Edgar Filing: Tableau Software Inc

Document

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark One)

x ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018

o TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ____ to ____

Commission File Number: 001-35925

TABLEAU SOFTWARE, INC.

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)



Delaware		47-0945740
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)

1621 North 34th Street

Seattle, Washington 98103

(Address of principal executive offices and zip code)

(206) 633-3400

(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:



Title of Each Class		Name of each exchange on which registered
Class A Common Stock, par value $0.0001		New York Stock Exchange
	Securities registered pursuant to Section 12 (g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes o No x

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to submit such files). Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of Registrant's knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. x

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company" and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.



Large accelerated filer	x	Accelerated filer	o
Non-accelerated filer	o	Smaller reporting company	o
		Emerging growth company	o

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes o No x

The aggregate market value of common equity held by non-affiliates of the Registrant on June 30, 2018, based on the closing price of $97.75 for shares of the Registrant's Class A common stock as reported by the New York Stock Exchange on June 29, 2018, was approximately $5.6 billion. The Registrant assumed a stockholder was an affiliate of the Registrant at June 30, 2018 if such stockholder (i) beneficially owned 10% or more of the Registrant's capital stock (on an as-converted basis), as determined based on public filings, and/or (ii) was an executive officer or director, or was affiliated with an executive officer or director of the Registrant, at June 30, 2018. This determination of affiliate status is not necessarily a conclusive determination for other purposes.

As of February 19, 2019, there were 75,594,200 shares of the Registrant's Class A common stock and 10,491,943 shares of the Registrant's Class B common stock outstanding.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Information required in response to Part III of Form 10-K (Items 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14) is hereby incorporated by reference to portions of the Registrant's Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held in 2019. The Proxy Statement will be filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission no later than 120 days after the end of the Registrant's fiscal year ended December 31, 2018.

TABLEAU SOFTWARE, INC.

ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K

For the Year Ended December 31, 2018

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	PART I	Page

Item 1.	Business	4
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	18
Item 1B.	Unresolved Staff Comments	41
Item 2.	Properties	41
Item 3.	Legal Proceedings	41
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosure	41
	PART II
Item 5.	Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholders Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	42
Item 6.	Selected Consolidated Financial Data	44
Item 7.	Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	47
Item 7A.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	68
Item 8.	Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	69
Item 9.	Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	105
Item 9A.	Controls and Procedures	105
Item 9B.	Other Information	105
	PART III
Item 10.	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	106
Item 11.	Executive Compensation	106
Item 12.	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	106
Item 13.	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions and Director Independence	106
Item 14.	Principal Accountant Fees and Services	106
	PART IV
Item 15.	Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules	107
Item 16.	Form 10-K Summary	109

	Signatures	110

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PART I.

SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"), and section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. All statements contained in this report other than statements of historical fact, including statements regarding our future results of operations and financial position, our business strategy and plans and our objectives for future operations, are forward-looking statements. The words "believe," "may," "will," "estimate," "continue," "anticipate," "intend," "expect," "seek" and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and trends that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operations, business strategy, short-term and long-term business operations and objectives and financial needs. These forward-looking statements are subject to a number of risks, uncertainties and assumptions, including those described in the "Risk Factors" section of this report. Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment. New risks emerge from time to time. It is not possible for our management to predict all risks, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements we may make. In light of these risks, uncertainties and assumptions, the future events and trends discussed in this report may not occur and actual results could differ materially and adversely from those anticipated or implied in the forward-looking statements.

You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. The events and circumstances reflected in the forward-looking statements may not be achieved or occur. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee future results, levels of activity, performance or achievements. We are under no duty to update any of these forward-looking statements after the date of this report or to conform these statements to actual results or revised expectations.

As used in this report, the terms "Tableau," "Registrant," "Company," "we," "us" and "our" mean Tableau Software, Inc. and its subsidiaries unless the context indicates otherwise.

Tableau and Tableau Software are trademarks of Tableau Software, Inc. All other company and product names may be trademarks of the respective companies with which they are associated.

ITEM 1. BUSINESS

Overview

Our mission is to help people see and understand data.

Our software products put the power of data into the hands of everyday people, allowing a broad population of business users to engage with their data, ask questions, solve problems and create value.

Based on innovative core technologies originally developed at Stanford University, our products dramatically reduce the complexity, inflexibility and expense associated with traditional business intelligence applications.

Our software is designed for anyone with data and questions. We are democratizing the use of business analytics software by allowing people to access information, perform analysis and share results without assistance from technical specialists. By putting powerful, self-service analytical technology directly into the hands of people who make decisions with data, we seek to accelerate the pace of informed and intelligent decision-making. We believe this enables our customers to create better workplaces, with happier employees who are empowered to fully express their ingenuity and creativity.

Our products are used by people of diverse skill levels across all kinds of organizations, including Fortune 500 corporations, small and medium-sized businesses, government agencies, universities, research institutions and non-profits. Organizations employ our products in a broad range of use cases such as increasing sales, streamlining operations, improving customer service, managing investments, assessing quality and safety, studying and treating diseases, completing academic research, addressing environmental problems and improving education. In a world where data is virtually everywhere, we believe we are entering an era of analytics ubiquity. Our products are flexible and capable enough to help a single user on a laptop analyze data from a simple spreadsheet, or to enable tens of thousands of users across an enterprise to execute sophisticated queries against large and complex data sets.

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Underpinning our innovative products is a set of technology advances that spans the domains of sophisticated computer graphics, human-computer interaction and high performance database systems. These technology innovations include VizQL and our Hybrid Data Architecture:

•

VizQL—Our breakthrough visual query language, VizQL, translates drag-and-drop actions into data queries and then expresses that information visually. VizQL unifies the formerly disparate tasks of query and visualization and allows users to transform questions into pictures without the need for software scripts, chart wizards or dialogue boxes that inhibit speed and flexibility. This capability is designed to enable a more intuitive, creative and engaging experience for our users. VizQL can deliver dramatic gains in people's ability to see and understand data, and we believe it represents a foundational advancement in the field of analytics.

•

Hybrid Data Architecture—Our Hybrid Data Architecture combines the power and flexibility of our Live Query technology and Hyper, our in-memory data engine technology. Our Live Query technology allows users to instantaneously connect to large volumes of data in its existing format and location, including databases and cloud applications. This capability allows customers to leverage investments in their existing data platforms and to capitalize on the capabilities of high performance databases. Hyper, our in-memory data engine technology, is designed for fast data ingestion and analytical query processing on large or complex data sets. With enhanced extract creation and refresh performance, customers can choose to extract their data based on the needs of the business without concern for scheduling limitations or data volumes. Our Hybrid Data Architecture gives users the flexibility to access and analyze data from diverse sources and locations, while optimizing speed and performance for each source.

Our distribution strategy is designed to capitalize on the ease of use, low up-front cost, flexible deployment and collaborative capabilities of our software. To facilitate rapid adoption of our products, we provide fully-functional free trial versions of our products on our website and offer a flexible pricing model. After an initial trial or purchase, an organization has the flexibility to expand adoption of our products at any scale. During 2018, Tableau began offering role-based subscriptions via Tableau Creator, Explorer and Viewer subscriptions, each providing tailored combinations of our products' analytical capabilities that are designed for different user needs, from sophisticated analysts to casual users.

As of December 31, 2018, we had over 86,000 customer accounts across a broad array of company sizes and industries. Some of our largest customers include Charles Schwab, ExxonMobil, Honeywell, Johnson & Johnson, JPMorgan Chase, Pfizer and various United States ("U.S.") Government Agencies. In addition, we have cultivated strong relationships with technology partners to help us extend the reach of our products. These partners include Alphabet Inc. ("Google"), Alteryx, Inc., Amazon.com, Inc., Cloudera, Inc., Informatica Corporation, Microsoft Corporation, Snowflake Computing, Inc. and Teradata Corporation.

We adopted the new revenue recognition accounting standard, codified as Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 606, effective January 1, 2018 on a modified retrospective basis. Our adoption of the new revenue recognition accounting standard is described later in this report. For the year ended December 31, 2018, total ASC 606 revenues were $1.16 billion and total ASC 606 net loss was $77.0 million. For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, our total revenues under the previous standard, ASC 605, were $982.9 million, $877.1 million and $826.9 million, respectively. We incurred ASC 605 net losses of $277.2 million, $185.6 million and $144.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

We have generated positive cash flows from operating activities of $154.7 million, $226.9 million and $177.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

Growth Strategy

Our mission to help people see and understand data presents a broad market opportunity. We intend to continue to invest in a number of growth initiatives to allow us to pursue our mission. Our strategies for growth include:

•

Expand our customer base—We operate in a rapidly growing analytics and business intelligence software market. We believe that Tableau is well positioned in the market to expand our present customer base of over 86,000 customer accounts. We are expanding our online and offline marketing efforts to increase our brand awareness. We are also continuing to grow our direct sales teams and expand our indirect sales channels.


•	Further penetrate our existing customer base—We intend to continue to increase adoption of our products within and across our existing customer base, as they expand the number of users and develop

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new use cases for our products in the enterprise. Our sales and marketing strategy and our focus on customer success help our customers identify and pursue new use cases within their organizations. As this expansion occurs, we believe that our products will also increasingly supplant incumbent legacy platforms to become the standard platform for analytics and business intelligence for our customers.

•

Grow internationally—With approximately 31% of our total ASC 606 revenues generated from sales outside the United States and Canada in the year ended December 31, 2018, we believe there is significant opportunity to grow our international business. Our products currently support eight languages, and we are expanding our direct sales force and indirect sales channels outside the United States. As of December 31, 2018, we had operations in North America, Europe and Asia Pacific. We intend to invest in further expanding our footprint in these and other regions.

•

Relentlessly innovate and advance our products—We have sought to rapidly improve the capabilities of our products over time and intend to continue to invest in product innovation and leadership. Building on our foundational technology innovations, we continue to expand and improve our feature set and capabilities. For example, in February 2019, we released Tableau 2019.1 which introduced Ask Data, which leverages natural language processing to enable users to ask questions in plain language and get a visual response in Tableau. Also in February 2019, we released Tableau Prep Conductor, a new product that enables organizations to schedule and manage self-service data preparation at scale. Tableau Prep Conductor is part of a new subscription offering called the Tableau Data Management Add-On. Our plans to continue to invest in research and development include hiring top technical talent, focusing on core technology innovation, maintaining an agile organization that supports rapid release cycles and integrating acquired technologies. We intend to focus on further developing our cloud capabilities, offering faster data analysis, continuing to enhance our self-service platform and making data preparation easier.

•

Extend our distribution channels and partner ecosystem—We plan to continue investing in distribution channels, technology partners and other strategic relationships to help us enter and grow in new markets while complementing our direct sales efforts. We are actively growing our indirect distribution channels. Our most important technology partnerships include partnerships with Alteryx, Inc., Amazon.com, Inc., Cloudera, Inc., Google, Informatica Corporation, Microsoft Corporation, Snowflake Computing, Inc. and Teradata Corporation, with which we have collaborated to develop high performance and optimized connectivity to a broad group of popular data stores and applications. We intend to continue to invest in partnerships that enable us to build and promote complementary capabilities that benefit our customers. We also offer application program interfaces ("APIs") to further empower the Tableau developer community and our original equipment manufacturer ("OEM") partner ecosystem to create applications that embed Tableau functionality.

•

Foster our passionate user community—We benefit from a vibrant and engaged user community. We are investing in initiatives to further expand and energize this group through our online community site, customer conferences and other events. Our seminal event is our annual global customer conference, Tableau Conference, which was most recently held in New Orleans and attended by more than 17,000 customers and partners in 2018. In 2018, we also hosted Tableau Conference Europe in London, which was attended by more than 1,800 customers and partners.

•

Treasure and cultivate our exceptional culture—We believe our culture is a core ingredient of our success. Our employees share a passion for our mission, and our mission stands at the top of a list of eight core cultural values that govern our approach to our business. Our other core values include: teamwork; product leadership; using our own products; respect; honesty; simplicity; and commitment to delighting customers. Our values permeate our organization and drive our identity as a company. For example, we strive to simplify all aspects of our business, including product user interfaces, pricing models, business processes and marketing strategies. Our culture is consistently cited in employee surveys as a key reason for their satisfaction with Tableau, and we have been publicly recognized as one of the best workplaces in a number of locations where we conduct our operations.

Products

Our products help people see and understand data. They offer the power and flexibility required to serve a broad range of use cases, from answering questions with small spreadsheets to complex enterprise business intelligence projects involving massive volumes of data. We currently offer five key products: Tableau Desktop, a self-service, powerful analytics product for anyone with data; Tableau Server, a business intelligence platform for organizations; Tableau Online, a hosted software-as-a-service ("SaaS") version of Tableau Server; Tableau Prep,

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a data preparation product for combining, shaping and cleaning data; and Tableau Public, a free cloud-based platform for analyzing and sharing public data.

Tableau Desktop

Tableau Desktop helps knowledge workers make sense of the many kinds of data they encounter every day. The defining capability of Tableau Desktop is the interactive experience it provides for exploring and analyzing data. By fundamentally integrating data analysis and visualization, our products provide a visual window into data trapped in spreadsheets and databases, fostering greater engagement with data and allowing people to better answer questions, develop insights and solve problems. The result is a self-service analytics environment that empowers people to access and analyze data independently and at a rapid pace. Tableau Desktop's key capabilities include:

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Visual analytics—Tableau Desktop empowers people to ask sophisticated questions by composing drag-and-drop pictures of their data. Tableau Desktop's easy-to-use interface is built on VizQL, which is capable of describing thousands of easily understood visual presentations of data including tables, maps, time series, dashboards and tables of graphs. The combination of a sophisticated language with a simple user interface means users can explore many different perspectives of their data. We believe being able to quickly view data from different perspectives inspires creative thinking and helps people find the right view to answer a question.

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Analytical depth—An important aspect of Tableau Desktop is its ability to marry powerful visualization with deep analytics. Users can filter and sort their data, create sophisticated calculations, drill into underlying information, define sets and cohorts, perform statistical analysis and derive correlations between diverse data sets with agility and relative ease. For example, with a few clicks, users can generate sophisticated forecasting models. This combination of simplicity and usefulness, ease of use and analytical depth is what makes it possible for Tableau Desktop to empower a whole new group of people to become data analysts.

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Data access—Tableau Desktop lets people access and query a large number of common data sources, from database systems such as Amazon Redshift, Google BigQuery, Hadoop, Microsoft Azure Database, NoSQL, Snowflake and SQL Server, to Web applications like Google Analytics and Salesforce, to spreadsheets, PDFs and JSON files. Users can connect to more than 65 data connectors with a few clicks, without any scripting or programming.

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Live query—Tableau Desktop translates users' interactions into live queries. As people use the drag-and-drop interface to examine information, they are automatically generating sophisticated queries against their database. Tableau Desktop can generate queries in a range of query languages including Structured Query Language ("SQL") and Multidimensional Expressions ("MDX"). Each query is optimized for the target platform and its unique performance and analytical characteristics. This live query approach allows customers to leverage their investments in database infrastructure and enables them to take advantage of query-optimized databases.


•	In-memory query—Tableau Desktop contains Hyper, an in-memory data engine technology that enables rapid analysis. A core Tableau platform technology, Hyper uses proprietary dynamic code generation and parallelism techniques to achieve fast performance for extract creation and query execution. By extracting data to Hyper, customers can analyze large or complex data sets faster.

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Data integration—Many questions require combining data from multiple sources. Tableau Desktop provides a number of ways for people to combine data without requiring a typical data loading and transformation project. Users can connect to many different data sources, with each source independently leveraging either a live query or in-memory approach. Users can then combine the data in a single dashboard, visualization, filter or calculation using our data blending functionality. This approach can greatly extend the scope and depth of questions a person can answer.

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Sharing and presentation—Tableau Desktop allows users to author and distribute visualizations and dashboards with the ease expected of everyday office tools like spreadsheets. Content created in Tableau Desktop can be embedded in documents and presentations, or the workbooks can be distributed for viewing by people who have Tableau Desktop or Tableau Reader, a free product to view and interact with visualizations built in Tableau Desktop. Alternately, users can publish their workbooks to Tableau Server or Tableau Online enabling others in the organization to access them using a Web browser or a mobile device.

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Tableau Server

Tableau Server is a powerful business intelligence platform with enterprise-class security, governance and scalability. The collaborative features of Tableau Server are designed to foster more sharing of analytics to improve the dissemination of information across an organization and promote improved decision-making. Tableau Server's key capabilities include:

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Shared content—Tableau Server provides an easy-to-navigate repository of shared visualizations and dashboards within an organization. Any user with appropriate credentials can view, interact, create data-driven alerts, edit and author new visualizations from published data using a Web browser. Users can also view and interact with published visualizations using a phone or tablet. The ability to publish dashboards and easily share impactful visual analysis increases awareness of business data and promotes improved decision-making. In addition, allowing others to interact with an analysis gives them deeper understanding of the information, which leads to an improved grasp on the problem and hence greater confidence in the solution.

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Governed data—Organizations can use Tableau Server to centrally manage enterprise data sources and metadata enabling knowledge sharing, efficiency, governance and data consistency. Business users or IT professionals can create rich data models, containing calculations, hierarchies, field aliases, sets and security rules, and publish them to Tableau Server to be shared across an organization. Others can use these models as a starting point for analysis while extending them to meet their own specific analytical needs. While centralized data models are not a pre-requisite for analysis in Tableau, they provide flexibility and increased productivity while maintaining control and security of data.

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Universal access—We have designed Tableau Server to enable seamless sharing of content across desktop, mobile and Web clients. Once users author and publish analytical content to the server, people across an organization can consume it on different browsers and devices. Further, Tableau Server automatically detects the device being used and adapts the content to take advantage of the device's capabilities including native touch experience and form factor. Tableau Server allows users to actively subscribe to content for automatic delivery on their devices or pull content on demand.

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Integration and Embedded Analytics—Tableau Server offers APIs that help developers, customers and partners embed and control our software from portals, websites and other enterprise applications. Our APIs can also be used to generate in-memory Hyper extracts, upload content and add users to the server programmatically. In addition to APIs, we also offer command line utilities to automate management tasks, and data upload tools to move data rapidly into Tableau Server.


•	Scalability—Tableau Server's distributed multi-tier architecture allows it to scale to tens of thousands of users, across desktop, Web and mobile clients, meeting the needs of some of the largest organizations globally.


•	Security—Tableau Server provides a security model that encompasses authentication, authorization, data and network security. Tableau Server is also built on a multi-tenant architecture that allows administrators to logically partition a single system across user populations, providing for separation of content.


•	Administration—We believe the ease of administering a system is tremendously important to its adoption. While Tableau Server's management interface is designed to be simple enough for a line-of-business user, we also provide APIs to allow administrators to automate routine management processes.

Tableau Online

Tableau Online, a hosted SaaS version of Tableau Server, is built on the Tableau Server platform and provides ease of use, speed and availability without requiring customers to manage physical infrastructure. Tableau Online is a fully-hosted solution that can be accessed by clients remotely using Tableau Desktop, a browser or a mobile device. In addition to offering the same capabilities as Tableau Server, Tableau Online's key capabilities include:


•	Hybrid data connectivity—Tableau Online supports both live connectivity and in-memory extracts of cloud databases including Amazon Redshift, Google BigQuery and Microsoft SQL Azure. Users can access real-time data from cloud data sources without requiring data snapshots.

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•	On-premises data sync—Tableau Online provides easy syncing of on-premises data such as Microsoft Excel to the cloud through the Tableau Bridge feature. This enables customers to keep their data up-to-date.


•	Always up-to-date—Tableau Online includes the latest maintenance releases and versions of Tableau Server. Customers do not need to worry about upgrading their infrastructure or deploying the latest patches.


•	Reliable and scalable—Tableau Online is a SaaS analytics application built on the same enterprise-class architecture of Tableau Server.

Tableau Prep

Tableau Prep empowers users to get to analysis faster by helping them combine, shape and clean their data. Tableau Prep provides customers with features to make data preparation simple and integrates directly with the Tableau analytical workflow. Tableau Prep's key capabilities include:


•	Complete Picture—Tableau Prep offers three coordinated views that provide users with a complete picture of their data and flow. Users have the flexibility to pick which view to interact with based on the task at hand.


•	Immediate results—Tableau Prep provides a direct and immediate experience allowing users to instantly see data change with each action, even on millions of rows of data. Immediate results give users the freedom to re-order steps and experiment without consequence.


•	Simplicity—Tableau Prep's drag and drop visual experience simplifies data preparation tasks such as joins, unions, pivots and aggregations.


•	Integration—Tableau Prep uses Tableau’s data connectors, calculation language and governance structure so users can get up to speed quickly and can collaborate at any point in the analytical process. Users can open a Tableau Prep workflow in Tableau Desktop at any time, or easily share it with Tableau Server or Tableau Online.


•	Smart Algorithms—Tableau Prep features smart algorithms to help automate common data preparation challenges. For example, Tableau Prep employs fuzzy clustering to turn repetitive tasks, like grouping by pronunciation or cleaning based on punctuation, into one-click operations.

Tableau Public

Tableau Public is a free cloud-based offering that is available for anyone to use with public data. This offering allows users of diverse backgrounds, including bloggers, journalists, researchers and government workers, to easily visualize and embed public data on their websites. People who visit these websites can interact with the visualizations and share them electronically via social media or other means.

Using Tableau Public, data can be transformed into interactive graphs, dashboards and maps for the world to see on the Web. For example, a blogger focused on economic issues may write a feature about changes in the U.S. unemployment rate. Using Tableau Public, the blogger can quickly build an interactive visualization using data from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics and embed it in their blog. Every time the site is viewed, Tableau Public serves up the data as a dynamic visualization.

Tableau Public enables us to test new product features and engage in user research as well as generate greater awareness of Tableau and increase community engagement. In addition to offering most of the features of Tableau Desktop and Tableau Server, Tableau Public offers the following capabilities:

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Web scale—Tableau Public meets the massive performance requirements of serving dynamic content on top tier websites including media channels, social media and other consumer internet services. Through a combination of proprietary software and optimized hardware, we have designed a highly scalable, multi-tenant, online infrastructure. Tableau Public has reached over 1 billion cumulative views worldwide, and over 1 million visualizations have been published on Tableau Public to date.


•	Social reach—Anyone viewing or interacting with a Tableau Public visualization can share it on social media. The ease of social sharing has facilitated greater conversations around data on Tableau Public.


•	Embedding—Tableau Public views can be embedded in Web pages and blogs. Authors can enrich their websites and engage their audience with interactive visualizations based on Tableau Public.

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Tableau Public has been used by hundreds of thousands of people to make public data easy to see and understand. People have used the product to visualize and share data about government budgets, school performance, economic policy, sports statistics and box office trends. Visualizations from Tableau Public have appeared in many news organizations' publications such as CNBC, Huffington Post, Business Insider, The Telegraph and Australia's ABC News, as well as publications from bloggers and researchers.

Technology

Visual Query Language (VizQL) for Databases

At the heart of Tableau's products is our proprietary and breakthrough technology called VizQL. VizQL is a visual query language for data that simultaneously describes how to query data and how to present it visually. VizQL can deliver dramatic gains in people's ability to see and understand data. We believe VizQL is unique in several important aspects:

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Extensibility and flexibility—VizQL is a computer language for describing pictures of data, including graphs, charts, maps, time series and tables of visualizations. VizQL unifies these different visual representations into a single framework. Conventional component architectures that underlie reporting packages and charting wizards contain a fixed number of computer procedures, one for each type of picture. VizQL, in contrast, is a language for creating pictures. Each type of picture is a different statement in the language. The extensibility and flexibility of VizQL makes it possible to create a virtually unlimited number of visualizations.


•	Transforms database records to graphical representations—VizQL statements define the mapping from records returned from a database to graphical marks on a screen. Some fields in the record control the geometric properties of the mark, including position, size and orientation while other fields control visual attributes like color, transparency and shape.

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Declarative language—VizQL is a declarative language like other database languages, including SQL. The advantage of a declarative language is that the user describes what picture should be created, not how to make it. The user does not need to be aware of underlying implementation as query, analysis and rendering operations run behind the scenes. The result is a portable and more scalable system.


•	Defines and controls queries—VizQL procedures define both the resulting picture and the database query. Our Live Query Engine generates efficient queries for external databases of many types from many vendors. VizQL also controls execution of our optimized in-memory data engine technology to perform calculations in real time.


•	Optimized—VizQL's interpreter is optimized for interactive use, enabling visualization and drawing of large data sets. VizQL is specifically designed to take advantage of modern computer graphics hardware, such as the fast rendering chips developed for gaming that are standard on personal computers.

The initial development of VizQL began at Stanford University in 1999. Stanford University has granted us an exclusive license to commercialize the software and related patents resulting from that research. The software and related patents generally relate to three subject areas: (1) architecture for creating table-based visualizations from relational databases; (2) graphical user interface for creating specification for table-based visualizations; and (3) an environment for rapid development of interactive visualizations. Our license from Stanford University is exclusive in all fields, worldwide and sublicensable. The license agreement provides for Tableau to own all improvements to and derivative works of the software that it develops. The license agreement also provides for enforcement of the licensed patents against alleged infringers. If Stanford University and Tableau agree to jointly enforce the licensed patents against an alleged infringer, the parties equally share the costs and the recovery or settlement for such enforcement. If Stanford University and Tableau do not agree to jointly enforce the licensed patents against an alleged infringer, Stanford University and Tableau will each have the right to enforce the licensed patents against the alleged infringer. If Tableau files such a suit in a United States court, Stanford University joins such suit only for standing purposes, and Tableau wins an award of damages for, or receives a settlement payment for, infringement of a United States licensed patent, Tableau would retain that award or settlement payment and would be required to negotiate in good faith with Stanford University to compensate it for its expenses in connection with the suit. If Stanford University files such a suit in a United States court, Tableau joins such suit only for standing purposes, and Stanford University wins an award of damages for, or receives a settlement payment for, infringement of a United States licensed patent, Stanford University would retain that award or settlement payment. The license agreement does not expire and can be terminated by Stanford University only if Tableau breaches the agreement and does not remedy the breach within 30 days after receiving

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written notice of the alleged breach from Stanford University. We have invested substantial research and development in VizQL since obtaining these rights. We have also been granted additional patents related to our core VizQL technology.

Live Query Engine

We have developed a Live Query Engine that interprets abstract queries generated by VizQL into syntax understandable by popular database systems. For instance, our Live Query Engine can compile VizQL statements into optimized SQL and MDX syntax understandable by database systems made by Amazon.com, Inc., Google, Microsoft Corporation, SAP SE, Snowflake Computing, Inc., Teradata Corporation and many other database vendors. As a result, our technology provides customers with a way to increase the accessibility, usability and performance of their databases. It also gives them a uniform user interface for interacting with databases of diverse vendors, formats and sizes.

It is common for traditional business intelligence products to import data from the organization's database systems. In contrast, Tableau's Live Query Engine enables people to query databases without having to first import the data into our products. Queries generated by our Live Query Engine are interpreted and run by the database, with only the results of each query rendered. This approach offers many advantages for customers:


•	Data consistency—Copying data can cause people to work with out-of-date information. Further, each copy of the data may represent information at different times leading to inconsistency. With our Live Query Engine, customers do not need to create additional copies of their data.


•	Avoids data movement—Moving and loading data is often time consuming and expensive. With Live Query Engine, our customers do not need to move data in order to use our products.

•

Scalability—Many database vendors provide massively parallel implementations of databases that provide scalable data access to large data sets. These systems can scale in various ways including scaling the number of tables in the database, the number of records in each table, the number of columns in each record, the number of users and the number of active queries. These systems also provide powerful computation capabilities for very large data volumes. Our Live Query Engine allows businesses to leverage their investment in scalable data infrastructure.


•	Security—Transferring data out of a database causes customers to lose the security and permissions models associated with that data. Using our Live Query Engine, customers can leverage the security and permissions models specified in their database systems.


•	Flexibility—The database industry consists of multiple vendors with competitively differentiated products. Our Live Query Engine enables our customers to choose the appropriate technology for their business.

We focus on ensuring our software is compatible with popular database platforms and that our live query technology works with the most recent releases of those platforms. Our Live Query Engine is compatible with more than 65 data connectors.

We believe the size of the data that our customers analyze continues to grow. We will continue to develop our live query technology with the goal of empowering our users to have complete access to any data stored anywhere.

Hyper

Hyper is a high-performance in-memory data engine technology that helps customers analyze large or complex data sets by efficiently evaluating analytical queries directly in the transactional database. A core Tableau platform technology, Hyper uses proprietary dynamic code generation and cutting-edge parallelism techniques to achieve fast performance for extract creation and query execution. Hyper provides users with the following benefits:

•

Column-based storage—Transactions and analytical queries are processed on the same column store, with no post-processing needed after data ingestion. This reduces stale data and minimizes the connection gap between specialized systems. Hyper's unique approach allows a true combination of read-and write-heavy workloads in a single system, providing fast extract creation without sacrificing fast query performance.


•	Dynamic code generation—Hyper uses a just-in-time compilation execution model. Hyper optimizes and compiles queries into custom machine code to make better use of the underlying hardware. The end result is better utilization of modern hardware for faster query execution.

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•	Morsel-driven parallelization—Hyper includes a parallelization model that is based on very small units of work ("morsels"). These morsels are assigned efficiently across all available cores, allowing Hyper to more efficiently account for differences in core speed. This translates into more efficient hardware utilization and faster performance.

By importing data into Hyper, our customers can get many of the benefits of a fast database without the complication, cost and delay of a new investment in databases systems. Hyper is designed to be used on commodity hardware common in enterprise organizations today.

Hybrid Data Architecture

We have designed our Live Query technology and in-memory data engine technology to work in harmony. This hybrid approach gives customers flexibility and power. For instance, customers can use our in-memory data engine to import a sample of data from a large database, and then after designing an initial visualization that answers a question, run the visualization against the entire database using the live query option. As another example of the hybrid approach, customers can integrate live data with in-memory data in a single visualization or dashboard. Both of these examples can be achieved by business users without any programming or scripting.

Seasonality

We generally experience seasonal fluctuations in demand for our products and services. Our quarterly sales are impacted by industry buying patterns. As a result, our sales have generally been highest in the fourth quarter of a calendar year and lowest in the first quarter.

Customers

Our software is designed for anyone with data and questions. Our customers range from the largest corporations in the world to sole proprietors. Tableau's ease of installation and maintenance provides the flexibility to be deployed by individuals, departments or as an enterprise-wide platform. We provide our products to organizations in various industries, including business services, energy and telecommunications, financial services, life sciences and healthcare, manufacturing and technology, media and entertainment, public sector and education, and retail, consumer and distribution.

We continue to expand our customer base. As of December 31, 2018, we had over 86,000 customer accounts compared to over 70,000 as of December 31, 2017 and over 54,000 as of December 31, 2016. We define a customer account as a single purchaser of our products. Customer accounts are typically organizations. In some cases, organizations will have multiple groups purchasing our software, which we count as discrete customer accounts. No individual customer represented more than 10% of our total revenues in 2018, 2017 or 2016.

Mix and Timing of Sales

Our business model results in a wide variety of sales transaction sizes. The time it takes to close a transaction, defined as the time between the entering of a sales opportunity into our customer relationship management system and the signing of a related license agreement with the customer, generally varies based on the size of the transaction. Our enterprise license agreements generally have more extended sales cycles and take longer to close.

Role-Based Subscription Offerings

Tableau Creator, Explorer and Viewer subscriptions each provide tailored combinations of Tableau's analytical capabilities designed for different user needs, from sophisticated analysts to casual users. Further details on each role-based subscription offering follow:

•

Tableau Creator—Tableau Creator provides the full power of the Tableau platform. It helps users uncover insights faster by combining a suite of products for visual and direct data prep, powerful analytics on the Web and desktop and secure collaboration to support their end-to-end analytics workflow. It includes a license for Tableau Server or Tableau Online, allowing users to publish and share their work. It also includes a Tableau Desktop and Tableau Prep license.

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•	Tableau Explorer—Tableau Explorer provides governed self-service analytics. It enables users to create new dashboards based on governed data sources, collaborate with others and stay on top of data with data driven alerts, all within the convenience of their Web browsers.

•

Tableau Viewer—Tableau Viewer helps organizations extend the value of data and analytics across their entire workforce. It helps users within scaled deployments make data-driven decisions based on trusted content by interacting with dashboards and visualizations created by others in a secure, easy-to-use platform. Users can view and filter dashboards, receive and manage subscriptions to dashboards and receive data driven alerts, all via a Web browser or a mobile device.

Support and Services

Our products are designed for our customers to be able to deploy and use on their own. However, we offer several training and professional services programs to enable our customers to maximize their experience and successful use of our products.

Maintenance Services

Our maintenance services provide access to new releases of our software in addition to technical support services. Our technical support team also fields "how-to" inquiries from customers related to specific product functionality.

We offer multiple levels of technical support services to our customers globally. Our highest support level includes a dedicated phone number to address critical issues, 24 hours a day, seven days a week, year-round. In addition, we offer a variety of support tools on our website including a knowledge base, product documentation guides, release notes and drivers. We have also developed an extensive online support community, which includes forums and user groups, that is intended to enable our customers to learn and to connect with each other.

Training

In order to enable our customers to be self-reliant, we offer free online training to customers on our website, including hundreds of hours of training videos, sample visualizations and best practice articles.

We also provide a variety of fee-based product training options ranging from instructor-led courses in a traditional classroom setting to online courses. These training courses are designed to deepen understanding of specific aspects of our products and range from a single day to a week in length.

Professional Services

We have also invested in a professional services organization to help our customers maximize their benefits from using our products. Our professional services are generally intended to accelerate the analytics process rather than focus on installation and configuration of our software, as we believe most of our customers are able to deploy our products without assistance. These services are delivered either in person or remotely, and we tailor our services engagements to a customer's specific needs.

Tableau Community

We have built a strong and growing community of users and partners that help us achieve our mission. The purpose of our community is to give customers and prospects opportunities to connect and share their experiences and ideas, and to allow them to provide valuable feedback on our products that helps us prioritize product enhancements.

Our online community currently offers:


•	knowledge bases, forums and repositories that help users learn about topics of interest, ask questions and share insights;


•	Tableau user groups, which allow users to connect based on geographical location or industry affiliation;


•	Ideas Forum, an avenue to share product suggestions;


•	Viz Talk, designed to let users share and discuss interesting data visualizations;


•	how-to blogs; and


•	other news.

We also organize events to engage with our customers and foster our user community. Our seminal event is our annual global customer conference, Tableau Conference, which was most recently held in New Orleans and

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attended by more than 17,000 customers and partners in 2018. In 2018, we also hosted Tableau Conference Europe in London, which was attended by more than 1,800 customers and partners. At these events, our customers have the opportunity to network and connect, learn best practices, attend training sessions and present their questions and suggestions directly to our software developers, executives and other employees. Many of our customers also form local user groups that meet periodically to discuss and share experiences using our products.

Culture and Employees

Our culture is fundamental to our success and we embrace and cultivate it with pride. We view our employees as partners in creating a great work environment, and we take a long-term approach to their recruitment, development and retention. As a result of our careful hiring choices, we believe our company is populated by smart, respectful people grounded in humility.

As of December 31, 2018, we had 4,181 full-time employees globally. We also engage temporary employees and consultants. None of our employees are represented by a labor union. We have not experienced any work stoppages, and we consider our relations with our employees to be good.

Sales and Marketing

Our sales and marketing teams collaborate to create market awareness and demand, to build a robust sales pipeline and to ensure customer success that drives revenue growth.

Sales

Our sales efforts are built on a business model that is designed to capitalize on the ease of use, low up-front cost, flexible deployment and collaborative capabilities of our software. To facilitate rapid adoption of our products, we provide fully-functional free trial versions of our products on our website and offer a flexible pricing model. After an initial trial or purchase, which is often made to target a specific business need at a grassroots level within an organization, the use of our products often spreads across departments, divisions and geographies, via word-of-mouth, discovery of new use cases and our sales efforts.

Our direct sales approach includes inside sales and field sales teams. Our inside sales team, based in regional sales hubs, qualifies and manages accounts throughout the world to seed new sales at a low cost and expand these accounts over time. Our direct field sales team covers North America; Europe, Middle East and Africa; the Asia Pacific region; and Latin America, and is mainly responsible for lead qualification and account management for large enterprises. All our direct sales teams partner with technical sales representatives who provide presales technical support. We also have a dedicated customer renewals team responsible for driving renewals of existing contracts.

We also sell our products through indirect sales channels including technology vendors, resellers, OEMs, independent software vendors ("ISV") and distributors. These channel partners provide additional sales coverage and deliver solution-based selling, services and training throughout the world. Our channel program is led by a dedicated sales team that provides our channel partners with training, certification and sales resources. As of December 31, 2018, less than 10% of our sales team focused on indirect sales channels. We plan to continue to invest in our partner programs to help us enter and grow in new markets while complementing our direct sales efforts.

Our sales organization also includes professional services and training teams that work with customers of all sizes to support implementations and increase adoption. These efforts include in person and phone-based engagements, webinars, in-person training and free on-demand training.

Marketing

Our marketing efforts focus on establishing and enhancing our brand, generating awareness of our products, creating leads and cultivating the Tableau community. The marketing team consists primarily of marketing operations, demand generation, enterprise marketing, product marketing, programs, field events, channel marketing, corporate communications and visual design teams. We leverage both online and offline marketing channels such as events and trade shows, seminars and webinars, third-party analyst reports, whitepapers, case studies, blogs, search engines, email and social media marketing. A central focus for the marketing team is to drive free product trials and encourage use of our free online training, an integral part of our customer acquisition process. Our marketing team is responsible for the logistics of hosting various events, including our annual customer conferences and regional events, as well as providing Web-based community tools and supporting customer-driven user groups.

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We believe the simplest way to showcase our products is by using them in live or recorded demonstrations. Our marketing team also promotes Tableau Public to generate awareness. By democratizing access to public data and facilitating sharing of insights online, Tableau Public has rapidly increased community engagement and extended the reach of our products. Tableau Public has reached over 1 billion cumulative views worldwide, and over 1 million visualizations have been published on Tableau Public to date.

Strategic Relationships

We view our partners as an extension of our team, playing an integral role in our growth. Our partner programs include technology partnerships, reseller arrangements, OEMs, ISVs and distributors. In addition, we also work closely with system integrators, consulting firms and training partners.

Technology Vendors

Our most important technology partnerships are with data platform vendors. We collaborate with these vendors to build high performance connectivity to their data sources. We have cultivated strong relationships with technology partners to help us extend the reach of our products. These partners include Alteryx, Inc., Amazon.com, Inc., Cloudera, Inc., Google, Informatica Corporation, Microsoft Corporation, Snowflake Computing, Inc. and Teradata Corporation.

Resellers/VARs

Most of our indirect sales are through resellers. In certain international markets, we rely more heavily on resellers than we do in the United States. Our reseller program is designed to support business growth, help generate new opportunities, optimize customer experience and care, increase profitability and close deals more quickly. We partner with value-added resellers ("VARs"), who provide vertical expertise and technical advice in addition to reselling or bundling our software. We qualify our partners carefully to help ensure that each has the necessary capabilities and technical expertise to allow us to deliver even greater value to our customers.

OEMs

We believe that software applications made by other companies can benefit from the analytical capabilities that our products can provide, and we continue to develop relationships with OEM partners that embed our software into their applications. These consist of both traditional OEMs that provide a customized version of our products for their applications as well as SaaS-based OEMs that deliver analytics as a service.

Research and Development

We invest substantial resources in research and development to drive core technology innovation and to bring new products and product enhancements to market. Our research and development organization, primarily located in the U.S., is predominantly responsible for design, development, testing and certification of our products and core technologies. Our mission-driven culture empowers our employees to take ownership and personal pride in building our products. We work hard to create an environment that satisfies our talents and intellectual curiosities while promoting the development of broadly impactful and transformative technologies.

We currently target product releases on a quarterly cycle. We also provide maintenance releases with bug fixes and incremental functionality if and when they become available. Our release cycles enable us to be responsive to customers by delivering new functionality on a frequent basis. We establish priorities for our organization by collaborating closely with our customers, community and employees. We use our products across all business functions at Tableau, from customer support to finance to sales and marketing to human resources, and every employee is encouraged to test and provide feedback.

Our founders conducted the original research that led to the development of VizQL at Stanford University. We actively invest in an internally focused research effort and collaborate with the research and academic community to keep current with cutting edge technologies and help us to stay at the forefront of innovation.

We are focused on hiring the top technical talent in the industry from top engineering programs and research institutions. Our talented engineers and computer scientists are focused on finding simple and elegant solutions to complex problems in information visualization, data analytics, user experience and distributed system design.

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Competition

Our current primary competitors generally fall into the following categories:


•	large technology companies, including suppliers of traditional business intelligence and data preparation products, and/or cloud-based offerings that provide one or more capabilities that are competitive with our products, such as Amazon.com, Inc., Google, IBM, Microsoft Corporation, Oracle Corporation, salesforce.com, inc. and SAP SE;


•	business analytics software companies, such as MicroStrategy, Qlik and TIBCO Spotfire (a subsidiary of TIBCO Software Inc.); and


•	providers of SaaS-based or cloud-based analytics products.

In addition, we may compete with open source initiatives and custom development efforts. We operate in a rapidly growing and rapidly changing market. As a result, we expect competition to continue to increase as other established and emerging companies enter the business analytics market, as customer requirements evolve and as new products and technologies are introduced. We expect this to be particularly true with respect to our SaaS-based offering. This is a relatively new and evolving area of business analytics solutions, and we anticipate competition to increase based on customer demand for these types of products.

Many of our competitors, particularly the large software companies named above, have longer operating histories, significantly greater financial, technical, marketing, distribution, professional services or other resources and greater name recognition than we do. In addition, many of our competitors have strong relationships with current and potential customers and extensive knowledge of the business analytics industry. As a result, they may be able to respond more quickly to new or emerging technologies and changes in customer requirements, for example by offering a SaaS-based product that competes with our on-premises products or our SaaS product, Tableau Online, or devote greater resources to the development, promotion and sale of their products than us. Moreover, many of these competitors are bundling their analytics products into larger deals or maintenance renewals, often at significant discounts. Increased competition may lead to price cuts, alternative pricing structures or the introduction of products available for free or a nominal price, fewer customer orders, reduced gross margins, longer sales cycles and loss of market share. We may not be able to compete successfully against current and future competitors, and our business, results of operations and financial condition will be harmed if we fail to meet these competitive pressures.

Our ability to compete successfully in our market depends on a number of factors, both within and outside of our control. Some of these factors include ease and speed of product deployment and use, discovery and visualization capabilities, analytical and statistical capabilities, performance and scalability, the quality and reliability of our customer service and support, total cost of ownership, return on investment and brand recognition. Any failure by us to compete successfully in any one of these or other areas may reduce the demand for our products, as well as adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Moreover, current and future competitors may also make strategic acquisitions or establish cooperative relationships among themselves or with others. By doing so, these competitors may increase their ability to meet the needs of our customers or potential customers. In addition, our current or prospective indirect sales channel partners may establish cooperative relationships with our current or future competitors. These relationships may limit our ability to sell or certify our products through specific distributors, technology providers, database companies and distribution channels and allow our competitors to rapidly gain significant market share. These developments could limit our ability to obtain revenues from existing and new customers and to maintain maintenance services revenues from our existing and new customers. If we are unable to compete successfully against current and future competitors, our business, results of operations and financial condition would be harmed.

Intellectual Property

We rely on federal, state, common law and international rights, as well as contractual restrictions, to protect our intellectual property. We control access to our proprietary technology by entering into confidentiality and invention assignment agreements with our employees and contractors, and confidentiality agreements with third parties, such as service providers, vendors, individuals and entities that may be exploring a business relationship with us.

In addition to these contractual arrangements, we also rely on a combination of trade secrets, copyrights, patents, trademarks, service marks and domain names to protect our intellectual property. We pursue the

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registration of our copyrights, trademarks, service marks and domain names in the United States and in certain locations outside the United States.

As of December 31, 2018, we had 40 issued U.S. patents covering our technology and 95 patent applications pending for examination in the United States. Internationally, we had two issued patents in Australia and 15 pending patent applications as of December 31, 2018 including filings at the European Patent Office and in Canada and Australia. We own registered trademarks for Tableau, Tableau Software, the Tableau Logo, the Tableau Software Logo, Tableau Doctor, VizQL, Show Me! and Data In. Brilliance Out. in the United States. We also own trademark registrations for Tableau, Tableau Software, the Tableau Logo, the Tableau Software Logo, VizQL and Show Me! in Canada and China; Tableau Software, the Tableau Logo, the Tableau Software Logo, Tableau Doctor, VizQL and Show Me! in Japan and the European Union; Tableau, Tableau Software, the Tableau Logo, the Tableau Software Logo, Tableau Doctor and VizQL in Australia; Tableau, Tableau Software, the Tableau Logo, the Tableau Software Logo and VizQL in Korea and Mexico; Tableau, the Tableau Logo, VizQL and Show Me! in Norway; Tableau, TABLEAUSOFTWARE, the Tableau Software Logo and VIZQL in Brazil; Tableau, the Tableau Logo and VizQL in Chile; Tableau, the Tableau Logo and VizQL in Hong Kong; Tableau, Tableau Software, the Tableau Software Logo and VizQL in India; Tableau, the Tableau Logo, Show Me! and VizQL in Israel; Tableau, Tableau Doctor, Show Me! and VizQL in Singapore; Tableau, Tableau Software, the Tableau Software Logo, the Tableau Logo and VizQL in South Africa; Show Me!, Tableau Doctor and VizQL in the United Kingdom; and Tableau, the Tableau Logo, VizQL and ShowMe! in Switzerland. Such registered trademarks will expire unless renewed at various times in the future.

Despite our efforts to protect our proprietary technology and our intellectual property rights, unauthorized parties may attempt to copy or obtain and use our technology to develop applications with the same functionality as our applications. Policing unauthorized use of our technology and intellectual property rights is difficult.

We expect that software and other applications in our industry may be subject to third-party infringement claims as the number of competitors grows and the functionality of applications in different industry segments overlaps. Any of these third parties might make a claim of infringement against us at any time.

Corporate Information

We were formed as Tableau Software LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, in 2003, and incorporated as Tableau Software, Inc., a Delaware corporation in 2004. Our principal executive offices are located at 1621 North 34th Street, Seattle, Washington 98103, and our telephone number is (206) 633-3400. Our website address is www.tableau.com. The information on, or that can be accessed through, our website is not part of this report.

Available Information

We file annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, proxy and information statements and amendments to reports filed or furnished pursuant to Sections 13(a), 14 and 15(d) of the Exchange Act. The SEC maintains a website at http://www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding Tableau Software and other companies that file materials with the SEC electronically. Copies of Tableau's reports on Form 10-K, Forms 10-Q and Forms 8-K, may be obtained, free of charge, electronically through our internet website, http://investors.tableau.com/financial-information/default.aspx.

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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

Our operations and financial results are subject to various risks and uncertainties, including those described below. You should carefully consider the following risks and all of the other information contained in this report, including our consolidated financial statements and related notes, before making an investment decision. While we believe that the risks and uncertainties described below are the material risks currently facing us, additional risks that we do not yet know of or that we currently think are immaterial may also arise and materially affect our business. If any of the following risks materialize, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. In that case, the trading price of our Class A common stock could decline, and you may lose some or all of your investment.

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

Due to our growth, we have a limited operating history at our current scale, which makes it difficult to evaluate our future prospects and may increase the risk that we will not be successful.

We have a relatively short history operating our business at its current scale. We continue to increase the number of our employees and expand our operations worldwide. Furthermore, we operate in an industry that is characterized by rapid technological innovation, intense competition, changing customer needs and frequent introductions of new products, technologies and services. We have encountered, and will continue to encounter, risks and uncertainties frequently experienced by growing companies in evolving industries. If our assumptions regarding these risks and uncertainties, which we use to plan our business, are incorrect or change in reaction to changes in the market, or if we do not address these risks successfully, our operating and financial results could differ materially from our expectations, and our business could suffer.

Our future success will depend in large part on our ability to, among other things:


•	manage the transition to a subscription-based business model successfully;


•	improve the performance and capabilities of our software;


•	compete with other companies, custom development efforts and open source initiatives that are currently in, or may in the future enter, the market for our software;


•	increase the number and value of enterprise sales transactions;


•	maintain and improve the security, governance and compliance of our software technology and infrastructure;


•	expand the availability of our software on public cloud service providers;


•	hire, integrate, train and retain skilled talent, including members of our direct sales force and software engineers;


•	maintain and expand our business, including our operations, infrastructure and processes to support our growth, both domestically and internationally;


•	expand our customer base, both domestically and internationally;


•	renew maintenance and subscription agreements with, and sell additional products to, existing customers, including enterprise customers;


•	price and package our product and service offerings successfully;


•	maintain high customer satisfaction and ensure quality and timely releases of our products and product enhancements;


•	maintain, expand and support our indirect sales channels and strategic partner network;


•	increase market awareness of our products and enhance our brand; and


•	maintain compliance with applicable governmental regulations and other legal obligations, including those related to intellectual property, data protection and privacy, security, international sales and taxation.

If we fail to address the risks and difficulties that we face, including those associated with the challenges listed above as well as those described elsewhere in this "Risk Factors" section, our business will be adversely affected and our results of operations will suffer.

If we fail to successfully manage the transition to a subscription-based business model, our results of operations could be negatively impacted.

We are currently transitioning to a more subscription-based business model. In April 2018, we introduced role-based subscription offerings to help organizations scale analytics. Tableau Creator, Explorer and Viewer subscriptions each provide tailored combinations of our products' analytical capabilities that are designed for different user needs, from sophisticated analysts to casual users. It is still uncertain whether this transition will

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prove successful or whether we will be able to develop this business model more quickly than our competitors. Market acceptance of our product and service offerings will be dependent on our ability to (1) continue to innovate and include new functionality and improve usability of our products in a manner that addresses our customers' needs and requirements, and (2) optimally price our products in light of marketplace conditions, competition, our costs and customer demand. This transition may have negative revenue and/or cash flow implications. If we are unable to effectively meet these challenges, our business could be harmed.

This subscription strategy may give rise to a number of risks, including the following:


•	our revenues and cash flows may fluctuate more than anticipated as a result of this strategy;


•	if new or current customers desire only perpetual licenses, our subscription sales may lag behind our expectations;


•	the shift to a subscription strategy may raise concerns among our customer base, including concerns regarding changes to pricing over time and our ability to provide maintenance services including timely upgrades, updates and enhancements;


•	we may be unsuccessful in maintaining or implementing our target pricing or new pricing models, product adoption and projected renewal rates, or we may select a target price or new pricing model that is not optimal and could negatively affect our sales or earnings;


•	our customers have and may continue to shift purchases to our lower priced subscription offerings, which could negatively affect our financial results;


•	our shift to a subscription licensing model may result in confusion among new or existing customers (which can slow adoption rates), partners, resellers and investors;


•	if our customers do not renew their subscriptions, our revenue may decline and our business may suffer;


•	our relationships with existing partners that resell perpetual license products may be damaged; and


•	we may incur sales compensation costs at a higher than forecasted rate if the pace of our subscription transition is faster than anticipated.

We derive substantially all of our revenues from a limited number of software products.

We currently derive and expect to continue to derive substantially all of our revenues from our Tableau Desktop, Tableau Server and Tableau Online software products. In April 2018, we released Tableau Prep, a new data preparation product that integrates directly into the Tableau analytical workflow. The continued growth in market demand of these software products, along with our ability to rapidly innovate and introduce new products to contribute to our revenues, is critical to our continued success. Demand for our software is affected by a number of factors, including continued market acceptance of our products, our ability to effectively introduce new products and features, the timing of development and release of new products by our competitors, price or product packaging changes by us or by our competitors, technological change, growth or contraction in the traditional and expanding business analytics market and general economic and political conditions and trends. If our competitors offer products or functionality similar to ours at more attractive prices, we may have to reduce our prices, which may cause our revenues to decline. Further, if we are unable to continue to meet customer demands or to achieve more widespread market acceptance of our software, or we cannot successfully meet our customers' needs or innovate and deliver additional products or features in a timely manner, our business, results of operations, financial condition and growth prospects could be materially and adversely affected.

If our new products and product enhancements do not achieve sufficient market acceptance, our results of operations and competitive position will suffer.

We spend substantial amounts of time and money to research and develop new software and enhanced versions of our existing software to incorporate additional features, improve functionality, function in concert with new technologies or changes to existing technologies and allow our customers to analyze a wide range of data sources and work with different kinds of data sets. For example, in April 2018, we released Tableau Prep, a new data preparation product that integrates directly into the Tableau analytical workflow. We also invest in acquiring and integrating new technologies to continue to improve our platform. For example, in January 2018, we released Hyper, our in-memory data engine, which was a significant upgrade to our existing Hybrid Data Architecture.

When we develop a new product or an enhanced version of an existing product, we typically incur expenses and expend resources upfront to market, promote and sell the new offering. Therefore, when we develop and introduce new or enhanced products, such as Tableau Prep or Hyper, they must achieve high levels

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of market acceptance in order to justify the amount of our investment in acquiring and integrating, developing and bringing them to market.

We may make changes to our software that our customers do not find useful. We may also discontinue certain features or products, begin to charge for certain features that are currently free or increase fees for any of our features or usage of our software. We may also face problems or challenges in connection with new product or feature introductions, including our ability to innovate and our ability to execute and deliver new products and new features in a timely manner.

Our new products or product enhancements and changes to our existing software could fail to attain sufficient market acceptance for many reasons, including:


•	failure to predict market demand accurately in terms of software functionality and capability or to supply software that meets this demand in a timely fashion;


•	inability to operate effectively with the technologies, systems or applications of our existing or potential customers;


•	defects, errors or failures;


•	negative publicity about their performance or effectiveness;


•	delays in releasing our new software or enhancements to our existing software to the market, due to, among other things, our failure to execute in a timely manner on our development roadmap;


•	the introduction or anticipated introduction of competing products by our competitors;


•	an ineffective sales force;


•	poor business conditions for our end-customers, causing them to delay purchases; and


•	the reluctance of customers to purchase software incorporating open source software.

In addition, because our products are designed to operate on and with a variety of systems, we will need to continuously modify and enhance our products to keep pace with changes in technology. We may not be successful in either developing these modifications and enhancements or in bringing them to market in a timely fashion.

If our new software or enhancements and changes do not achieve adequate acceptance in the market, our competitive position will be impaired, and our revenues could decline. The adverse effect on our results of operations may be particularly acute because of the significant research, development, marketing, sales and other expenses we will have incurred in connection with the development and release of new software or enhancements.

We face intense competition, and we may not be able to compete effectively, which could reduce demand for our products and adversely affect our business, growth, revenues and market share.

The market for our products is intensely and increasingly competitive and subject to rapidly changing technology and evolving standards. In addition, many companies in our target market are offering, or may soon offer, products and services that may compete with our products.

Our current primary competitors generally fall into the following categories:


•	large technology companies, including suppliers of traditional business intelligence and data preparation products, and/or cloud-based offerings that provide one or more capabilities that are competitive with our products, such as Amazon.com, Inc., Google, IBM, Microsoft Corporation, Oracle Corporation, salesforce.com, inc. and SAP SE;


•	business analytics software companies, such as MicroStrategy, Qlik and TIBCO Spotfire (a subsidiary of TIBCO Software Inc.); and


•	providers of SaaS-based or cloud-based analytics products.

In addition, we may compete with open source initiatives and custom development efforts. We expect competition to increase as other established and emerging companies enter the broader business analytics software market, including data preparation and data cataloging, as customer requirements evolve and as new products and technologies are introduced such as artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies. We expect this to be particularly true with respect to our SaaS-based offering. This is a relatively new and evolving area of business analytics solutions, and we anticipate competition to increase based on customer demand for these types of products.

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and greater name recognition than we do. In addition, many of our competitors have strong relationships with current and potential customers and extensive knowledge of the business analytics industry. As a result, they may be able to respond more quickly to new or emerging technologies and changes in customer requirements, for example by offering and expanding capabilities of SaaS-based products that compete with our on-premises products and our SaaS product offerings, or devote greater resources to the development, promotion and sale of their products than we do. Moreover, many of these competitors are bundling their analytics products into larger deals or maintenance renewals, often at significant discounts. Increased competition may lead to price cuts, alternative pricing structures or the introduction of products available for free or a nominal price, fewer customer orders, reduced gross margins, longer sales cycles and loss of market share. We may not be able to compete successfully against current and future competitors, and our business, results of operations and financial condition will be harmed if we fail to meet these competitive pressures.

Our ability to compete successfully in our market depends on a number of factors, both within and outside of our control. Some of these factors include our ability to rapidly innovate and effectively execute to bring new products or features to the marketplace in a timely manner, and continue to develop and expand our products discovery and visualization capabilities, analytical and statistical capabilities, and performance and scalability. In addition, our ability to compete successfully depends on the quality and reliability of our maintenance, customer service and support, the value we provide to customers, and continuing to develop and enhance our overall brand recognition. Any failure by us to compete successfully in any one of these or other areas may reduce the demand for our products, as well as adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our success depends on increasing the number and value of enterprise sales transactions, which typically involve a longer sales cycle, greater deployment challenges and additional support and services than sales to individual purchasers of our products.

Growth in our revenues and achieving profitability depends in part on our ability to complete more and larger enterprise sales transactions. During 2018, we closed 1,749 sales transactions greater than $100,000 compared to 1,593 sales transactions greater than $100,000 in 2017, representing a 10% increase in the number of sales transactions greater than $100,000. This metric is impacted by our transition to a more subscription-based business model as the unit sales prices of term and subscription licenses are lower than comparable perpetual licenses. These larger transactions may involve significant customer negotiation and are typically completed near the end of the quarter. Enterprise customers may undertake a significant evaluation process, which can last from several months to a year or longer. For example, in recent periods, excluding renewals, many of our transactions over $100,000 have generally taken over three months to close. Any individual transaction may take substantially longer than three months to close. Events may occur during this period that affect the size or timing of a purchase or even cause cancellations, which may lead to greater unpredictability in our business and results of operations. We will spend substantial time, effort and money on enterprise sales efforts without any assurance that our efforts will produce any sales.

We may also face unexpected deployment challenges with enterprise customers or more complicated installations of our software platform. It may be difficult to deploy our software platform if the customer has unexpected database, hardware or software technology issues. Additional deployment complexities may occur if a customer hires a third party to deploy or implement our products or if one of our indirect sales channel partners leads the implementation of our products. In addition, enterprise customers may demand more configuration and integration services, which increase our upfront investment in sales and deployment efforts, with no guarantee that these customers will increase the scope of their use. As a result of these factors, we must devote a significant amount of sales support and professional services resources to individual customers, increasing the cost and time required to complete sales. Any difficulties or delays in the initial implementation, configuration or integration of

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our products could cause customers to reject our software or lead to the delay in or failure to obtain future orders, which would harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We may not be able to sustain or increase our revenue growth rate, the growth rate of our customer base or achieve profitability in the future.

We have incurred net losses in recent periods. We expect expenses to continue to increase as we make investments in our sales and marketing and research and development organizations, expand our operations and infrastructure both domestically and internationally and develop new products and new features for and enhancements of our existing products.

Moreover, as we grow our business, we expect our revenue growth rates to continue to fluctuate in future periods due to a number of reasons, which may include slowing demand for our products, shifts in customer demand and spending on licenses for our products, shifts in sales of subscription-based versus perpetual licenses, increasing competition, a decrease in the growth of our overall market, our failure, for any reason, to continue to capitalize on growth opportunities, the maturation of our business or the decline in the number of organizations into which we have not already expanded. For all these reasons, we also cannot assure that our customer base will continue to grow at the same rate, or at all.

Additionally, our revenues for the year ended December 31, 2018, computed in accordance with the new revenue recognition standard, ASC 606, as compared to our revenues for the year ended December 31, 2017, computed in accordance with ASC 605, were positively impacted by our adoption of the new revenue recognition standard effective January 1, 2018. For example, prior to our adoption of the new revenue recognition standard, we historically recognized revenue related to on-premises term license agreements ratably over the term of the licensing agreement. Under the new revenue recognition standard, revenue allocable to the license portion of the arrangement is recognized upon delivery of the license. Accordingly, our historical results or revenue growth should not be considered indicative of our future performance. We have included financial results during 2018 under ASC 605 for comparison to the prior year. Beginning in 2019, financial results for 2019 and future years will not be presented on an ASC 605 basis.

Interruptions or performance problems associated with our technology and infrastructure, including those caused by cyber-attacks, may adversely affect our business and results of operations.

We have in the past experienced, and may in the future experience, performance issues due to a variety of factors, including infrastructure changes, human or software errors, website or third-party hosting disruptions or capacity constraints due to a number of potential causes including technical failures, cyber-attacks, security incidents, natural disasters or fraud. If our product or corporate security is compromised, our website is unavailable or our users are unable or unwilling due to performance problems to download our software within a reasonable amount of time or at all, our business could be negatively affected. Moreover, if our security measures, products or services are subject to cyber-attacks that degrade or deny the ability of users to access our website, Tableau Online, or other products or services, our products or services may be perceived as insecure, and we may incur significant legal and financial exposure. In particular, our cloud-based products, Tableau Online and Tableau Public, may be especially vulnerable to interruptions, performance problems or cyber-attacks. We continue to invest in the personnel, infrastructure and software solutions necessary to mitigate these risks. However, if we are unable to attract and retain personnel with the necessary cybersecurity expertise, or implement sufficient safeguarding measures, we may not be able to prevent all potentially disruptive events which could occur in the future. In some instances, we may not be able to identify the cause or causes of these events within an acceptable period of time. Our cloud-based products are hosted at third-party data centers that are not under our direct control. If these data centers were to be damaged or suffer disruption, our ability to provide these products to our customers could be impaired and our reputation could be harmed, and we may face legal action over the disruption, as well as incur additional compliance and information security costs to mitigate future disruptions. Moreover, if a significant security breach occurs with respect to an industry peer, our customers and potential customers may lose trust in the security of business intelligence or analytics platforms in general, which could adversely impact our ability to retain existing customers or attract new ones.

In addition, it may become increasingly difficult to maintain and improve our website performance, especially during peak usage times and as our software becomes more complex and our user traffic increases. Adverse consequences could include unanticipated system disruptions, slower response times, degradation in level of customer support, and impaired quality of users' experiences, and could result in customer dissatisfaction and the loss of existing customers. We expect to continue to make significant investments to maintain and improve website performance and security and to enable rapid and secure releases of new features and

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applications for our software. To the extent that we do not effectively address capacity constraints, upgrade our systems as needed and continually develop our technology and network architecture to accommodate actual and anticipated changes in technology, our business and results of operations may be adversely affected.

We also rely on SaaS technologies from third parties in order to operate critical functions of our business, including financial management services from NetSuite Inc. and customer relationship management services from salesforce.com, inc. If these services become unavailable due to extended outages or interruptions, security vulnerabilities or cyber-attacks, or because they are no longer available on commercially reasonably terms or prices, our expenses could increase, our ability to manage these critical functions could be interrupted, we may not be able to report our financial results timely, and our processes for managing sales of our software and supporting our customers could be impaired until equivalent services, if available, are identified, obtained and implemented, all of which could adversely affect our business.

Real or perceived errors, failures, bugs or security flaws in our software could adversely affect our results of operations and growth prospects.

Because our software is complex, undetected errors, failures, bugs or security flaws may occur, especially when new versions or updates are released. Our software is often installed and used in large-scale computing environments with different operating systems, system management software and equipment and networking configurations, which may cause errors or failures of our software or other aspects of the computing environment into which it is deployed. In addition, deployment of our software into computing environments may expose undetected errors, compatibility issues, failures, bugs or security flaws in our software. Despite testing by us, errors, failures, bugs or security flaws may not be found in our software until it is released to our customers. Moreover, our customers could incorrectly implement or inadvertently misuse our software, which could result in customer dissatisfaction and adversely impact the perceived utility of our products as well as our brand. Any of these real or perceived errors, compatibility issues, failures, bugs or security flaws in our software could result in negative publicity, reputational harm, loss of or delay in market acceptance of our software, loss of competitive position or claims by customers for losses sustained by them. In such an event, we may be required, or may choose, for customer relations or other reasons, to expend additional resources in order to help correct the problem. Alleviating any of these problems could require significant expenditures of our capital and other resources and could cause interruptions, delays or cessation of our licensing, which could cause us to lose existing or potential customers and could adversely affect our results of operations and growth prospects.

If we are unable to identify, attract, integrate and retain additional qualified personnel, including executive, top sales and technical talent, our business could be adversely affected.

Our future success depends in part on our ability to identify, attract, integrate and retain highly skilled executive, technical, managerial and other personnel in our sales, marketing, operations and development groups. If we do not successfully integrate these or other new hires, it could impede or negatively impact our business operations and strategic direction including our sales execution, marketing and product development planning and implementation processes. We face intense competition for qualified individuals from numerous other companies, including other software and technology companies, many of whom have greater financial and other resources than we do. These companies also may provide more diverse opportunities and better chances for career advancement. Some of these characteristics may be more appealing to high-quality candidates than those we have to offer. In addition, new hires often require significant training and, in many cases, take significant time before they achieve full productivity. We may incur significant costs to attract and retain qualified personnel, including significant expenditures related to salaries and benefits and compensation expenses related to equity awards, and we may lose new employees to our competitors or other companies before we realize the benefit of our investment in recruiting and training them. Moreover, new employees may not be or become as productive as we expect, as we may face challenges in adequately or appropriately integrating them into our workforce and culture. In addition, as we move into new geographies, we will need to attract and recruit skilled personnel in those areas. We may face additional challenges in attracting, integrating and retaining international employees. If we are unable to attract, integrate and retain suitably qualified individuals who are capable of meeting our growing technical, operational, sales and managerial requirements, as well as executive leadership requirements, on a timely basis or at all, our business will be adversely affected.

Volatility or lack of positive performance in our stock price may also affect our ability to attract and retain our key employees. Certain senior management personnel and other key employees are vested in a substantial amount of stock or stock options. Employees may be more likely to leave us if the shares they own or the shares underlying their vested options have significantly appreciated in value relative to the original purchase prices of

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the shares or the exercise prices of the options, or, conversely, if the exercise prices of the options that they hold are significantly above the market price of our common stock or the market price of our common stock decreases significantly, impacting the value of their unvested restricted stock unit awards. If we are unable to appropriately incentivize and retain our employees through equity compensation, or if we need to increase our compensation expenses in order to appropriately incentivize and retain our employees, our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows would be adversely affected.

We are dependent on the continued services and performance of our senior management and other key personnel, the loss of any of whom could adversely affect our business.

Our future success depends in large part on the continued contributions of our senior management and other key personnel. In particular, the leadership of key management personnel is critical to the successful management of our company, our ability to innovate and execute in the development and release of new products and features and our overall strategic direction. Our senior management and key personnel are all employed on an at-will basis, which means that they could terminate their employment with us at any time, for any reason and without notice. The loss of any of our key management personnel could significantly delay or prevent the achievement of our development and strategic objectives and adversely affect our business. We do not maintain "key person" insurance for any member of our senior management team or any of our other key employees.

As customers demand products that provide business analytics delivered via a SaaS model, our business could be adversely affected.

We believe that companies have begun to expect that key software be provided through a SaaS model. We have used and expect to use our current cash or future cash flows to fund further development of our Tableau Online product, and we may encounter difficulties that cause our costs to exceed our current expectations. Moreover, as demand increases, we will need to make additional investments in related infrastructure such as public cloud platforms, data centers, network bandwidth and technical operations personnel. All of these investments could negatively affect our operating results. Even if we make these investments, we may be unsuccessful in achieving significant market acceptance of this product. Moreover, sales of current or future SaaS offerings by our competitors could adversely affect sales of all of our existing products. In addition, increasing sales of our SaaS offering could cannibalize license sales of our on-premises offerings to our existing and prospective customers, which could negatively impact our overall sales growth. The migration of our customers to a SaaS model would also change the manner in which we recognize revenue, which could adversely affect our operating results and business operations.

Our success is highly dependent on our ability to further penetrate the existing market for business analytics software as well as the growth and expansion of that market.

Although the overall market for business analytics software is well-established, the market for business analytics software like ours is relatively new, rapidly evolving and unproven. Our future success will depend in large part on our ability to further penetrate the existing market for business analytics software, as well as the continued growth and expansion of what we believe to be an emerging market for analytics solutions and platforms that are faster, easier to adopt, easier to use and more focused on self-service capabilities. It is difficult to predict customer adoption and renewal rates, customer demand for our products, the size, growth rate and expansion of these markets, the entry of competitive products or the success of new or existing competitive products. Our ability to further penetrate the existing market and any expansion of the emerging market depends on a number of factors, including the cost, performance and perceived value associated with our products, as well as customers' willingness to adopt a different approach to data analysis. Furthermore, many potential customers have made significant investments in legacy business analytics software systems and may be unwilling to invest in new software. If we are unable to further penetrate the existing market for business analytics software, the emerging market for self-service analytics solutions fails to grow or expand, or either of these markets decreases in size, our business, results of operations and financial condition would be adversely affected.

Our quarterly results of operations may fluctuate significantly due to a wide range of factors, which makes our future results difficult to predict.

Our revenues and results of operations could vary significantly from quarter to quarter as a result of various factors, some of which are outside of our control:


•	the timing of satisfying revenue recognition criteria, particularly with regard to large enterprise license agreements and other sales transactions, and as a result of our adoption of the new revenue standard on January 1, 2018;

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•	the transition from perpetual license transactions to term and subscription license transactions, which have lower unit sales prices than comparable perpetual licenses;


•	the expansion of our customer base;


•	the renewal of maintenance and subscription agreements with, and sales of additional products to, existing customers;


•	seasonal variations in our sales, which have generally historically been highest in the fourth quarter of a calendar year and lowest in the first quarter;


•	the size, timing and terms of our perpetual license sales to both existing and new customers;


•	changes in the mix of term and subscription license sales versus perpetual license sales;


•	the mix of direct sales versus sales through our indirect sales channels;


•	the introduction of products and product enhancements, or the threat of such introduction, by existing competitors or new entrants into our market, and changes in pricing for products offered by us or our competitors;


•	customers delaying purchasing decisions in anticipation of new products or product enhancements by us or our competitors or otherwise;


•	changes in customers' budgets;


•	customer acceptance of and willingness to pay for new versions of our products;


•	cyber-attacks or incidents; and


•	general economic and political conditions, both domestically and internationally, as well as economic conditions specifically affecting industries in which our customers operate.

Additional factors include:


•	costs related to the hiring, training and retention of our direct sales force;


•	the timing and growth of our business, in particular through our hiring of new employees and international expansion;


•	seasonal variations related to sales and marketing and other activities, such as expenses related to our annual customer conferences;


•	our ability to control costs, including our operating expenses; and


•	tax consequences, such as those related to changes in tax laws, including the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, tax rates or their interpretations and the related application of judgment in determining our global provision for income taxes, deferred tax assets or deferred tax liabilities.

Any one of these or other factors discussed elsewhere in this report may result in fluctuations in our revenues and operating results, meaning that quarter-to-quarter comparisons of our revenues, results of operations and cash flows may not necessarily be indicative of our future performance.

We may not be able to accurately predict our future revenues or results of operations. For example, a large percentage of the revenues we recognize each quarter has been attributable to sales made in the last month of that same quarter. Our license revenues in particular can be impacted by short-term shifts in customer demand and spending as license revenues from perpetual and on-premises term license sales are generally recognized upfront. As a result, our ability to forecast revenues on a quarterly or longer-term basis is limited. In addition, we base our current and future expense levels on our operating plans and sales forecasts, and our operating expenses are expected to be relatively fixed in the short term. Accordingly, we may not be able to reduce our costs sufficiently to compensate for an unexpected shortfall in revenues, and even a small shortfall in revenues could disproportionately and adversely affect our financial results for that quarter. The variability and unpredictability of these and other factors could result in our failing to meet or exceed financial expectations for a given period.

Our growth depends on being able to expand our direct sales force successfully.

In order to increase our revenues and profitability, we must increase the size of our direct sales force, both in the United States and internationally, to generate additional revenues from new and existing customers. We intend to further increase our number of direct sales professionals.

We believe that there is significant competition for sales personnel with the skills and technical knowledge that we require. Our ability to achieve revenue growth will depend, in large part, on our success in recruiting, training and retaining sufficient numbers of direct sales personnel to support our growth. New hires require significant training and may take significant time before they achieve full productivity. Our recent hires and planned hires may not become productive as quickly as we expect, and we may be unable to hire or retain sufficient numbers of qualified individuals in the markets where we do business or plan to do business. In addition,

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as we continue to grow, a large percentage of our sales force may be new to our company and our products, which may adversely affect our sales if we cannot train our sales force quickly or effectively. Attrition rates may increase, and we may face integration challenges as we continue to seek to expand our sales force. If we are unable to hire and train sufficient numbers of effective sales personnel, or the sales personnel are not successful in obtaining new customers or increasing sales to our existing customer base, our business will be adversely affected.

We have been growing and expect to continue to invest in our growth for the foreseeable future. If we fail to manage this growth effectively, our business and results of operations will be adversely affected.

We intend to continue to grow our business. For example, we plan to continue to hire new employees, particularly in our sales and engineering groups including independent contributors, managers and group leaders. If we cannot adequately train these new employees, including our direct sales force, our sales productivity could be impacted, or our customers may lose confidence in the knowledge and capability of our employees. In addition, we are expanding internationally, establishing operations in additional countries outside the United States, and we intend to make substantial investments to continue our international expansion efforts. We must successfully manage our growth to achieve our objectives. Although our business has experienced significant growth in the past, we cannot provide any assurance that our business will continue to grow at any particular rate, or at all.

Our ability to effectively manage the growth of our business will depend on a number of factors, including our ability to do the following:


•	effectively recruit, integrate, train and motivate a large number of new employees, including our direct sales force, while retaining existing employees, maintaining the beneficial aspects of our corporate culture and effectively executing our business plan;


•	satisfy existing customers and attract new customers;


•	successfully innovate and introduce new products and enhancements in a timely manner;


•	continue to improve our operational, financial and management controls;


•	protect and further develop our strategic assets, including our intellectual property rights; and


•	make sound business decisions in light of the scrutiny associated with operating as a public company.

These activities will require significant capital expenditures and allocation of valuable management and employee resources, and our growth will continue to place significant demands on our management and our operational and financial infrastructure.

Our future financial performance and our ability to execute on our business plan will depend, in part, on our ability to effectively manage any future growth. There are no guarantees we will be able to do so in an efficient or timely manner, or at all. In particular, any failure to successfully implement new systems and/or enhancements and improvements to existing systems necessary to scale the business or adopt new accounting or other compliance requirements will likely negatively impact our ability to manage our expected growth (including the speed and efficiency of such growth), ensure uninterrupted operation of key business systems and comply with the rules and regulations that are applicable to public reporting companies. Moreover, if we do not effectively manage the growth of our business and operations, the quality of our software could suffer, which could negatively affect our brand, results of operations and overall business.

If we are unable to attract new customers and expand sales to existing customers, both domestically and internationally, our growth could be slower than we expect and our business may be harmed.

Our future growth depends in part upon increasing our customer base. Our ability to achieve growth in revenues in the future will depend, in large part, upon the effectiveness of our marketing efforts, both domestically and internationally, and our ability to attract new customers. This may be particularly challenging where an organization has already invested substantial personnel and financial resources to integrate traditional business intelligence products into its business, as such organization may be reluctant or unwilling to invest in a new product. If we fail to attract new customers and maintain and expand those customer relationships, our revenues could grow more slowly than expected, and our business could be harmed.

Our future growth also depends upon expanding sales of our products to and renewing license and maintenance agreements with existing customers and their organizations. This includes customers of all sizes and scales. If our customers do not purchase additional licenses or capabilities, our revenues may grow more slowly than expected, may not grow at all or may decline. Additionally, increasing incremental sales to our current

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customer base requires increasingly sophisticated and costly sales efforts that are targeted at senior management. There can be no assurance that our efforts would result in expanding sales to existing customers and additional revenues. If our expansion sales efforts to our customers are not successful, our business would suffer. Our software is currently licensed and sold under perpetual, term and subscription license agreements, and we are currently transitioning to a more subscription-based business model. Due to the differences in unit sales prices of perpetual versus term or subscription license sales, shifts in the mix of term and subscription license sales could produce significant variations in the revenue we recognize in a given period. In addition, all of our maintenance services agreements are sold on a term basis. In order for us to grow our revenues and increase profitability, it is important that our existing customers renew their maintenance services agreements and their term licenses, if applicable, when the initial contract term expires. Our customers have no obligation to renew their term licenses or maintenance services contracts with us after the initial terms have expired. Our customers' renewal rates may decline or fluctuate as a result of a number of factors, including their satisfaction or dissatisfaction with our software or professional services, our pricing or pricing structure, the pricing or capabilities of products or services offered by our competitors, the effects of economic conditions, or reductions in our customers' spending levels. If our customers do not renew their agreements with us, or renew on terms less favorable to us, our revenues may decline.

Our international operations subject us to potentially adverse tax consequences.

We generally conduct our international operations through wholly-owned subsidiaries, branches and representative offices and report our taxable income in various jurisdictions worldwide based upon our business operations in those jurisdictions. Such corporate structures are subject to complex transfer pricing regulations administered by taxing authorities in various jurisdictions. The relevant taxing authorities may disagree with our determinations as to the income and expenses attributable to specific jurisdictions. If such a disagreement were to occur, and our positions were not sustained, we could be required to pay additional taxes, interest and penalties, resulting in higher effective tax rates, reduced cash flows and lower overall profitability of our operations. Additionally, our future worldwide tax rate and financial position may be affected by changes in the relevant tax laws, interpretation of such tax laws or the influence of certain tax policy efforts of the European Union and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development ("OECD").

Breaches in our security, cyber-attacks or other cyber-risks could expose us to significant liabilities and cause our business and reputation to suffer.

Our operations involve transmission and processing of our customers' confidential, proprietary and sensitive information including, in some cases, personally identifiable information and credit card information. We have legal and contractual obligations to protect the confidentiality and appropriate use of customer data. Despite our security measures, our information technology and infrastructure may be vulnerable to security risks, including but not limited to, unauthorized access to use or disclosure of customer data, theft of proprietary information, employee error or misconduct, denial of service attacks, loss or corruption of customer data, and computer hacking attacks or other cyber-attacks. Such events could expose us to substantial litigation expenses and damages, indemnity and other contractual obligations, government fines and penalties, mitigation expenses and other liabilities. Because techniques used to obtain unauthorized access or to sabotage systems change frequently and generally are not recognized until successfully launched against a target, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques or to implement adequate preventative measures. If an actual or perceived breach of our security occurs, the market perception of the effectiveness of our security measures could be harmed, our brand and reputation could be impacted, we could lose potential sales and existing customers, our ability to operate our business could be impaired, and we may incur significant liabilities. Moreover, failure to maintain effective internal accounting controls related to data security breaches and cybersecurity in general could impact our ability to produce timely and accurate financial statements and could subject us to regulatory scrutiny.

Our failure to adequately protect personal or sensitive information or to comply with data protection laws could have a material adverse effect on our business.

A wide variety of local, state, national and international laws, directives and regulations apply to the collection, use, retention, protection, disclosure, transfer and other processing of personal or sensitive data. These data protection and privacy-related laws and regulations continue to evolve and may result in ever-increasing regulatory and public scrutiny and escalating levels of enforcement and sanctions and increased costs of compliance. Our failure to comply with applicable laws and regulations, or to protect such data, could result in enforcement actions against us, including fines, imprisonment of company officials and public censure, claims for damages by stockholders, end-customers and other affected individuals, damage to our reputation and loss of

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goodwill (in relation to stockholders, existing end-customers and prospective end-customers), any of which could have a material adverse effect on our operations, financial performance and business. Changing definitions of personal data, sensitive data and personal information, within the European Union, the United States and elsewhere, especially relating to classification of IP addresses, machine identification, location data and other information, may limit or inhibit our ability to operate or expand our business, including limiting strategic partnerships that may involve the sharing of data.

For example, on June 28, 2018, California enacted the California Consumer Privacy Act ("CCPA"), which takes effect on January 1, 2020. The CCPA gives California residents expanded rights to access and delete their personal information, opt out of certain personal information sharing and receive detailed information about how their personal information is used. The CCPA also expands the definition of personal information used in most existing U.S. privacy laws. The CCPA provides for civil penalties for violations, as well as a private right of action for data breaches. The CCPA may increase our compliance costs and potential liability.

In the European Union, the General Data Protection Regulation ("GDPR") took effect on May 25, 2018, introducing new data protection requirements. The GDPR introduces strict requirements for processing personal data, including potentially burdensome documentation requirements, more stringent requirements for obtaining valid consent, obligations to honor expanded rights of individuals to control the use and retention of their personal data and requirements to notify regulators and affected individuals of certain personal data breaches. The GDPR has increased our responsibility and potential liability in relation to personal data that we process both on our own behalf and on behalf of our customers, increase our compliance costs and could restrict our operations in Europe.

Our products use third-party software and services that may be difficult to replace or cause errors or failures of our products that could lead to a loss of customers or harm to our reputation and our operating results.

We license third-party software and depend on services from various third parties for use in our products. In the future, this software or these services may not be available to us on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. Any loss of the right to use any of the software or services could result in decreased functionality of our products until equivalent technology is either developed by us or, if available from another provider, is identified, obtained and integrated, which could harm our business. In addition, any errors or defects in or failures of the third-party software or services could result in errors or defects in our products or cause our products to fail, which could harm our business and be costly to correct. Many of these providers attempt to impose limitations on their liability for such errors, defects or failures, and if enforceable, we may have additional liability to our customers or third-party providers that could harm our reputation and increase our operating costs.

We will need to maintain our relationships with third-party software and service providers and to obtain software and services from such providers that do not contain any errors or defects. Any failure to do so could adversely impact our ability to deliver effective products to our customers and could harm our operating results.

If we cannot maintain our corporate culture as we grow, we could lose the innovation, teamwork, passion and focus on execution that we believe contribute to our success, and our business may be harmed.

We believe that our corporate culture has been a critical component to our success. We have invested substantial time and resources in building our team. As we grow and mature as a public company, we may find it difficult to maintain our corporate culture. Any failure to preserve our culture could negatively affect our future success, including our ability to recruit and retain personnel and effectively focus on and pursue our corporate objectives.

Our success depends on our ability to maintain and expand our indirect sales channels.

Historically, we have used indirect sales channel partners, such as OEMs, technology partners, systems integrators and resellers. Indirect sales channel partners are becoming an increasingly important aspect of our business. Our future growth in revenues and profitability depends in part on our ability to identify, establish and retain successful channel partner relationships, which will take significant time and resources and involve significant risk.

We cannot be certain that we will be able to identify suitable indirect sales channel partners. To the extent we do identify such partners, we will need to negotiate the terms of a commercial agreement with them under which the partner would distribute our products. We cannot be certain that we will be able to negotiate commercially-attractive terms with any channel partner, if at all. In addition, all channel partners must be trained to distribute our products. In order to develop and expand our distribution channel, we must develop and improve our processes for channel partner introduction and training.

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We also cannot be certain that we will be able to maintain successful relationships with any channel partners. These channel partners may not have an exclusive relationship with us and may offer customers the products of several different companies, including products that compete with ours. With or without an exclusive relationship, we cannot be certain that they will prioritize or provide adequate resources for selling our products. A lack of support by any of our channel partners may harm our ability to develop, market, sell or support our products, as well as harm our brand. There can be no assurance that our channel partners will comply with the terms of our commercial agreements with them, including for example compliance with the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and U.S. export and trade controls, or will continue to work with us when our commercial agreements with them expire or are up for renewal. If we are unable to maintain our relationships with these channel partners, or these channel partners fail to live up to their contractual obligations, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be harmed.

Our long-term growth depends in part on being able to expand internationally on a profitable basis.

Historically, we have generated a substantial majority of our revenues from customers inside the United States and Canada. For example, approximately 69% of our total ASC 606 revenues for the year ended December 31, 2018 were derived from sales within the United States and Canada. We plan to continue to expand our international operations as part of our growth strategy. Our international operations subject us to a variety of risks and challenges, including:


•	increased personnel, travel, infrastructure, legal compliance and regulation costs associated with having multiple international operations;


•	management communication and integration problems resulting from geographic dispersion and language and cultural differences;


•	sales and customer service challenges associated with operating in different countries;


•	increased reliance on indirect sales channel partners outside the United States;


•	longer payment cycles and difficulties in collecting accounts receivable or satisfying revenue recognition criteria, especially in emerging markets;


•	increased financial accounting and reporting burdens and complexities;


•	general economic or political conditions in each country or region;


•	economic uncertainty around the world and adverse effects arising from economic interdependencies across countries and regions;


•	uncertainty around how the United Kingdom's vote to exit the European Union, commonly referred to as "Brexit," will impact the United Kingdom's access to the European Union Single Market, the related regulatory environment, the global economy and the resulting impact on our business;


•	compliance with foreign laws and regulations and the risks and costs of non-compliance with such laws and regulations;


•	compliance with laws and regulations for foreign operations, including the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, the U.K. Bribery Act, import and export control laws, tariffs, trade barriers, economic sanctions and other regulatory or contractual limitations on our ability to sell our software in certain foreign markets and the risks and costs of non-compliance;


•	heightened risks of unfair or corrupt business practices in certain geographies and of improper or fraudulent sales arrangements that may impact financial results and result in restatements of financial statements and irregularities in financial statements;


•	fluctuations in currency exchange rates and related effects on our results of operations;


•	difficulties in transferring or, if we determine to do so, repatriating funds from or converting currencies in certain countries;


•	the need for localized software and licensing programs;


•	reduced protection for intellectual property rights in certain countries and practical difficulties and costs of enforcing rights abroad; and


•	compliance with the laws of numerous foreign taxing jurisdictions and overlapping of different tax regimes.

Any of these risks could adversely affect our international operations, reduce our international revenues or increase our operating costs, adversely affecting our business, results of operations and financial condition and growth prospects.

For example, compliance with laws and regulations applicable to our international operations increases our cost of doing business in foreign jurisdictions. We may be unable to keep current with changes in government

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requirements as they change from time to time. Failure to comply with these regulations could have adverse effects on our business. In addition, in many foreign countries it is common for others to engage in business practices that are prohibited by our internal policies and procedures or U.S. laws and regulations applicable to us. As we grow, we continue to implement compliance procedures designed to prevent violations of these laws and regulations. There can be no assurance that all of our employees, contractors, indirect sales channel partners and agents will comply with the formal policies we will implement, or applicable laws and regulations. Violations of laws or key control policies by our employees, contractors, channel partners or agents could result in delays in revenue recognition, financial reporting misstatements, fines, penalties, or the prohibition of the importation or exportation of our software and services and could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

We are obligated to develop and maintain proper and effective internal control over financial reporting. These internal controls may not be determined to be effective, which may adversely affect investor confidence in our company and, as a result, the value of our Class A common stock.

We are required, pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, to furnish a report by management on, among other things, the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting on an annual basis. This assessment includes disclosure of any material weaknesses identified by our management in our internal control over financial reporting. We are also required to have our independent registered public accounting firm issue an opinion on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting on an annual basis. During the evaluation and testing process, if we identify one or more material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, we will be unable to assert that our internal control over financial reporting is effective.

If we are unable to assert that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, or if our independent registered public accounting firm is unable to express an opinion on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, we could lose investor confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports, which could cause the price of our common stock to decline, and we may be subject to investigation or sanctions by the SEC.

Our business is highly dependent upon our brand recognition and reputation, and the failure to maintain or enhance our brand recognition or reputation would likely adversely affect our business and results of operations.

We believe that maintaining and enhancing the Tableau brand identity and our reputation are critical to our relationships with our customers, including our user community, and channel partners and to our ability to attract new customers and channel partners. We also believe that the importance of our brand recognition and reputation will continue to increase as competition in our market continues to develop. Our success in this area will depend on a wide range of factors, some of which are beyond our control, including the following:


•	the efficacy of our marketing efforts;


•	our ability to continue to offer high-quality, innovative and error- and bug-free products;


•	our ability to retain existing customers and obtain new customers;


•	our ability to maintain high customer satisfaction;


•	the quality and perceived value of our products;


•	our ability to successfully differentiate our products from those of our competitors;


•	actions of our competitors and other third parties;


•	our ability to provide customer support and professional services;


•	any misuse or perceived misuse of our products;


•	positive or negative publicity;


•	interruptions, delays or attacks on our website; and


•	litigation- or regulatory-related developments.

Our brand promotion activities may not be successful or yield increased revenues.

Independent industry analysts often provide reviews of our products, as well as those of our competitors, and perception of our products in the marketplace may be significantly influenced by these reviews. If these reviews are negative, or less positive as compared to those of our competitors' products and services, our brand may be adversely affected.

Furthermore, negative publicity, whether or not justified, relating to events or activities attributed to us, our employees, our partners or others associated with any of these parties, may tarnish our reputation and reduce the value of our brand. Damage to our reputation and loss of brand equity may reduce demand for our products and

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have an adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial condition. Moreover, any attempts to rebuild our reputation and restore the value of our brand may be costly and time consuming, and such efforts may not ultimately be successful.

Economic uncertainties or downturns could materially adversely affect our business.

Current or future economic uncertainties or downturns could adversely affect our business and results of operations. Negative conditions in the general economy both in the United States and abroad, including conditions resulting from changes in gross domestic product growth, the continued sovereign debt crisis, potential future government shutdowns, the U.S. government's failure to raise the debt ceiling, financial and credit market fluctuations (including changes in interest rates), the imposition of trade barriers and restrictions such as tariffs, political deadlock, natural catastrophes, warfare and terrorist attacks on the United States, Europe, the Asia Pacific region or elsewhere, could cause a decrease in business investments, including corporate spending on business analytics software in general and negatively affect the rate of growth of our business.

The inability of legislators to pass additional short- or longer-term spending bills could lead to additional shutdowns or other disruptions. In addition, general worldwide economic conditions could experience significant downturns and instability, including as a result of changes in global trade policies, such as Brexit developments in the United Kingdom, trade disputes and increased tariffs between the United States and China, or other political or economic developments. For example, Brexit has created substantial economic and political uncertainty, the impact of which depends on the terms of the United Kingdom’s withdrawal from the European Union. This uncertainty may cause some of our customers or potential customers to curtail spending and may ultimately result in new regulatory and cost challenges to our United Kingdom and global operations. These conditions make it extremely difficult for our customers and us to forecast and plan future business activities accurately, and they could cause our customers to reevaluate their decisions to purchase our products, which could delay and lengthen our sales cycles or result in cancellations of planned purchases. Furthermore, during challenging economic times and/or during times of rising interest rates, our customers may tighten their budgets and face issues in gaining timely access to sufficient and/or affordable credit, which could result in an impairment of their ability to make timely payments to us. In turn, we may be required to increase our allowance for doubtful accounts, which would adversely affect our financial results.

To the extent purchases of our software are perceived by customers and potential customers to be discretionary, our revenues may be disproportionately affected by delays or reductions in general information technology spending. Also, customers may choose to develop in-house software as an alternative to using our products. Moreover, competitors may respond to market conditions by lowering prices and attempting to lure away our customers. In addition, the increased pace of consolidation in certain industries may result in reduced overall spending on our software.

We cannot predict the timing, strength or duration of any economic slowdown, instability or recovery, generally or within any particular industry. If the economic conditions of the general economy or industries in which we operate do not improve, or worsen from present levels, our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows could be adversely affected.

Failure to protect our intellectual property rights could adversely affect our business.

Our success depends, in part, on our ability to protect proprietary methods and technologies that we develop or license under patent and other intellectual property laws of the United States, so that we can prevent others from using our inventions and proprietary information. If we fail to protect our intellectual property rights adequately, our competitors might gain access to our technology, and our business might be adversely affected. However, defending our intellectual property rights might entail significant expenses. Any of our patent rights, copyrights, trademarks or other intellectual property rights may be challenged by others, weakened or invalidated through administrative process or litigation.

Additionally, the process of obtaining patent protection is expensive and time-consuming, and we may not be able to prosecute all necessary or desirable patent applications at a reasonable cost or in a timely manner.

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Even if issued, there can be no assurance that these patents will adequately protect our intellectual property, as the legal standards relating to the validity, enforceability and scope of protection of patent and other intellectual property rights are uncertain.

Any patents that are issued may subsequently be invalidated or otherwise limited, allowing other companies to develop offerings that compete with ours, which could adversely affect our competitive business position, business prospects and financial condition. In addition, issuance of a patent does not guarantee that we have a right to practice the patented invention. Patent applications in the United States are typically not published until 18 months after filing or, in some cases, not at all, and publications of discoveries in industry-related literature lag behind actual discoveries. We cannot be certain that third parties do not have blocking patents that could be used to prevent us from marketing or practicing our patented software or technology.

Effective patent, trademark, copyright and trade secret protection may not be available to us in every country in which our software is available. The laws of some foreign countries may not be as protective of intellectual property rights as those in the United States (in particular, some foreign jurisdictions do not permit patent protection for software), and mechanisms for enforcement of intellectual property rights may be inadequate. Additional uncertainty may result from changes to intellectual property legislation enacted in the United States, including the recent America Invents Act, and other national governments and from interpretations of the intellectual property laws of the United States and other countries by applicable courts and agencies. Accordingly, despite our efforts, we may be unable to prevent third parties from infringing upon or misappropriating our intellectual property.

We rely in part on trade secrets, proprietary know-how and other confidential information to maintain our competitive position. Although we endeavor to enter into non-disclosure agreements with our employees, licensees and others who may have access to this information, we cannot assure you that these agreements or other steps we have taken will prevent unauthorized use, disclosure or reverse engineering of our technology. Moreover, third parties may independently develop technologies or products that compete with ours, and we may be unable to prevent this competition.

We spend significant resources to monitor and protect our intellectual property rights. We may initiate claims or litigation against third parties for infringement of our proprietary rights or to establish the validity of our proprietary rights. Litigation also puts our patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly and our patent applications at risk of not issuing. Additionally, we may provoke third parties to assert counterclaims against us. We may not prevail in any lawsuits that we initiate, and the damages or other remedies awarded, if any, may not be commercially viable. Any litigation, whether or not resolved in our favor, could result in significant expense to us and divert the efforts of our technical and management personnel, which may adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

We may be subject to intellectual property rights claims by third parties, which are extremely costly to defend, could require us to pay significant damages and could limit our ability to use certain technologies.

Companies in the software and technology industries, including some of our current and potential competitors, own large numbers of patents, copyrights, trademarks and trade secrets and frequently enter into litigation based on allegations of infringement or other violations of intellectual property rights. In addition, many of these companies have the capability to dedicate substantially greater resources to enforce their intellectual property rights and to defend claims that may be brought against them. The litigation may involve patent holding companies or other adverse patent owners that have no relevant product revenues and against which our patents may therefore provide little or no deterrence. We have received, and may in the future receive, notices that claim we have misappropriated, misused, or infringed other parties' intellectual property rights, and, to the extent we gain greater market visibility, we face a higher risk of being the subject of intellectual property infringement claims, which is not uncommon with respect to the business analytics software market.

There may be third-party intellectual property rights, including issued or pending patents that cover significant aspects of our technologies or business methods. Any intellectual property claims, with or without merit, could be very time-consuming, could be expensive to settle or litigate and could divert our management's attention and other resources. These claims could also subject us to significant liability for damages, potentially including treble damages if we are found to have willfully infringed patents or copyrights. These claims could also result in our having to stop using technology found to be in violation of a third party's rights. We might be required to seek a license for the intellectual property, which may not be available on reasonable terms or at all. Even if a license were available, we could be required to pay significant royalties, which would increase our operating

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expenses. As a result, we may be required to develop alternative non-infringing technology, which could require significant effort and expense. If we cannot license or develop technology for any infringing aspect of our business, we would be forced to limit or stop sales of our software and may be unable to compete effectively. Any of these results would adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

Our use of open source software could negatively affect our ability to sell our software and subject us to possible litigation.

We use open source software in our software and expect to continue to use open source software in the future. We may face claims from others claiming ownership of, or seeking to enforce the license terms applicable to such open source software, including by demanding release of the open source software, derivative works or our proprietary source code that was developed using such software. These claims could also result in litigation, require us to purchase a costly license or require us to devote additional research and development resources to change our software, any of which would have a negative effect on our business and results of operations. In addition, if the license terms for the open source code change, we may be forced to re-engineer our software or incur additional costs. Finally, we cannot assure you that we have not incorporated open source software into our software in a manner that may subject our proprietary software to an open source license that requires disclosure, to customers or the public, of the source code to such proprietary software. Any such disclosure would have a negative effect on our business and the value of our software.

We are and may be subject to disputes and litigation for a variety of claims, which could adversely affect our results of operations, harm our reputation or otherwise negatively impact our business.

In addition to intellectual property disputes, we are subject to other claims arising from our normal business activities. These include claims, lawsuits or proceedings involving labor and employment, wage and hour, commercial agreements, alleged securities laws violations or other investor claims and other matters. The outcome of any disputes or litigation, regardless of its merits, is inherently uncertain. Any claims and lawsuits, and the disposition of such claims and lawsuits, could be time-consuming and expensive to resolve, divert management attention and resources and lead to attempts on the part of other parties to pursue similar claims. Any adverse determination related to litigation could require us to change our technology or our business practices, pay monetary damages or enter into royalty or licensing arrangements, which could adversely affect our results of operations and cash flows, harm our reputation or otherwise negatively impact our business.

Our success depends in part on maintaining and increasing our sales to customers in the public sector.

We derive a portion of our revenues from contracts with federal, state, local and foreign governments and agencies, and we believe that the success and growth of our business will continue to depend on our successful procurement of government contracts. Selling to government entities can be highly competitive, expensive and time consuming, often requiring significant upfront time and expense without any assurance that our efforts will produce any sales. Factors that could impede our ability to maintain or increase the amount of revenues derived from government contracts include:


•	changes in fiscal or contracting policies;


•	decreases in available government funding;


•	changes in government programs or applicable requirements;


•	the adoption of new laws or regulations or changes to existing laws or regulations;


•	potential delays or changes in the government appropriations or other funding authorization processes;


•	governments and governmental agencies requiring contractual terms that are unfavorable to us, such as most-favored-nation pricing provisions; and


•	delays in the payment of our invoices by government payment offices.

The occurrence of any of the foregoing could cause governments and governmental agencies to delay or refrain from purchasing our software in the future or otherwise have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

Further, to increase our sales to customers in the public sector, we must comply with laws and regulations relating to the formation, administration, performance and pricing of contracts with the public sector, including U.S. federal, state and local governmental bodies, which affect how we and our channel partners do business in connection with governmental agencies. These laws and regulations may impose added costs on our business, and failure to comply with these laws and regulations or other applicable requirements, including non-compliance in the past, could lead to claims for damages from our channel partners or government customers, penalties,

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termination of contracts, loss of intellectual property rights and temporary suspension or permanent debarment from government contracting. Any such damages, penalties, disruptions or limitations in our ability to do business with the public sector could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

Acquisitions could disrupt our business and adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

We may make acquisitions that could be material to our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. Acquisitions involve many risks, including the following:

•

an acquisition may negatively affect our results of operations, financial condition or cash flows because it may require us to incur charges or assume substantial debt or other liabilities, may cause adverse tax consequences or unfavorable accounting treatment, including potential write- downs of deferred revenues, may expose us to claims and disputes by third parties, including intellectual property claims and disputes, or may not generate sufficient financial return to offset additional costs and expenses related to the acquisition;


•	we may encounter difficulties or unforeseen expenditures in integrating the business, technologies, products, personnel or operations of any company that we acquire, particularly if key personnel of the acquired company decide not to work for us;


•	an acquisition may disrupt our ongoing business, divert resources, increase our expenses and distract our management;


•	an acquisition may result in a delay or reduction of customer purchases for both us and the company we acquired due to customer uncertainty about continuity and effectiveness of service from either company;


•	we may encounter difficulties in, or may be unable to, successfully sell any acquired products;


•	an acquisition may involve the entry into geographic or business markets in which we have little or no prior experience or where competitors have stronger market positions;


•	challenges inherent in effectively managing an increased number of employees in diverse locations;


•	the potential strain on our financial and managerial controls and reporting systems and procedures;


•	potential known and unknown liabilities or deficiencies associated with an acquired company that were not identified in advance;


•	our use of cash to pay for acquisitions would limit other potential uses for our cash and affect our liquidity;


•	if we incur debt to fund such acquisitions, such debt may subject us to material restrictions on our ability to conduct our business as well as financial maintenance covenants;


•	the risk of impairment charges related to potential write-downs of acquired assets or goodwill in future acquisitions;


•	to the extent that we issue a significant amount of equity or convertible debt securities in connection with future acquisitions, existing stockholders may be diluted and earnings per share may decrease; and


•	managing the varying intellectual property protection strategies and other activities of an acquired company.

We may not succeed in addressing these or other risks or any other problems encountered in connection with the integration of any acquired business. The inability to integrate successfully the business, technologies, products, personnel or operations of any acquired business, or any significant delay in achieving integration, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

Governmental export or import controls could limit our ability to compete in foreign markets and subject us to liability if we violate them.

Our products are subject to U.S. export controls, and we incorporate encryption technology into certain of our products. These products and the underlying technology may be exported only with the required export authorizations, including by license, a license exception or other appropriate government authorizations. U.S. export controls may require submission of an encryption registration, product classification and annual or semi-annual reports. Governmental regulation of encryption technology and regulation of imports or exports of encryption products, or our failure to obtain required import or export authorization for our products, when

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applicable, could harm our international sales and adversely affect our revenues. Compliance with applicable regulatory requirements regarding the export of our products, including with respect to new releases of our software, may create delays in the introduction of our product releases in international markets, prevent our customers with international operations from deploying our products or, in some cases, prevent the export of our products to some countries altogether. Furthermore, U.S. export control laws and economic sanctions prohibit the shipment of certain products and services to countries, governments and persons targeted by U.S. sanctions. If we fail to comply with export and import regulations and such economic sanctions, we may be fined or other penalties could be imposed, including a denial of certain export privileges. Moreover, any new export or import restrictions, new legislation or shifting approaches in the enforcement or scope of existing regulations, or in the countries, persons or technologies targeted by such regulations, could result in decreased use of our products by, or in our decreased ability to export or sell our products to, existing or potential customers with international operations. Any decreased use of our products or limitation on our ability to export or sell our products would likely adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We may have additional tax liabilities, which could harm our business, operating results, financial condition and prospects.

Significant judgments and estimates are required in determining the provision for income taxes and other tax liabilities. Our tax expense may be impacted if our intercompany transactions, which are required to be computed on an arm's-length basis, are challenged and successfully disputed by the taxing authorities. Also, our tax expense could be impacted depending on the applicability of withholding taxes and other indirect taxes on software licenses and related intercompany transactions in certain jurisdictions. In determining the adequacy of income taxes, we assess the likelihood of adverse outcomes that could result if our tax positions were challenged by the Internal Revenue Service ("IRS") and other taxing authorities. The taxing authorities in the United States and other countries where we do business regularly examine our income and other tax returns. The ultimate outcome of any tax examination cannot be predicted with certainty. Should the IRS or other taxing authorities assess additional taxes as a result of an examination, we may be required to record charges to our operations.

Our tax rate may vary significantly depending on our stock price.

The tax effects of the accounting for share-based compensation may significantly impact our effective tax rate from period to period. In periods in which our stock price is higher than the grant price of the share-based compensation vesting in that period, we will recognize excess tax benefits that will decrease our effective tax rate. In future periods in which our stock price is lower than the grant price of the share-based compensation vesting in that period, our effective tax rate may increase. The amount and value of share-based compensation issued relative to our earnings in a particular period will also affect the magnitude of the impact of share-based compensation on our effective tax rate. These tax effects are dependent on our stock price, which we do not control, and a decline in our stock price could significantly increase our effective tax rate and adversely affect our financial results.

Natural or man-made disasters and other similar events may significantly disrupt our business and negatively impact our results of operations and financial condition.

Any of our facilities may be harmed or rendered inoperable by natural or man-made disasters, including earthquakes, tornadoes, hurricanes, wildfires, floods, nuclear disasters, acts of terrorism or other criminal activities, infectious disease outbreaks and power outages, which may render it difficult or impossible for us to operate our business for some period of time. Our facilities would likely be costly to repair or replace, and any such efforts would likely require substantial time. Any disruptions in our operations could negatively impact our business and results of operations and harm our reputation. In addition, we may not carry sufficient business insurance to compensate for losses that may occur. Any such losses or damages could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. In addition, the facilities of significant customers or major strategic partners may be harmed or rendered inoperable by such natural or man-made disasters, which may cause disruptions, difficulties or material adverse effects on our business.

Changes in financial accounting standards may cause adverse and unexpected impacts to our reported results of operations and financial condition.

We prepare our financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States ("GAAP"). These accounting principles are subject to interpretation or changes by the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") and the SEC. New accounting pronouncements and varying interpretations of accounting standards and practices have occurred in the past and are expected to occur in the future. A

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change in accounting standards or practices could harm our operating results, reduce the comparability of our historical results and may even affect our reporting of transactions completed before the change is effective. Examples of new accounting pronouncements include the new revenue recognition standard, ASC 606, and the new lease accounting standard, ASC 842. We adopted ASC 606 effective January 1, 2018 on a modified retrospective basis. As further discussed in Note 2 of the accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements, this standard significantly impacted our results for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to prior years as it changed the way we recognize revenue and the timing of revenue recognition related to our on-premises term license agreements. Additionally, we will adopt ASC 842 using the modified retrospective transition method and apply a cumulative-effect balance sheet adjustment at the beginning of the first quarter of 2019. We expect the adoption of the new lease accounting standard will have a material impact to our consolidated balance sheet on the date of adoption, resulting in the recognition of significant right of use assets and operating lease liabilities. These or other changes to existing rules may harm our operating results and affect the comparability of our operating results and financial condition from period to period.

If currency exchange rates fluctuate substantially in the future, the results of our operations, which are reported in U.S. dollars, could be adversely affected.

The majority of our sales contracts have historically been denominated in U.S. dollars. A strengthening of the U.S. dollar could increase the real cost of our software to our customers outside of the United States, which could adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. As we continue to expand our international operations, we could have more sales contracts denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar, which would increase our exposure to the effects of foreign currency rate fluctuations. In addition, we incur expenses for employee compensation and other operating expenses at our non-U.S. locations in the local currency. Fluctuations in the exchange rates between the U.S. dollar and other currencies could result in the dollar equivalent of such expenses being higher. This could have a negative impact on our reported results of operations. Developments such as changes in U.S. trade policies and the outcome of the Brexit referendum have caused, and continue to cause, significant volatility in global stock markets and currency exchange rate fluctuations. We currently do not hedge our exposure to foreign currency exchange risks by engaging in foreign exchange hedging transactions, although we may do so in the future.

We are exposed to collection and credit risks, which could impact our operating results.

Our accounts receivable and contract assets are subject to collection and credit risks. These assets may include upfront purchase commitments for multiple years of subscription-based software licenses and maintenance services, which may be invoiced over multiple reporting periods increasing these risks. For example, our operating results may be impacted by significant bankruptcies among customers, which could negatively impact our revenues and cash flows. Although we have processes in place that are designed to monitor and mitigate these risks, we cannot guarantee these programs will be effective. If we are unable to adequately control these risks, our business, operating results and financial condition could be harmed.

Adverse economic or market conditions may harm our business or impact our investment portfolio.

We maintain an investment portfolio of various holdings, types, and maturities. These investments are subject to general credit, liquidity, market and interest rate risks, which may be exacerbated by unusual events that affect global financial markets. A significant part of our investment portfolio comprises U.S. government securities. If global credit and equity markets decline for long periods, or if there is a downgrade of the U.S. government credit rating due to an actual or threatened default on government debt, our investment portfolio may be adversely affected and we could determine that more of our investments have experienced an other-than-temporary decline in fair value, requiring impairment charges that could adversely affect our financial results.

We may require additional capital to fund our business and support our growth, and our inability to generate and obtain such capital on acceptable terms, or at all, could harm our business, operating results, financial condition and prospects.

We intend to continue to make substantial investments to fund our business and support our growth. In addition, we may require additional funds to respond to business challenges, including the need to develop new features or enhance our software, improve our operating infrastructure or acquire or develop complementary businesses and technologies. As a result, we may need to engage in equity or debt financings to provide the funds required for these and other business endeavors. If we raise additional funds through future issuances of equity or convertible debt securities, our existing stockholders could suffer significant dilution, and any new equity securities we issue could have rights, preferences and privileges superior to those of holders of our common

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stock. Any debt financing that we may secure in the future could involve restrictive covenants relating to our capital raising activities and other financial and operational matters, which may make it more difficult for us to obtain additional capital and to pursue business opportunities, including potential acquisitions. We may not be able to obtain such additional financing on terms favorable to us, if at all. If we are unable to obtain adequate financing or financing on terms satisfactory to us when we require it, our ability to continue to support our business growth and to respond to business challenges could be significantly impaired, and our business may be adversely affected. In addition, our inability to generate or obtain the financial resources needed may require us to delay, scale back, or eliminate some or all of our operations, which may have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, financial condition and prospects.

Risks Related to Ownership of Our Class A Common Stock

Our stock price has been and will likely continue to be volatile or may decline regardless of our operating performance, resulting in the potential for substantial losses for our stockholders.

The trading price for shares of our Class A common stock has been, and is likely to continue to be, volatile for the foreseeable future. For example, our Class A common stock's daily closing price on the New York Stock Exchange ranged from $77.82 to $132.96 during the 12-month period ended February 19, 2019. On February 19, 2019, the closing price of our Class A common stock was $126.97.

The market price of our common stock may fluctuate significantly in response to numerous factors, many of which are beyond our control, including the factors listed below and other factors described in this "Risk Factors" section:


•	actual or anticipated fluctuations in our results of operations;


•	the financial projections we may provide to the public, any changes in these projections or our failure to meet these projections;


•	failure of securities analysts to initiate or maintain coverage of our company, changes in financial estimates by any securities analysts who follow our company, or our failure to meet these estimates or the expectations of investors on a quarterly basis;


•	ratings changes by any securities analysts who follow our company;


•	announcements by us or our competitors of significant technical innovations, acquisitions, strategic partnerships, joint ventures or capital commitments;


•	changes in operating performance and stock market valuations of other technology companies generally, or those in our industry in particular;


•	price and volume fluctuations in the overall stock market, including as a result of trends in the economy as a whole;


•	changes in our board of directors or management;


•	sales of large blocks of our common stock, including sales by our executive officers, directors and significant stockholders;


•	lawsuits threatened or filed against us;


•	short sales, hedging and other derivative transactions involving our capital stock;


•	general economic and political conditions in the United States and abroad;


•	cyber-attacks or incidents; and


•	other events or factors, including those resulting from war, incidents of terrorism or responses to these events.

In addition, stock markets have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have affected and continue to affect the market prices of equity securities of many technology companies. Stock prices of many technology companies have fluctuated in a manner unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of those companies. In the past, stockholders have instituted securities class action litigation following periods of market volatility. Involvement in securities litigation could subject us to substantial costs, divert resources and the attention of management from our business and adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

Substantial future sales of shares of our Class A common stock could cause the market price of our Class A common stock to decline.

Sales of a substantial number of shares of our Class A common stock into the public market, or the perception that these sales might occur, could depress the market price of our Class A common stock and could

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impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of additional equity securities. We are unable to predict the effect that such sales may have on the prevailing market price of our common stock.

In addition, as of December 31, 2018, we had options outstanding that, if fully exercised, would result in the issuance of approximately 0.1 million and 1.8 million shares of Class A and Class B common stock, respectively. Our Class B common stock converts into Class A common stock on a one-for-one basis. All of the shares of Class A common stock issuable upon the exercise of options (or upon conversion of shares of Class B common stock issued upon the exercise of options) have been registered for public resale under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"). Accordingly, these shares will be able to be freely sold in the public market upon issuance as permitted by any applicable vesting requirements.

Future sales and issuances of our capital stock or rights to purchase capital stock could result in dilution of the percentage ownership of our stockholders and could cause our stock price to decline.

We may issue additional securities in the future. Future sales and issuances of our capital stock or rights to purchase our capital stock could result in substantial dilution to our existing stockholders. We may sell Class A common stock, convertible securities and other equity securities in one or more transactions at prices and in a manner as we may determine from time to time. If we sell any such securities in subsequent transactions, investors may be materially diluted. New investors in such subsequent transactions could gain rights, preferences and privileges senior to those of holders of our Class A common stock.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about our business, or publish negative reports about our business, our share price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our Class A common stock depends in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business, our market and our competitors. We do not have any control over these analysts or their expectations regarding our performance on a quarterly or annual basis. If one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrade our shares or change their opinion of our shares, our share price would likely decline. If we fail to meet one or more of these analysts' published expectations regarding our performance on a quarterly basis, our share price or trading volume could decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of our company or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which could cause our share price or trading volume to decline.

The dual class structure of our common stock and the existing ownership of capital stock by our founders have the effect of concentrating voting control with our founders for the foreseeable future, which will limit the ability of our other investors to influence corporate matters.

Our Class B common stock has ten votes per share and our Class A common stock has one vote per share. As of December 31, 2018, the holders of shares of Class B common stock collectively beneficially owned shares representing approximately 60% of the voting power of our outstanding capital stock. Our founders collectively beneficially owned shares representing a majority of the voting power of our outstanding capital stock as of that date. Consequently, the holders of Class B common stock, including our founders, collectively control all matters submitted to our stockholders for approval. This concentrated control limits the ability of our other investors to influence corporate matters for the foreseeable future. For example, these stockholders control elections of directors, amendments of our certificate of incorporation or bylaws, increases to the number of shares available for issuance under our equity incentive plans or adoption of new equity incentive plans, and approval of any merger or sale of assets for the foreseeable future. This control may adversely affect the market price of our Class A common stock.

Future transfers by holders of Class B common stock will generally result in those shares converting to Class A common stock, which will have the effect, over time, of increasing the relative voting power of those holders of Class B common stock who retain their shares in the long-term, which may include our founders.

The requirements of being a public company may strain our resources, divert management's attention and affect our ability to attract and retain additional executive management and qualified board members.

As a public company, we are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the Dodd-Frank Act, the listing requirements of the New York Stock Exchange and other applicable securities rules and regulations. These laws, regulations and standards are subject to varying interpretations, and their application in practice may evolve over time as regulatory and governing bodies issue revisions to, or new interpretations of, these public company requirements. Such changes could result in continuing uncertainty regarding compliance matters and higher legal and financial costs necessitated by ongoing revisions to disclosure and governance practices. We will continue to invest resources to comply with evolving laws, regulations and

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standards, and this investment may result in increased general and administrative expenses and a diversion of management's time and attention from revenue-generating activities to compliance activities. If our efforts to comply with new laws, regulations and standards differ from the activities intended by regulatory or governing bodies due to ambiguities related to their application and practice, regulatory authorities may initiate legal proceedings against us and our business may be adversely affected.

Being a public company under these rules and regulations has made it more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance, and in the future we may be required to accept reduced coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain coverage. These factors could also make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified executive officers or members of our board of directors, particularly to serve on our audit and compensation committees.

As a result of the disclosures within our filings with the SEC, information about our business and our financial condition is available to competitors and other third parties, which may result in threatened or actual litigation, including by competitors and other third parties. If such claims are successful, our business and results of operations could be adversely affected. Even if the claims do not result in litigation or are resolved in our favor, these claims, and the time and resources necessary to resolve them, could divert the resources of our management and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

We do not intend to pay dividends for the foreseeable future.

We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our Class A or Class B common stock and do not intend to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. We anticipate that we will retain all of our future earnings for use in the development of our business and for general corporate purposes. Any determination to pay dividends in the future will be at the discretion of our board of directors. Accordingly, investors must rely on sales of their Class A common stock after price appreciation, which may never occur, as the only way to realize any future gains on their investments.

Our share repurchase program may not achieve its objective to enhance long-term stockholder value and could increase the volatility of our stock price.

On November 1, 2016, we announced that our board of directors approved a stock repurchase program, under which we may repurchase up to $200 million of our outstanding Class A common stock. On April 26, 2018, our board of directors authorized us to repurchase up to an additional $300 million of our outstanding Class A common stock under our previously announced stock repurchase program. As of December 31, 2018, we had repurchased and retired 2,931,541 shares of our Class A common stock for a total of $220.0 million and were authorized to repurchase up to a remaining $280.0 million of our Class A common stock under the existing stock repurchase program. We cannot guarantee that our repurchase program will enhance long-term stockholder value. For example, the market price of our common stock may decline below the levels at which we repurchase our stock, and short-term stock price fluctuations could reduce the program's effectiveness. Our repurchases of common stock could also affect the market price of our common stock or increase its volatility. For example, the existence of a share repurchase program could cause our stock price to be higher than it would be in the absence of such a program and could potentially reduce the market liquidity for our stock. Additionally, the program does not obligate us to repurchase any dollar amount or number of shares of common stock and may be modified, suspended or discontinued at any time, and any of which could cause the market price of our stock to decline.

Anti-takeover provisions in our charter documents and under Delaware law could make an acquisition of our company more difficult, limit attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management and limit the market price of our common stock.

Provisions in our certificate of incorporation and bylaws may have the effect of delaying or preventing a change of control or changes in our management. Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and bylaws include provisions that:


•	establish a classified board of directors so that not all members of our board of directors are elected at one time;


•	permit the board of directors to establish the number of directors and fill any vacancies and newly-created directorships;


•	provide that directors may only be removed for cause;


•	require super-majority voting to amend some provisions in our certificate of incorporation and bylaws;

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•	authorize the issuance of "blank check" preferred stock that our board of directors could use to implement a stockholder rights plan;


•	eliminate the ability of our stockholders to call special meetings of stockholders;


•	prohibit stockholder action by written consent, which requires all stockholder actions to be taken at a meeting of our stockholders;


•	provide that the board of directors is expressly authorized to make, alter or repeal our bylaws; and


•	establish advance notice requirements for nominations for election to our board of directors or for proposing matters that can be acted upon by stockholders at annual stockholder meetings.

These provisions may frustrate or prevent any attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management by making it more difficult for stockholders to replace members of our board of directors, which is responsible for appointing the members of our management. In addition, because we are incorporated in Delaware, we are governed by the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which generally prohibits a Delaware corporation from engaging in any of a broad range of business combinations with any holder of at least 15% of our capital stock for a period of three years following the date on which the stockholder became a 15% stockholder.

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ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

ITEM 2. PROPERTIES

We lease our principal executive offices, which are located in Seattle, Washington. We also lease additional space throughout North America, Europe and Asia Pacific. We believe that our properties are generally suitable to meet our needs for the foreseeable future. In addition, to the extent we require additional space in the future, we believe that it would be readily available on commercially reasonable terms.

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

In the ordinary course of business, we may be involved in various legal proceedings and claims related to intellectual property rights, commercial disputes, employment and wage and hour laws, alleged securities laws violations or other investor claims and other matters. For example, we have been, and may in the future be, put on notice and sued by third parties for alleged infringement of their proprietary rights, including patent infringement. We evaluate these claims and lawsuits with respect to their potential merits, our potential defenses and counter claims, and the expected effect on us of defending the claims and potential adverse result. We are not presently a party to any legal proceedings that in the opinion of our management, if determined adversely to us, would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or operating results.

The outcome of any litigation, regardless of its merits, is inherently uncertain. Any claims and lawsuits, and the disposition of such claims and lawsuits, could be time-consuming and expensive to resolve, divert management attention from executing our business plan, lead to attempts on the part of other parties to make similar claims and require us to change our technology, change our business practices and pay monetary damages or enter into royalty or licensing agreements, which could materially adversely affect our financial condition or operating results.

We make a provision for a liability relating to a claim when it is both probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. When we make such provisions, they are reviewed at least quarterly and adjusted to reflect the impact of negotiations, settlements, rulings, advice of legal counsel and other information and events pertaining to a particular matter. In management's opinion, resolution of currently outstanding matters is not expected to have a material adverse impact on our consolidated results of operations, cash flows or financial position. However, depending on the nature and timing of any such dispute, an unfavorable resolution of the matter could materially affect our future results of operations or cash flows, or both, of a particular quarter.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE

Not applicable.

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PART II

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDERS MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Market Information for Common Stock

Our Class A common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol "DATA." Our Class B common stock is not listed or traded on any stock exchange.

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

The following table sets forth for the indicated period, share repurchases of our Class A common stock.



	Total Number of Shares Purchased⁽¹⁾	Average Price Paid per Share		Total Number of Shares Purchased as part of Publicly Announced Program	Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Program (in thousands)
January 1, 2018 - January 31, 2018	—	$	—	—	$	100,000
February 1, 2018 - February 28, 2018	317,261	81.97		317,261	73,993
March 1, 2018 - March 31, 2018	48,899	81.82		48,899	69,992
April 1, 2018 - April 30, 2018	—	—		—	369,992
May 1, 2018 - May 31, 2018	274,955	95.48		274,955	343,741
June 1, 2018 - June 30, 2018	37,966	98.90		37,966	339,986
July 1, 2018 - July 31, 2018	—	—		—	339,986
August 1, 2018 - August 31, 2018	228,510	104.73		228,510	316,055
September 1, 2018 - September 30, 2018	53,877	112.75		53,877	309,981
October 1, 2018 - October 31, 2018	—	—		—	309,981
November 1, 2018 - November 30, 2018	198,690	112.73		198,690	287,582
December 1, 2018 - December 31, 2018	60,438	125.85		60,438	279,976

(1) All repurchases were made as part of our publicly announced stock repurchase program. On November 1, 2016, we announced that our board of directors approved a stock repurchase program, under which we were authorized to repurchase up to $200 million of our outstanding Class A common stock. On April 26, 2018, our board of directors authorized us to repurchase up to an additional $300 million of our outstanding Class A common stock under our previously announced stock repurchase program. The repurchase program has no expiration date and may be modified, suspended or discontinued at any time. For further information regarding our stock repurchase program, see Note 6 of the accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.

Dividend Policy

We have never declared or paid cash dividends on our capital stock. We currently intend to retain any future earnings for use in the operation of our business and to repurchase shares and do not intend to declare or pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Any further determination to pay dividends on our capital stock will be at the discretion of our board of directors, subject to applicable laws, and will depend on our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, general business conditions and other factors that our board of directors considers relevant.

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Stockholders

As of February 19, 2019, there were eight stockholders of record of our Class A common stock, including The Depository Trust Company, which holds shares of our common stock on behalf of an indeterminate number of beneficial owners, as well as 12 stockholders of record of our Class B common stock.

Stock Performance Graph

The following shall not be deemed "filed" for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act, or incorporated by reference into any of our other filings under the Exchange Act or the Securities Act except to the extent we specifically incorporate it by reference into such filing.

This chart compares the cumulative total return on our common stock with that of the NASDAQ Composite Index and the NASDAQ Computer and Data Processing Services Index. The chart assumes $100 was invested at the close of market on December 31, 2013, in our Class A common stock, the NASDAQ Composite Index and the NASDAQ Computer and Data Processing Services Index, and assumes the reinvestment of any dividends. The stock price performance on the following graph is not necessarily indicative of future stock price performance.

The closing price of our Class A common stock on December 31, 2018 was $120.00 per share.



Company/Index	12/31/13		12/31/14		12/31/15		12/31/16		12/31/17		12/31/18
Tableau Software, Inc.	$	100.00	$	122.97	$	136.69	$	61.15	$	100.39	$	174.09
NASDAQ Composite Index	100.00		114.62		122.81		133.19		172.11		165.84
NASDAQ Computer & Data Processing Index	100.00		113.68		140.03		150.12		209.72		212.97

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ITEM 6. SELECTED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL DATA

The following selected consolidated historical financial data are derived from our audited financial statements. The consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 and the consolidated statement of operations data for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 are derived from our audited consolidated financial statements and related notes that are included elsewhere in this Form 10-K. The consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 and the consolidated statement of operations for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 are derived from our audited consolidated financial statements and related notes which are not included in this report. We adopted the new revenue recognition accounting standard, ASC 606, effective January 1, 2018 on a modified retrospective basis. Financial results for 2018 are presented in compliance with the new revenue recognition standard. Historical financial results for reporting periods prior to 2018 have not been retroactively restated and are presented in conformity with amounts previously disclosed under ASC 605. The selected consolidated financial data below includes the presentation of financial results for 2018 under ASC 605 for comparison to the prior year. The information set forth below should be read in conjunction with our historical financial statements, including the notes thereto, and "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations," included elsewhere in this report.

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	Year Ended December 31,
	2018						2017			2016			2015			2014
	As Reported (ASC 606)			Without Adoption (ASC 605)			As Reported (ASC 605)			As Reported (ASC 605)			As Reported (ASC 605)			As Reported (ASC 605)
	(in thousands, except per share data)
Consolidated Statements of Operations Data:
Revenues
License	$	555,581		$	498,050		$	429,204		$	481,659		$	423,766		$	279,944
Maintenance and services	599,771			484,899			447,855			345,284			229,821			132,672
Total revenues	1,155,352			982,949			877,059			826,943			653,587			412,616
Cost of revenues
License	21,407			20,923			13,534			7,003			3,852			1,211
Maintenance and services	121,217			121,731			100,025			92,087			69,833			35,774
Total cost of revenues⁽¹⁾	142,624			142,654			113,559			99,090			73,685			36,985
Gross profit	1,012,728			840,295			763,500			727,853			579,902			375,631
Operating expenses
Sales and marketing⁽¹⁾	593,786			620,554			517,446			476,506			356,723			216,672
Research and development ⁽¹⁾	382,886			382,886			334,148			302,759			204,131			110,923
General and administrative⁽¹⁾	125,805			125,686			102,871			88,149			71,078			41,712
Total operating expenses	1,102,477			1,129,126			954,465			867,414			631,932			369,307
Operating income (loss)	(89,749		)	(288,831		)	(190,965		)	(139,561		)	(52,030		)	6,324
Other income, net	17,872			17,826			12,266			2,134			1,223			858
Income (loss) before income tax expense	(71,877		)	(271,005		)	(178,699		)	(137,427		)	(50,807		)	7,182
Income tax expense	5,165			6,233			6,861			7,022			32,893			1,309
Net income (loss)	$	(77,042	)	$	(277,238	)	$	(185,560	)	$	(144,449	)	$	(83,700	)	$	5,873

Net income (loss) per share:
Basic	$	(0.93	)	$	(3.36	)	$	(2.35	)	$	(1.92	)	$	(1.17	)	$	0.09
Diluted	$	(0.93	)	$	(3.36	)	$	(2.35	)	$	(1.92	)	$	(1.17	)	$	0.08
Weighted average shares used to compute net income (loss) per share:
Basic	82,632			82,632			78,869			75,162			71,701			67,591
Diluted	82,632			82,632			78,869			75,162			71,701			74,319

(1) Includes stock-based compensation expense as follows:



	Year Ended December 31,
	2018		2017		2016		2015		2014
	(in thousands)
Cost of revenues	$	13,392	$	11,029	$	10,595	$	7,031	$	2,227
Sales and marketing	87,105		74,065		68,411		45,205		18,203
Research and development	111,965		104,280		91,044		55,269		20,794
General and administrative	26,269		20,909		15,662		11,963		5,794

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	As of December 31,
	2018				2017		2016		2015		2014
	As Reported (ASC 606)		Without Adoption (ASC 605)		As Reported (ASC 605)		As Reported (ASC 605)		As Reported (ASC 605)		As Reported (ASC 605)
	(in thousands)
Consolidated Balance Sheet Data:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	653,022	$	653,022	$	627,878	$	908,717	$	795,900	$	680,613
Short-term and long-term investments	395,633		395,633		375,151		—		—		—
Property and equipment, net	94,537		94,537		106,753		106,637		72,350		45,627
Working capital	867,143		546,658		526,489		722,903		672,138		629,987
Total assets	1,634,725		1,481,703		1,398,795		1,287,199		1,030,711		865,662
Deferred revenue, including long-term portion	394,198		605,640		447,484		312,473		198,511		129,810
Total liabilities	621,140		830,818		645,172		495,351		296,766		193,656
Total stockholders' equity	1,013,585		650,885		753,623		791,848		733,945		672,006

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that reflect our plans, estimates and beliefs, and involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results and the timing of certain events could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of several factors, including those discussed in the section titled "Risk Factors" included under Part I, Item 1A and elsewhere in this Annual Report. See "Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements" in this Annual Report.

Overview

Our mission is to help people see and understand data. Our software products put the power of data into the hands of everyday people, allowing a broad population of business users to engage with their data, ask questions, solve problems and create value. Based on innovative core technologies originally developed at Stanford University, our products dramatically reduce the complexity, inflexibility and expense associated with traditional business intelligence applications. We currently offer five key products: Tableau Desktop, a self-service, powerful analytics product for anyone with data; Tableau Server, a business intelligence platform for organizations; Tableau Online, a hosted software-as-a-service ("SaaS") version of Tableau Server; Tableau Prep, a data preparation product for combining, shaping and cleaning data; and Tableau Public, a free cloud-based platform for analyzing and sharing public data.

We were founded in January 2003, and we introduced Tableau Desktop in December 2003, our first version of Tableau Server in March 2007, our first version of Tableau Public in February 2010, our first version of Tableau Online in July 2013 and our first version of Tableau Prep in April 2018. Building on our foundational technology innovations, we continue to expand and improve our platform. For example, in February 2019, we released Tableau 2019.1 which introduced Ask Data, which leverages natural language processing to enable users to ask questions in plain language and get a visual response in Tableau. Also in February 2019, we released Tableau Prep Conductor, a new product that enables organizations to schedule and manage self-service data preparation at scale. Tableau Prep Conductor is part of a new subscription offering called the Tableau Data Management Add-On.

Our products are used by people of diverse skill levels across all kinds of organizations, including Fortune 500 corporations, small and medium-sized businesses, government agencies, universities, research institutions and non-profits. As of December 31, 2018, we had over 86,000 customer accounts. We define a customer account as a single purchaser of our products. Customer accounts are typically organizations. In some cases, organizations will have multiple groups purchasing our software, which we count as discrete customer accounts.

We generate revenues primarily in the form of software license fees and related maintenance and services fees. Software license revenues include fees from the sales of perpetual, term and subscription licenses to new and existing customers. Revenues from term and subscription licenses have been increasing in recent periods as we have been transitioning to a more subscription-based business model. Revenues from term and subscription licenses include license revenues from Tableau Online, enterprise license agreements, term license sales and OEM arrangements. We expect revenues from term and subscription licenses to continue to become a larger percentage of our total license revenues as demand from our customer base continues to shift to subscription-based products and as our customers enter into additional enterprise license agreements and renew their existing term and subscription license agreements.

Maintenance and services revenues primarily consist of revenues recognized from the sale of maintenance agreements (including support and unspecified upgrades and enhancements if and when they are available) and, to a lesser extent, for training and professional services that help our customers maximize the benefits from using our products. A substantial majority of our maintenance and services revenues to date have been attributable to revenues from maintenance agreements that are recognized ratably over the maintenance period. Our contracts with customers for on-premises software licenses include maintenance services, with the opportunity to renew maintenance service thereafter. Some customers provide purchase commitments upfront for

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multiple years of term or subscription software licenses and maintenance services. We expect that maintenance and services revenues will continue to increase as our customer base grows. We expect that this growth, combined with the shift to a more subscription-based business model, will result in a larger proportion of our total revenues that will be recognized from recurring sources.

We adopted the new revenue recognition accounting standard, ASC 606, effective January 1, 2018 on a modified retrospective basis. Our results of operations as presented within the following discussion and analysis includes financial results for reporting periods during 2018, which are disclosed in compliance with the new revenue recognition standard. Historical financial results for reporting periods prior to 2018 have not been retroactively restated and are presented in conformity with amounts previously disclosed under the prior revenue recognition standard ASC 605. We have included additional information regarding the impacts from the adoption of the new revenue recognition standard for the year ended December 31, 2018 and included financial results during 2018 under ASC 605 for comparison to the prior year. Beginning in 2019, financial results for 2019 and future years will not be included on an ASC 605 basis. See Note 2 of the accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements for additional information related to our adoption of the new revenue recognition standard.

Our direct sales approach includes inside sales teams and field sales teams. We also sell our products through indirect sales channels including technology vendors, resellers, OEMs, ISV partners and distributors. We view these partners as an extension of our team, playing an integral role in our growth. We plan to continue to invest in our partner programs to help us enter into new markets and grow in new and existing markets while complementing our direct sales efforts.

With approximately 31% of our total ASC 606 revenues generated from customers located outside the United States and Canada for the year ended December 31, 2018, we believe there is significant opportunity to expand our international business. Our products currently support eight languages, and we are expanding our direct sales force and indirect sales channels outside the United States.

Our quarterly results reflect seasonality in the sale of our products and services. Historically, we believe a pattern of increased software license sales in the fourth quarter, as a result of industry buying patterns, has positively impacted total revenues in that period, which has resulted in low or negative sequential revenue growth in the first quarter of each fiscal year compared to the prior quarter. The impacts from our adoption of the new revenue recognition standard should be considered when comparing total ASC 606 revenues for the year ended December 31, 2018 to total ASC 605 revenues for the year ended December 31, 2017. We have presented total ASC 605 revenues for the year ended December 31, 2018 throughout this section for comparability against the prior period results.

We continue to expand our customer base. As of December 31, 2018, we had over 86,000 customer accounts compared to over 70,000 customer accounts as of December 31, 2017 and over 54,000 customer accounts as of December 31, 2016.

During the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, we closed 1,749, 1,593 and 1,549 sales transactions greater than $100,000, respectively. We anticipate that the quantity of sales transactions greater than $100,000 will continue to fluctuate on a quarter by quarter basis. This metric is impacted by our transition to a more subscription-based business model as the unit sales prices of term and subscription licenses are lower than comparable perpetual licenses.

We use Subscription Annual Recurring Revenue (“Subscription ARR”) and Total Annual Recurring Revenue (“Total ARR”) to assess the results of our transition to a more subscription-based business model. Subscription ARR represents the annualized recurring value of all active subscription contracts at the end of a reporting period. Subscription ARR includes term licenses and renewals, subscription enterprise license agreements and Tableau Online subscriptions and renewals, and excludes distribution OEM license agreements and perpetual-style enterprise license agreements. As of December 31, 2018, Subscription ARR was $443.2 million, up from $195.5 million as of December 31, 2017. Total ARR represents the annualized recurring value of all active contracts at the end of a reporting period. Total ARR includes Subscription ARR and the annualized value of all maintenance contracts related to perpetual licenses active at the end of a reporting period. As of December 31, 2018, Total ARR was $840.9 million, up from $596.2 million as of December 31, 2017.

We measure renewal rates for our customers over a 12-month period of time, based on a dollar renewal rate for contracts expiring during that time period. Our renewal rate is measured three months after the 12-month period ends to account for late renewals. Our renewal rate for the 12-month period ended September 30, 2018 was over 90%.

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Factors Affecting Our Performance

We believe that our performance and future success are dependent upon a number of factors, including our ability to continue to expand and further penetrate our customer base; our ability to innovate and enhance our products; our ability to invest in our infrastructure; and shifts in the mix of term and subscription license sales versus perpetual license sales. While each of these areas presents significant opportunities for us, they also pose significant risks and challenges that we must successfully address. See the section of this report titled "Item 1A. Risk Factors."

Investment in Expansion and Further Penetration of Our Customer Base

Our performance depends on our ability to continue to attract new customers and to increase adoption of our products within our existing customer base, both domestically and internationally. Our ability to increase adoption among existing customers is important to our business model. We operate in a rapidly growing analytics and business intelligence software market. We believe that we are well-positioned in the market to expand our customer base and to increase adoption of our products within and across our existing customers, including further adoption of our term and subscription software licenses. Our term and subscription license offerings, including our role-based subscription offerings introduced in 2018, reduce initial investment costs which allows customers to more easily deploy Tableau at scale. We expect revenues from term and subscription licenses to continue to become a larger percentage of our total license revenues as demand from our customer base continues to shift to subscription-based products and as our customers enter into additional enterprise license agreements and renew their existing term and subscription license agreements.

In order to expand and further penetrate our customer base, we have made and plan to continue to make investments to grow our direct sales teams and indirect sales channels and to increase our brand awareness. We plan to continue to increase the size of our sales and marketing team domestically and internationally. We also intend to continue to expand our online and offline marketing efforts to increase our brand awareness.

Investment in Innovation and Advancement of Our Products

Our performance is also dependent on the investments we make in our research and development ("R&D") efforts and in our ability to continue to innovate, improve our platform, adapt to new technologies or changes to existing technologies and allow our customers to prep and analyze data from a large and expanding range of data stores. We intend to continue to invest in product innovation and leadership, including hiring top technical talent, focusing on core technology innovation, integrating acquired technologies and maintaining an agile organization that supports rapid release cycles.

Investment in Infrastructure

We have made and expect to continue to make investments in our infrastructure to enhance and expand our operations. We expect to continue to open new offices internationally and domestically. Our international expansion efforts have resulted, and we expect will continue to result, in increased costs and are subject to a variety of risks, including those associated with communication and integration problems resulting from geographic dispersion, language and cultural differences as well as those associated with compliance with laws of multiple countries. Moreover, the investments we have made and will make in our international organization may not result in our expected benefits. We expect to rely on our current cash on hand and cash generated from our operations to fund these investments. These costs could adversely affect our operating results.

Mix and Timing of Sales

Our sales mix is also impacted by our continued transition to a more subscription-based business model. In April 2018, we introduced role-based subscription offerings to help organizations scale analytics. Our Tableau Creator, Explorer and Viewer subscriptions each provide tailored combinations of Tableau's analytical capabilities that are designed for different user needs, from sophisticated analysts to casual users.

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Components of Operating Results

Revenues

License revenues. License revenues consist of revenues recognized from the sale of perpetual, term and subscription licenses to new and existing customers. Our on-premises software licenses are sold through both perpetual and term-based license agreements. We also generate license revenues from the sale of software OEM arrangements and from sales of Tableau Online, a cloud-based subscription, which allows customers to access our software during a contractual period without taking possession of the software. Revenues from our cloud-based subscriptions are included in license revenues. We adopted the new revenue recognition accounting standard ASC 606 effective January 1, 2018 on a modified retrospective basis. The new revenue recognition standard materially impacts the way we recognize revenues related to our on-premises term-based software license agreements. See Note 2 of the accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements for additional information related to our adoption of the new revenue recognition standard.

Maintenance and services revenues. Maintenance and services revenues consist of revenues recognized from the sale of maintenance agreements (including support and unspecified upgrades and enhancements if and when they are available) and, to a lesser extent, for training and professional services. A substantial majority of our maintenance and services revenues to date have been attributable to revenues from maintenance agreements that are recognized ratably over the maintenance period. Our contracts with customers for on-premises software licenses include one year of maintenance services, with the opportunity to renew maintenance services thereafter. Some customers provide purchase commitments upfront for multiple years of term or subscription software licenses and maintenance services.

We also have a professional services organization focused on both training and assisting our customers to fully leverage the use of our products. We recognize the revenues associated with these professional services on a time and materials basis as we deliver the services or provide the training.

Cost of Revenues

Cost of license revenues. Cost of license revenues primarily consists of referral fees paid to third parties, expenses related to hosting our SaaS-based Tableau Online service, amortization of acquired intangible assets and other costs including providing support and allocated overhead. Allocated overhead includes overhead costs for depreciation of equipment, facilities (consisting of leasehold improvements amortization and rent) and technical operations (including costs for compensation of our personnel and costs associated with our infrastructure). We expect that the cost of license revenues will increase as a percentage of license revenues as sales of subscriptions to Tableau Online increase.

Cost of maintenance and services revenues. Cost of maintenance and services revenues includes salaries, benefits and stock-based compensation expense associated with our technical support and services organization, as well as allocated overhead, which includes facilities-related costs. We recognize expenses related to our technical support and services organization as they are incurred.

Gross Profit and Gross Margin

Gross profit is total revenues less total cost of revenues. Total gross margin is gross profit expressed as a percentage of total revenues.

Operating Expenses

Our operating expenses are classified into three categories: sales and marketing, research and development, and general and administrative. For each category, the largest component is personnel costs, which include salaries, payroll taxes, employee benefit costs, bonuses and commissions, as applicable, and stock-based compensation.

Sales and marketing. Sales and marketing expenses primarily consist of personnel-related costs attributable to our sales and marketing personnel, commissions earned by our sales personnel, including the amortization of deferred costs of obtaining contracts with customers, other marketing and travel-related costs and allocated overhead, which includes facilities-related costs. We expect sales and marketing expenses to continue to increase, in absolute dollars, primarily due to growth in our sales and marketing organization, both domestically and internationally. We expect sales and marketing expenses to be our largest category of operating expenses as we continue to expand our business.

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Research and development. R&D expenses primarily consist of personnel-related costs attributable to our R&D personnel and contractors, as well as allocated overhead, which includes facilities-related costs. We have devoted our product development efforts primarily to incorporate additional features, improve our platform, develop new products and adapt to new technologies or changes to existing technologies. We expect that our R&D expenses will continue to increase, in absolute dollars, as we increase our R&D headcount to further enhance and develop our products.

General and administrative. General and administrative expenses primarily consist of personnel-related costs attributable to our executive, finance, legal, human resources and administrative personnel, allocated overhead, which includes facilities-related costs, as well as outsourced legal, accounting and other professional services fees. We expect that general and administrative expenses will continue to increase, in absolute dollars, as we further expand our operations both domestically and internationally.

Other Income (Expense), Net

Other income (expense), net consists primarily of interest income on our cash and cash equivalents and investment balances and gains and losses on foreign currency transactions.

Income Tax Expense (Benefit)

Our income taxes are based on the amount of our taxable income and enacted federal, state and foreign tax rates, adjusted for allowable credits, deductions and the valuation allowance against deferred tax assets, as applicable. Our provision for income taxes consists of federal, state and foreign taxes.

We generally conduct our international operations through wholly-owned subsidiaries, branches and representative offices. Our corporate structure and intercompany arrangements align with the international expansion of our business activities. We report our taxable income in various jurisdictions worldwide based upon our business operations in those jurisdictions. The application of the tax laws of various jurisdictions, including the United States, to our international business activities is subject to interpretation. The taxing authorities of the jurisdictions in which we operate may challenge our methodologies for valuing developed technology or intercompany arrangements, including our transfer pricing, or determine the manner in which we operate our business is not consistent with the manner in which we report our income to the jurisdictions. If such a disagreement were to occur, and our positions were not sustained, we could be required to pay additional taxes, interest and penalties, resulting in higher effective tax rates, reduced cash flows and lower overall profitability of our operations. Additionally, our future worldwide tax rate and financial position may be affected by changes in the relevant tax laws, interpretation of such tax laws or the influence of certain tax policy efforts of the European Union and the OECD.

Our income tax provision may be significantly affected by changes to our estimates for taxes in jurisdictions in which we operate and other estimates utilized in determining our global effective tax rate. Actual results may also differ from our estimates based on changes in tax laws and economic conditions. Such changes could have a substantial impact on the income tax provision and effective income tax rate.

We are subject to the continuous examinations of our income tax returns by the taxing authorities in various tax jurisdictions, where authorities may assess additional income tax liabilities against us. Although we believe our tax estimates are reasonable, the final outcome of tax audits and any related litigation could be materially different from our historical income tax provisions. We regularly assess the likelihood of adverse outcomes resulting from these examinations to determine the adequacy of our provision for income taxes.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

We prepare our consolidated financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States ("GAAP"). The preparation of consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, costs and expenses and related disclosures. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results could differ significantly from the estimates made by our management. To the extent that there are differences between our estimates and actual results, our future financial statement presentation, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows could be affected.

Critical accounting policies and estimates are those that we consider the most important to the portrayal of our financial condition and results of operations because they require our most difficult, subjective or complex

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judgments, often as a result of the need to make estimates about the effect of the matters that are inherently uncertain.

Revenue Recognition - ASC 606

We generate revenues primarily in the form of software license fees and related maintenance and services fees. Software license revenues include fees from the sales of perpetual, term and subscription licenses. Maintenance and services revenues primarily consist of fees for maintenance services (including support and unspecified upgrades and enhancements if and when they are available), training and professional services.

We recognize revenues related to contracts with customers that meet the following criteria:


•	the contract contains reasonable evidence of approval and of both parties' commitment to perform their respective obligations;


•	the contract includes identifiable rights to goods and/or services to be transferred and payment terms related to the transfer of those goods and/or services;


•	the contract has commercial substance; and


•	collection of substantially all of the consideration we are entitled to under the contract is probable.

We identify performance obligations in our contracts with customers, which may include software licenses and/or related maintenance and services. We determine the transaction price based on the amount we expect to be entitled to in exchange for transferring the promised goods or services to the customer. We allocate the transaction price in the contract to each distinct performance obligation in an amount that depicts the relative amount of consideration we expect to receive in exchange for satisfying each performance obligation. Revenue is recognized when performance obligations are satisfied.

Our contract payment terms are typically net 30 days. We assess collectability based on a number of factors including collection history and creditworthiness of the customer, and we may mitigate exposures to credit risk by requiring payments in advance. If we determine that collectability related to a contract is not probable, we may not record revenue until collectability becomes probable at a later date.

Our revenues are recorded based on the transaction price excluding amounts collected on behalf of third parties. For example, indirect taxes which we collect and remit to governmental authorities are excluded from our revenues.

Nature of Products and Services

Our on-premises software licenses are sold through both perpetual and term-based license agreements. These licensing arrangements provide customers with the same product functionality and differ mainly in the duration over which the customer benefits from the software. We deliver our software licenses electronically. Electronic delivery occurs when we provide the customer with access to the software and license key via a secure portal. Revenue from on-premises software licenses is generally recognized upfront at the point in time when the software is made available to the customer.

Our contracts with customers for on-premises software licenses include maintenance services and may also include training and/or professional services. Maintenance services agreements consist of fees for providing software updates on an if and when available basis and for providing technical support for software products for a specified term. We believe that our software updates and technical support each have the same pattern of transfer to the customer and are substantially the same. Therefore, we consider these updates and technical support to be a single distinct performance obligation. Revenues allocated to maintenance services are recognized ratably as the maintenance services are provided. Revenues related to training services are billed on a fixed fee basis and are recognized as the services are delivered. Payments received in advance of services performed are deferred and recognized when the related services are performed. Revenues related to professional services are billed on a time and materials basis and are recognized as the services are performed.

We also provide cloud-based subscriptions, which allow customers to access our software during a contractual period without taking possession of the software. We recognize revenue related to these cloud-based subscriptions ratably over the life of the subscription agreement beginning when the customer first has access to the software. Revenues from our cloud-based subscriptions are included in license revenues.

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Judgments and Estimates

Our contracts with customers often include promises to transfer multiple products and services. Determining whether products and services are considered distinct performance obligations that should be accounted for separately from one another sometimes requires judgment.

Judgment is also required to determine standalone selling prices (“SSP”s) for each distinct performance obligation. We typically have more than one SSP for each of our products and services based on customer stratification, which is based on the size of the customer, their geographic region and market segment. For perpetual software licenses, we estimate SSPs by considering our pricing objectives and discounting practices. For our cloud-based subscriptions and for maintenance services, training and professional services, SSPs are generally observable using standalone sales and/or renewals. Our on-premises term-based software licenses generally do not have directly observable inputs for determining SSP. Therefore, we determine SSP using other observable inputs including customer-buying patterns, renewal rates and cumulative spend comparisons.

We evaluate contracts with customers that include options to purchase additional goods or services to determine whether the options give rise to a separate performance obligation that is material. If we determine the options give rise to a separate performance obligation that is material, the revenue allocated to such options is not recognized until the option is exercised or the option expires.

Our revenue recognition accounting policy under ASC 605 is included in Note 2 of the accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements. We applied the revenue recognition accounting policy under ASC 605 to our disclosures in Note 8 of the accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements, which include amounts presented for 2018.

Income Taxes

Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method in accordance with authoritative guidance for income taxes. Deferred income tax assets are recognized for deductible temporary differences, net operating loss carryforwards, and tax credit carryforwards if it is more likely than not that the tax benefits will be realized. We consider future taxable income, historical operating results and ongoing prudent and feasible tax planning strategies in assessing the need for a valuation allowance. A valuation allowance is recorded to reduce our deferred income tax assets to the net amount that we believe is more likely than not to be realized. In the event we determine that we are able to realize our deferred income tax assets in excess of our net recorded amount, we would reduce the valuation allowance associated with the deferred income tax assets in the period the determination is made, which may result in a tax benefit in the statement of operations.

Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred income tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date.

Our assumptions, judgments and estimates relative to the value of net deferred income taxes take into account predictions of the amount and category of future taxable income, such as income from operations or capital gains income. Actual operating results and the underlying amount and category of income in future years could render our current assumptions, judgments and estimates of recoverable net deferred income taxes inaccurate. Any of the assumptions, judgments and estimates mentioned above could cause our actual income tax obligations to differ from our estimates, thus materially impacting our financial position and results of operations.

We are subject to income taxes in the United States and in numerous foreign jurisdictions. While we believe the positions we have taken are appropriate, we record reserves for taxes to address potential exposures involving tax positions that we believe could be challenged by taxing authorities. We record a benefit on a tax position when we determine that it is more likely than not that the position is sustainable upon examination, including resolution of any related appeals or litigation processes, based on the technical merits of the position. For tax positions that are more likely than not to be sustained, we measure the tax position at the largest amount of benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized when it is effectively settled. We review the tax reserves as circumstances warrant and adjust the reserves as events occur that affect our potential liability for additional taxes. We follow the applicable guidance on derecognition, classification, interest and penalties, accounting in interim periods, disclosure and transition with respect to tax positions. We reflect interest and penalties related to income tax liabilities as a component of income tax expense.

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Recent Accounting Pronouncements

The impacts of recently adopted accounting pronouncements and anticipated impacts of recent accounting pronouncements not yet adopted are discussed in Note 2 of the accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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Results of Operations

The following tables set forth our results of operations for the periods presented and as a percentage of our total revenues for those periods. The period-to-period comparison of financial results is not necessarily indicative of financial results to be achieved in future periods. We adopted the new revenue recognition accounting standard ASC 606 effective January 1, 2018 on a modified retrospective basis. Our results of operations presented in the following tables include financial results for reporting periods during 2018, which are disclosed in compliance with the new revenue recognition standard. Historical financial results for reporting periods prior to 2018 have not been retroactively restated and are presented in conformity with amounts previously disclosed under the prior revenue recognition standard ASC 605. We have included additional information regarding the impacts from the adoption of the new revenue recognition standard on our financial results for 2018 and included financial results during 2018 under ASC 605 for comparison to the prior year. See Note 2 of the accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements for additional information related to our adoption of the new revenue recognition standard.



	Year Ended December 31,
	2018									2017			2016
	As Reported (ASC 606)			Impacts from Adoption			Without Adoption (ASC 605)			As Reported (ASC 605)			As Reported (ASC 605)
	(in thousands)
Consolidated Statements of Operations Data:
Revenues
License	$	555,581		$	(57,531	)	$	498,050		$	429,204		$	481,659
Maintenance and services	599,771			(114,872		)	484,899			447,855			345,284
Total revenues	1,155,352			(172,403		)	982,949			877,059			826,943
Cost of revenues
License	21,407			(484		)	20,923			13,534			7,003
Maintenance and services	121,217			514			121,731			100,025			92,087
Total cost of revenues⁽¹⁾	142,624			30			142,654			113,559			99,090
Gross profit	1,012,728			(172,433		)	840,295			763,500			727,853
Operating expenses
Sales and marketing⁽¹⁾	593,786			26,768			620,554			517,446			476,506
Research and development ⁽¹⁾	382,886			—			382,886			334,148			302,759
General and administrative⁽¹⁾	125,805			(119		)	125,686			102,871			88,149
Total operating expenses	1,102,477			26,649			1,129,126			954,465			867,414
Operating loss	(89,749		)	(199,082		)	(288,831		)	(190,965		)	(139,561		)
Other income, net	17,872			(46		)	17,826			12,266			2,134
Loss before income tax expense	(71,877		)	(199,128		)	(271,005		)	(178,699		)	(137,427		)
Income tax expense	5,165			1,068			6,233			6,861			7,022
Net loss	$	(77,042	)	$	(200,196	)	$	(277,238	)	$	(185,560	)	$	(144,449	)

(1) Includes stock-based compensation expense as follows:



	Year Ended December 31,
	2018		2017		2016
	(in thousands)
Cost of revenues	$	13,392	$	11,029	$	10,595
Sales and marketing	87,105		74,065		68,411
Research and development	111,965		104,280		91,044
General and administrative	26,269		20,909		15,662

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	Year Ended December 31,
	2018				2017		2016
	As Reported (ASC 606)		Without Adoption (ASC 605)		As Reported (ASC 605)		As Reported (ASC 605)
	(as a percentage of total revenues)
Consolidated Statements of Operations Data:
Revenues
License	48.1	%	50.7	%	48.9	%	58.2	%
Maintenance and services	51.9	%	49.3	%	51.1	%	41.8	%
Total revenues	100.0	%	100.0	%	100.0	%	100.0	%
Cost of revenues
License	1.9	%	2.1	%	1.5	%	0.8	%
Maintenance and services	10.5	%	12.4	%	11.4	%	11.1	%
Total cost of revenues	12.3	%	14.5	%	12.9	%	12.0	%
Gross profit	87.7	%	85.5	%	87.1	%	88.0	%
Operating expenses
Sales and marketing	51.4	%	63.1	%	59.0	%	57.6	%
Research and development	33.1	%	39.0	%	38.1	%	36.6	%
General and administrative	10.9	%	12.8	%	11.7	%	10.7	%
Total operating expenses	95.4	%	114.9	%	108.8	%	104.9	%
Operating loss	(7.8	)%	(29.4	)%	(21.8	)%	(16.9	)%
Other income, net	1.5	%	1.8	%	1.4	%	0.3	%
Loss before income tax expense	(6.2	)%	(27.6	)%	(20.4	)%	(16.6	)%
Income tax expense	0.4	%	0.6	%	0.8	%	0.8	%
Net loss	(6.7	)%	(28.2	)%	(21.2	)%	(17.5	)%

Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016

Revenues



	Year Ended December 31,
	2018				2017		2016		2017 to 2018 % Change		2017 to 2018 % Change		2016 to 2017 % Change
	As Reported (ASC 606)		Without Adoption (ASC 605)		As Reported (ASC 605)		As Reported (ASC 605)		As Reported		Without Adoption		As Reported
	(dollars in thousands)
Revenues
License	$	555,581	$	498,050	$	429,204	$	481,659	29.4	%	16.0	%	(10.9	)%
Maintenance and services	599,771		484,899		447,855		345,284		33.9	%	8.3	%	29.7	%
Total revenues	$	1,155,352	$	982,949	$	877,059	$	826,943	31.7	%	12.1	%	6.1	%

Year ended December 31, 2018 compared to December 31, 2017. Total ASC 605 revenues increased $105.9 million during the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 2017, primarily due to increased demand for our products and services from new and existing customers both domestically and internationally. We continue to see strong demand from large customers that have been expanding to thousands or tens of thousands of users. These expansions have been further enabled by our role-based offerings. As of December 31, 2018, we had over 86,000 customer accounts compared to over 70,000 customer accounts as of December 31, 2017.

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ASC 605 license revenues increased $68.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 2017. The increase in ASC 605 license revenues was impacted by the continued growth in customer demand for our term and subscription licenses. Revenues from term and subscription licenses represented approximately 63% of total ASC 605 license revenues during the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to approximately 28% during the year ended December 31, 2017. Our term and subscription licenses have lower unit sales prices and were generally recognized ratably under ASC 605 compared to our perpetual licenses, which have comparably higher unit sales prices and were recognized upfront under ASC 605. The growth in customer demand for our term and subscription licenses also increased the amount of amortized license revenues recognized under ASC 605 during the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 2017. ASC 605 maintenance and services revenues increased $37.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 2017 driven by our growing customer base.

Total ASC 606 revenues were $1.16 billion for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to total ASC 605 revenues of $982.9 million. The new revenue recognition standard materially impacts the timing of revenue recognition related to our on-premises term license agreements. Prior to our adoption of the new revenue recognition standard, we historically recognized revenue under ASC 605 related to on-premises term license agreements ratably over the term of the licensing agreement. These revenues were then included in license revenues. Under the new revenue recognition standard, revenue allocable to the license portion of the arrangement is recognized in license revenues upon delivery of the license. Revenues allocated to maintenance services continue to be recognized ratably and are included in maintenance and services revenues.

Year ended December 31, 2017 compared to December 31, 2016. Total revenues increased $50.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the year ended December 31, 2016. Growth in total revenues was largely related to increased maintenance and services revenues from our growing customer base. For example, as of December 31, 2017, we had over 70,000 customer accounts compared to over 54,000 customer accounts as of December 31, 2016.

License revenues decreased $52.5 million during year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the year ended December 31, 2016. The decrease in license revenues was primarily due to the changes in the mix of our sales of term and subscription licenses relative to sales of our perpetual licenses. Revenues from term and subscription licenses represented approximately 28% of total license revenues for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to 10% for the year ended December 31, 2016. Maintenance and services revenues increased $102.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the year ended December 31, 2016. The increase in maintenance and service revenues was primarily due to our growing customer base.

Cost of Revenues and Gross Margin



	Year Ended December 31,
	2018				2017		2016		2017 to 2018 % Change		2017 to 2018 % Change		2016 to 2017 % Change
	As Reported (ASC 606)		Without Adoption (ASC 605)		As Reported (ASC 605)		As Reported (ASC 605)		As Reported		Without Adoption		As Reported
	(dollars in thousands)
Cost of revenues
License	$	21,407	$	20,923	$	13,534	$	7,003	58.2	%	54.6	%	93.3	%
Maintenance and services	121,217		121,731		100,025		92,087		21.2	%	21.7	%	8.6	%
Total cost of revenues	$	142,624	$	142,654	$	113,559	$	99,090	25.6	%	25.6	%	14.6	%

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	Year Ended December 31,
	2018				2017		2016
	As Reported (ASC 606)		Without Adoption (ASC 605)		As Reported (ASC 605)		As Reported (ASC 605)
Gross margin
License	96.1	%	95.8	%	96.8	%	98.5	%
Maintenance and services	79.8	%	74.9	%	77.7	%	73.3	%
Total gross margin	87.7	%	85.5	%	87.1	%	88.0	%

Year ended December 31, 2018 compared to December 31, 2017. Total ASC 605 cost of revenues increased $29.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 2017. The increase was largely related to an increase in personnel-related costs to support the delivery of our maintenance and services and to support Tableau Online of $20.7 million, which includes a $2.4 million increase in stock-based compensation expense. Our total number of technical support and services headcount increased to 548 employees as of December 31, 2018 from 460 employees as of December 31, 2017. The remainder of the increase in total ASC 605 cost of revenues was primarily attributable to a $5.5 million increase in allocated overhead, which includes facilities related costs. The decrease in total ASC 605 gross margin for the year ended December 31, 2018 as compared to the total gross margin for the year ended December 31, 2017 was primarily due to the increase in personnel-related costs and our transition to a more subscription-based business model, which impacted our revenue growth. Cost of revenues under ASC 605 did not differ materially from cost of revenues under ASC 606 during the year ended December 31, 2018.

Year ended December 31, 2017 compared to December 31, 2016. Total cost of revenues increased $14.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the year ended December 31, 2016. The increase was largely related to a $9.7 million increase in personnel-related costs to support the delivery of our maintenance and services and to support Tableau Online. Our total number of technical support and services headcount increased to 460 employees as of December 31, 2017 from 405 employees as of December 31, 2016. The remainder of the increase in total cost of revenues was primarily attributable to a $2.8 million increase in allocated overhead, which includes facilities-related costs. The decrease in total gross margin for the year ended December 31, 2017 as compared to the total gross margin for the year ended December 31, 2016 was primarily due to continued investment in hosting Tableau Online. Gross margin related to maintenance and services revenues improved during 2017 due to scale. The expansion of our customer base resulted in a higher growth rate for maintenance and services revenues as compared to the costs to support our maintenance and services revenues.

Operating Expenses



	Year Ended December 31,
	2018				2017		2016		2017 to 2018 % Change		2017 to 2018 % Change		2016 to 2017 % Change
	As Reported (ASC 606)		Without Adoption (ASC 605)		As Reported (ASC 605)		As Reported (ASC 605)		As Reported		Without Adoption		As Reported
	(dollars in thousands)
Operating expenses
Sales and marketing	$	593,786	$	620,554	$	517,446	$	476,506	14.8	%	19.9	%	8.6	%
Research and development	382,886		382,886		334,148		302,759		14.6	%	14.6	%	10.4	%
General and administrative	125,805		125,686		102,871		88,149		22.3	%	22.2	%	16.7	%
Total operating expenses	$	1,102,477	$	1,129,126	$	954,465	$	867,414	15.5	%	18.3	%	10.0	%

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Sales and Marketing

Year ended December 31, 2018 compared to December 31, 2017. ASC 605 sales and marketing expenses increased $103.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 2017. The increase was largely related to an increase in compensation expense of $78.1 million, which includes a $13.0 million increase in stock-based compensation expense, primarily resulting from headcount growth as we expanded our sales organization both domestically and internationally. Our sales and marketing headcount increased to 1,842 employees as of December 31, 2018 compared to 1,523 employees as of December 31, 2017. The remainder of the increase in ASC 605 sales and marketing expenses was primarily attributable to a $18.3 million increase in marketing and travel-related costs for marketing promotions, customer events and advertising that promoted our brand and created market awareness for our technology offerings both domestically and internationally. There was also a $4.1 million increase in allocated overhead, which includes facilities related costs.

ASC 606 sales and marketing expenses were $593.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to ASC 605 sales and marketing expenses of $620.6 million. The difference of $26.8 million relates to the net impacts from the deferral of sales compensation expense under ASC 606. All of our sales compensation costs are expensed as incurred under ASC 605.

Year ended December 31, 2017 compared to December 31, 2016. Sales and marketing expenses increased $40.9 million during the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the year ended December 31, 2016. The increase was largely related to an increase in compensation expense of $32.0 million, which includes a $5.7 million increase in stock-based compensation expense, primarily resulting from headcount growth and incentive compensation changes related to subscription offerings introduced in the first quarter of 2017. Our sales and marketing headcount increased to 1,523 employees as of December 31, 2017 compared to 1,407 employees as of December 31, 2016. The remainder of the increase was primarily attributable to an $8.9 million increase for marketing promotions and advertising to promote our brand and create market awareness for our technology offerings both domestically and internationally.

Research and Development

Year ended December 31, 2018 compared to December 31, 2017. R&D expenses increased $48.7 million during the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 2017. The increase was largely related to an increase in compensation expense of $45.2 million, which includes a $7.7 million increase in stock-based compensation expense, primarily resulting from headcount growth as part of our focus on further developing and enhancing our products. Our R&D headcount increased to 1,125 employees as of December 31, 2018 compared to 968 employees as of December 31, 2017. R&D expenses under ASC 605 did not differ materially from R&D expenses under ASC 606 during the year ended December 31, 2018.

Year ended December 31, 2017 compared to December 31, 2016. R&D expenses increased $31.4 million during the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the year ended December 31, 2016. The increase was largely related to an increase in compensation expense of $29.8 million, which includes a $13.2 million increase in stock-based compensation expense, primarily resulting from headcount growth. Our R&D headcount increased to 968 employees as of December 31, 2017 compared to 912 employees as of December 31, 2016.

General and Administrative

Year ended December 31, 2018 compared to December 31, 2017. ASC 605 general and administrative expenses increased $22.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 2017. The increase was largely related to an increase in compensation expense of $15.7 million, which includes a $5.4 million increase in stock-based compensation expense, primarily resulting from headcount growth. Our general and administrative headcount increased to 377 employees as of December 31, 2018 compared to 298 employees as of December 31, 2017. The remainder of the increase in ASC 605 general and administrative expenses was primarily attributable to a $4.1 million increase in outsourced professional service fees related to the growth of our business as we expand our operations and infrastructure both domestically and internationally. General and administrative expenses under ASC 605 did not differ materially from general and administrative expenses under ASC 606 during the year ended December 31, 2018.

Year ended December 31, 2017 compared to December 31, 2016. General and administrative expenses increased $14.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the year ended December 31, 2016. The increase was largely related to an increase in compensation expense of $10.0 million, which includes a $5.2 million increase in stock-based compensation expense, primarily resulting from headcount growth. Our general and administrative headcount increased to 298 employees as of December 31, 2017 compared to 273 employees as of December 31, 2016.

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Other Income, Net



	Year Ended December 31,
	2018				2017		2016
	As Reported (ASC 606)		Without Adoption (ASC 605)		As Reported (ASC 605)		As Reported (ASC 605)
	(in thousands)
Other income, net	$	17,872	$	17,826	$	12,266	$	2,134

Year ended December 31, 2018 compared to December 31, 2017. Other income, net increased primarily due to an increase in interest income earned on our cash equivalent and investment balances, driven by rising interest rates. Other income, net was also impacted by losses associated with foreign currency transactions. Foreign currency transaction gains (losses) were $(0.5) million and $4.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Other income, net under ASC 605 did not differ materially from other income, net under ASC 606 during the year ended December 31, 2018.

Year ended December 31, 2017 compared to December 31, 2016. Other income, net increased primarily due to an increase in interest income attributable to our investments in available-for-sale securities and rising interest rates. Other income, net also increased to a lesser extent due to an increase in gains associated with foreign currency transactions.

Income Tax Expense



	Year Ended December 31,
	2018						2017			2016
	As Reported (ASC 606)			Without Adoption (ASC 605)			As Reported (ASC 605)			As Reported (ASC 605)
	(dollars in thousands)
Income tax expense	$	5,165		$	6,233		$	6,861		$	7,022
Effective tax rate	(7.2		)%	(2.3		)%	(3.8		)%	(5.1		)%

Year ended December 31, 2018 compared to December 31, 2017. Our ASC 605 effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2018 was (2.3)% compared to (3.8)% for the year ended December 31, 2017. The year-over-year change in the effective tax rate is primarily due to an increase in the year-over-year loss before income tax expense in jurisdictions where a tax benefit is not available and an increase in the excess tax benefit from stock-based compensation in jurisdictions where a tax benefit is available.

Our ASC 606 effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2018 was (7.2)% compared to (3.8)% for the year ended December 31, 2017. The year-over-year change in the effective tax rate is primarily due to a decrease in the year-over-year loss before income tax expense in jurisdictions where a tax benefit is not available following the adoption of ASC 606. The difference in effective tax rates between ASC 606 and ASC 605 is primarily attributable to the differences in the amount of revenue recognized under ASC 606 compared to ASC 605. See Note 10 of the accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements for additional information.

Year ended December 31, 2017 compared to December 31, 2016. Our effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2017 was (3.8)% compared to (5.1)% for the year ended December 31, 2016. The year-over-year change in the effective tax rate is primarily due to an increase in the year-over-year loss before income tax expense in jurisdictions where a tax benefit is not available. See Note 10 of the accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements for additional information.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

We believe that the use of non-GAAP gross profit and gross margin, non-GAAP operating income (loss) and operating margin, non-GAAP net income (loss), non-GAAP net income (loss) per basic and diluted common share and free cash flow is helpful to our investors. These measures, which we refer to as our non-GAAP financial measures, are not prepared in accordance with GAAP. Non-GAAP gross profit is calculated by excluding stock-based compensation expense and expense related to amortization of acquired intangible assets, each to the extent attributable to the cost of revenues, from gross profit. Non-GAAP gross margin is the ratio calculated by dividing non-GAAP gross profit by total revenues. Non-GAAP operating income (loss) is calculated by excluding

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stock-based compensation expense and expense related to amortization of acquired intangible assets from operating income (loss). Non-GAAP operating margin is the ratio calculated by dividing non-GAAP operating income (loss) by total revenues. Non-GAAP net income (loss) is calculated by excluding stock-based compensation expense, expense related to amortization of acquired intangible assets and non-GAAP income tax adjustments from net income (loss). Non-GAAP net income (loss) per basic and diluted common share is calculated by dividing non-GAAP net income (loss) by the basic and diluted weighted average shares outstanding. Non-GAAP diluted weighted average shares outstanding includes the effect of dilutive shares in periods of non-GAAP net income.

Non-GAAP financial information is adjusted for a tax rate equal to our estimated tax rate on non-GAAP income over a three-year financial projection. This long-term rate is based on our estimated annual GAAP income tax rate forecast, adjusted to account for items excluded from GAAP income in calculating the non-GAAP financial measures. To determine this long-term non-GAAP tax rate, we evaluate a three-year financial projection that excludes the impact of non-cash stock-based compensation expense and expense related to amortization of acquired intangible assets. The long-term non-GAAP tax rate takes into account other factors including our current operating structure, our existing tax positions in various jurisdictions and key legislation in major jurisdictions where we operate. The long-term non-GAAP tax rate applied to the full year ended December 31, 2018 was 20%. The long-term non-GAAP tax rate applied to the full years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 was 30%. We applied these same non-GAAP tax rates to our financial results presented in accordance with ASC 606 and