSO’s business, including expenses relating to
the indemnification of any person against liabilities and obligations to the
extent permitted by law and under the LP Agreement, the bringing or defending of
actions in law or in equity or otherwise conducting litigation and incurring
legal expenses and the settlement of claims and litigation. Commission
payments to a futures commission merchant are on a contract-by-contract, or
round turn, basis. USSO also pays a portion of the fees and expenses of the
independent directors of the General Partner. See Note 3 to the Notes to
Condensed Financial Statements (Unaudited).
The
parties cannot anticipate the amount of payments that will be required under
these arrangements for future periods, as USSO’s NAVs and trading levels to meet
its investment objectives will not be known until a future date. These
agreements are effective for a specific term agreed upon by the parties with an
option to renew, or, in some cases, are in effect for the duration of USSO’s
existence. Either party may terminate these agreements earlier for certain
reasons described in the agreements.
As of
June 30, 2010, USSO’s portfolio consisted of 317 short Crude Oil Futures CL
Contracts traded on the NYMEX. For a list of USSO’s current holdings,
please see USSO’s website at www.unitedstatesshortoilfund.com.
Over-the-Counter
Derivatives
In the
future, USSO may purchase over-the-counter contracts. Unlike most of the
exchange-traded Futures Contracts or exchange-traded options on such futures,
each party to an over-the-counter contract bears the credit risk that the
other party may not be able to perform its obligations under its
contract.
Some
crude oil-based derivatives transactions contain fairly generic terms and
conditions and are available from a wide range of participants. Other crude
oil-based derivatives have highly customized terms and conditions and are not as
widely available. Many of these over-the-counter contracts are cash-settled
forwards for the future delivery of crude oil- or petroleum-based fuels that
have terms similar to the Futures Contracts. Others take the form of “swaps” in
which the two parties exchange cash flows based on pre-determined formulas tied
to the spot price of crude oil, forward crude oil prices or crude oil
futures prices. For example, USSO may enter into over-the-counter derivative
contracts whose value will be tied to changes in the difference between
the spot price of light, sweet crude oil, the price of Futures Contracts
traded on the NYMEX and the prices of other Futures Contracts in which USSO may
invest.
To
protect itself from the credit risk that arises in connection with such
contracts, USSO may enter into agreements with each counterparty that provide
for the netting of its overall exposure to such counterparty, such as the
agreements published by the International Swaps and Derivatives Association,
Inc. USSO also may require that the counterparty be highly rated and/or
provide collateral or other credit support to address USSO’s exposure to the
counterparty. In addition, it is also possible for USSO and its counterparty to
agree to clear their transactions under the agreement through an established
futures clearinghouse such as those connected to the NYMEX or the ICE Futures.
In that event, USSO would no longer bear the credit risk of its original
counterparty, as the clearinghouse would now be USSO’s counterparty. USSO would
still retain any price risk associated with its transaction.
The
creditworthiness of each potential counterparty is assessed by the General
Partner. The General Partner assesses or reviews, as appropriate, the
creditworthiness of each potential or existing counterparty to an
over-the-counter contract pursuant to guidelines approved by the General
Partner’s board of directors (the “Board”). Furthermore, the General Partner on
behalf of USSO only enters into over-the-counter contracts with counterparties
who are, or are affiliates of, (a) banks regulated by a United States federal
bank regulator, (b) broker-dealers regulated by the SEC, (c) insurance companies
domiciled in the United States, or (d) producers, users or traders of energy,
whether or not regulated by the CFTC. Any entity acting as a counterparty shall
be regulated in either the United States or the United Kingdom unless otherwise
approved by the Board after consultation with its legal counsel. Existing
counterparties are also reviewed periodically by the General
Partner.
USSO
anticipates that the use of Other Crude Oil-Related Investments together with
its investments in Futures Contracts will produce price and total return results
that closely track the investment goals of USSO. However, there can be no
assurance of this. Over-the-counter contracts may result in higher
transaction-related expenses than the brokerage commissions paid in connection
with the purchase of Futures Contracts, which may impact USSO’s ability to
successfully track the Benchmark Futures Contract.
USSO may
employ spreads or straddles in its trading to mitigate the differences in its
investment portfolio and its goal of inversely tracking the price of the
Benchmark Futures Contract. USSO would use a spread when it chooses to take
simultaneous long and short positions in futures written on the same underlying
asset, but with different delivery months. The effect of holding such combined
positions is to adjust the sensitivity of USSO to changes in the price
relationship between futures contracts which will expire sooner and those that
will expire later. USSO would use such a spread if the General Partner felt that
taking such long and short positions, when combined with the rest of its
holdings, would more closely track the investment goals of USSO, or if the
General Partner felt it would lead to an overall lower cost of trading to
achieve a given level of economic exposure to movements in oil prices. USSO
would enter into a straddle when it chooses to take an option position
consisting of a long (or short) position in both a call option and put option.
The economic effect of holding certain combinations of put options and call
options can be very similar to that of owning the underlying futures contracts.
USSO would make use of such a straddle approach if, in the opinion of the
General Partner, the resulting combination would more closely track the
investment goals of USSO or if it would lead to an overall lower cost of trading
to achieve a given level of economic exposure to movements in oil
prices.
During
the six months ended June 30, 2010, USSO did not employ any hedging methods such
as those described above since all of its investments were made over an
exchange. Therefore, during the six months ended June 30, 2010, USSO was not
exposed to counterparty risk.
Disclosure
Controls and Procedures
USSO
maintains disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that
material information required to be disclosed in USSO’s periodic reports filed
or submitted under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, is recorded,
processed, summarized and reported within the time period specified in the SEC’s
rules and forms.
The duly
appointed officers of the General Partner, including its chief executive officer
and chief financial officer, who perform functions equivalent to those
of a principal executive officer and principal financial officer of USSO if
USSO had any officers, have evaluated the effectiveness of USSO’s
disclosure controls and procedures and have concluded that the
disclosure controls and procedures of USSO have been effective as of the end of
the period covered by this quarterly report on Form 10-Q.
Change
in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
There
were no changes in USSO’s internal control over financial reporting during
USSO’s last fiscal quarter that have materially affected, or are reasonably
likely to materially affect, USSO’s internal control over financial
reporting.
Part
II. OTHER INFORMATION
Item
1. Legal Proceedings.
Not
applicable.
Item
1A. Risk Factors.
There has
not been a material change from the risk factors previously disclosed in USSO’s
Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2009, filed on
March 30, 2010, except for the update to the risk factor set forth below to
reflect the passage of The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection
Act.
Regulation
of the commodity interests and energy markets is extensive and constantly
changing; future regulatory developments are impossible to predict but may
significantly and adversely affect USSO.
The
futures markets are subject to comprehensive statutes, regulations, and margin
requirements. In addition, the CFTC and the exchanges are authorized to take
extraordinary actions in the event of a market emergency, including, for
example, the retroactive implementation of speculative position limits or higher
margin requirements, the establishment of daily price limits and the suspension
of trading.
The
regulation of commodity interest transactions in the United States is a rapidly
changing area of law and is subject to ongoing modification by governmental and
judicial action. Considerable regulatory attention has been focused on
non-traditional investment pools which are publicly distributed in the United
States. There is a possibility of future regulatory changes altering, perhaps to
a material extent, the nature of an investment in USSO or the ability of
USSO to
continue to implement its investment strategy. In addition, various national
governments have expressed concern regarding the disruptive effects of
speculative trading in the energy markets and the need to regulate the
derivatives markets in general. The effect of any future regulatory change on
USSO is
impossible to predict, but could be substantial and adverse.
In the
wake of the economic crisis of 2008 and 2009, the Administration, federal
regulators and Congress are revisiting the regulation of the financial sector,
including securities and commodities markets. These efforts are likely to result
in significant changes in the regulation of these markets.
On July
21, 2010, a broad financial regulatory reform bill, “The Dodd-Frank Wall Street
Reform and Consumer Protection Act,” was signed into law that includes
provisions altering the regulation of commodity interests. Provisions in the new
law include the requirement that position limits on energy-based commodity
futures contracts be established; new registration, recordkeeping, capital and
margin requirements for “swap dealers” and “major swap participants” as
determined by the new law and applicable regulations; and the forced use of
clearinghouse mechanisms for most over-the-counter transactions. Additionally,
the new law requires the aggregation, for purposes of position limits, of all
positions in energy futures held by a single entity and its affiliates, whether
such positions exist on U.S. futures exchanges, non-U.S. futures exchanges, or
in over-the-counter contracts. The CFTC, along with the SEC and other federal
regulators, has been tasked with developing the rules and regulations enacting
the provisions noted above. The new law and the rules to be promulgated may
negatively impact USSO’s ability to meet its investment objective either through
limits or requirements imposed on it or upon its counterparties. In particular,
new position limits imposed on USSO or its counterparties may impact USSO’s
ability to invest in a manner that most efficiently meets its investment
objective, and new requirements, including capital and mandatory clearing, may
increase the cost of USSO’s investments and doing business, which could
adversely affect USSO’s investors.
Item
2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of
Proceeds.
Not applicable.
Item
3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities.
Not applicable.
Item
4. Reserved.
Item 5. Other
Information.
Monthly
Account Statements
Pursuant
to the requirement under Rule 4.22 under the Commodity Exchange Act, each month
USSO publishes an account statement for its unitholders, which includes a
Statement of Income (Loss) and a Statement of Changes in NAV. The account
statement is furnished to the SEC on a current report on Form 8-K pursuant
to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act and posted each month on USSO’s
website at www.unitedstatesshortoilfund.com.
Item 6. Exhibits.
Listed
below are the exhibits which are filed as part of this quarterly report on Form
10-Q (according to the number assigned to them in Item 601 of Regulation
S-K):
Exhibit
|
|
|
Number
|
|
Description of Document
|
10.6**
|
|
Form
of United States Commodity Funds LLC Director Deferred Compensation
Agreement.
|
31.1*
|
|
Certification
by Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the
Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
|
31.2*
|
|
Certification
by Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the
Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
|
32.1*
|
|
Certification
by Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as
Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of
2002.
|
32.2*
|
|
Certification
by Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as
Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of
2002.
|
**
|
Incorporated
by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form
8-K, filed on April 1, 2010.
|
SIGNATURES
Pursuant
to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has
duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto
duly authorized.
United
States Short Oil Fund, LP (Registrant)
By: United
States Commodity Funds LLC, its general partner
By:
|
/s/ Nicholas D. Gerber
|
Nicholas
D. Gerber
|
President
and Chief Executive Officer
|
(Principal
executive officer)
|
|
|
Date: August
16, 2010
|
|
|
By:
|
|
Howard
Mah
|
Chief
Financial Officer
|
(Principal
financial and accounting
officer)
|
Date: August
16, 2010