pan6k.htm
 
 





SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
 
Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 6-K

Report of Foreign Private Issuer
Pursuant to Rule 13a-16 or 15d-16 of
the Securities Exchange Act of 1934


For the month of,
February
 
2010
Commission File Number
000-13727
   
 
Pan American Silver Corp
(Translation of registrant’s name into English)
 
1500-625 Howe Street, Vancouver BC Canada V6C 2T6
(Address of principal executive offices)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant files or will file annual reports under cover of Form 20-F or Form 40F:

Form 20-F
 
  Form 40-F
  X

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is submitting the Form 6-K in paper as permitted by Regulation S-T Rule 101(b)(1):           

                Indicate by check mark if the registrant is submitting the Form 6-K in paper as permitted by Regulation S-T Rule 101(b)(7):           

Indicate by check mark whether by furnishing the information contained in this Form, the registrant is also thereby furnishing the information to the Commission pursuant to Rule 12g3-2(b) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

Yes
 
No
  X

If “Yes” is marked, indicate below the file number assigned to the registrant in connection with Rule 12g3-2(b):  82-_______________

 
 


 
 
 

 
 
 

DOCUMENTS INCLUDED AS PART OF THIS REPORT


Document
 
   
1
Technical report entitled "Pan American Silver Corp: Navidad Project, Chubut Province, Argentina", dated February 4, 2010.





 
 

 
 
 
Document 1


 

 


 
 
Pan American Silver Corp: Navidad Project, Chubut Province, Argentina

February 2010
 



 

Prepared
by
Pamela De Mark
B.Sc. (App.Geo) Hons, P. Geo., MAusIMM
Senior Consultant, Snowden Mining Industry Consultants
 
John J. Chulick
B.Sc. (Geo. Eng.) Hons, MBA, SEG, Licensed Professional Geologist
Vice President Exploration, Aquiline Resources Inc.
 
Dean K. Williams
B.Sc. (Geo.) Hons, MBA, SEG, Licensed Professional Geologist
Chief Geologist, Aquiline Resources Inc.
 
Damian Spring
B.E. (Mining), MAusIMM
Chief Mining Engineer, Aquiline Resources Inc.
 
John A. Wells
B.Sc. Hons, MBA, MCIMM, FSAIMM
Independent Metallurgical Consultant




 

 
 

 
 

Office Locations
 
Perth
87 Colin Street
West Perth  WA  6005
 
PO Box 77
West Perth  WA  6872
AUSTRALIA
 
Tel:   +61 8 9213 9213
Fax:  +61 8 9322 2576
ABN 99 085 319 562
perth@snowdengroup.com
 
Brisbane
Level 15, 300 Adelaide Street
Brisbane  QLD  4000
 
PO Box 2207
Brisbane  QLD  4001
AUSTRALIA
 
Tel:   +61 7 3231 3800
Fax:  +61 7 3211 9815
ABN 99 085 319 562
brisbane@snowdengroup.com
 
Vancouver
Suite 600
1090 West Pender Street
Vancouver  BC V6E 2N7
CANADA
 
Tel:   +1 604 683 7645
Fax:  +1 604 683 7929
Reg No. 557150
vancouver@snowdengroup.com
 
Johannesburg
Technology House
Greenacres Office Park
Cnr. Victory and Rustenburg Roads
Victory Park
Johannesburg 2195
SOUTH AFRICA
 
PO Box 2613
Parklands 2121
SOUTH AFRICA
 
Tel:   + 27 11 782 2379
Fax:  + 27 11 782 2396
Reg No. 1998/023556/07
johannesburg@snowdengroup.com
 
London
Abbey House
Wellington Way
Weybridge
Surrey KT13 0TT, UK
 
Tel:   + 44 (0) 1932 268 701
Fax:  + 44 (0) 1932 268 702
london@snowdengroup.com
 
Website
www.snowdengroup.com
 
Subsidiary of Downer EDI Ltd
IMPORTANT NOTICE
 
This report was prepared as a National Instrument 43-101 Technical Report, in accordance with Form 43-101F1, for Pan American Silver Corp. by Snowden. The quality of information, conclusions, and estimates contained herein is consistent with the level of effort involved in Snowden’s services, based on: i) information available at the time of preparation, ii) data supplied by outside sources, and iii) the assumptions, conditions, and qualifications set forth in this report.  This report is intended to be used by Pan American Silver Corp., subject to the terms and conditions of its contract with Snowden. That contract permits Pan American Silver Corp. to file this report as a Technical Report with Canadian Securities Regulatory Authorities pursuant to provincial securities legislation. Except for the purposes legislated under provincial securities law, any other use of this report by any third party is at that party’s sole risk.
Issued by: Vancouver Office
Doc Ref: 20100203_V685_FINAL_Pan American_Navidad_TR.doc
 


 
 

 

 
Pan American Silver Corp:
 

 
1
Summary
11
2
Introduction
19
3
Reliance on other experts
21
4
Property description and location
22
 
4.1
Land tenure
22
 
4.2
Agreements and encumbrances
27
 
4.3
Environmental liabilities
27
 
4.4
Permits
28
5
Accessibility, climate, local resources, infrastructure, and physiography
29
 
5.1
Accessibility
29
 
5.2
Climate
29
 
5.3
Infrastructure and local resources
29
 
5.4
Land access
30
 
5.5
Physiography
31
6
History
32
7
Geological setting
34
 
7.1
Regional geology
34
 
7.2
Local geology
35
 
7.2.1
Lonco Trapial and Garamilla formations
38
 
7.2.2
Cañadón Asfalto Formation
38
 
7.2.3
Depositional setting
38
 
7.2.4
Structure and control of mineralisation
39
 
7.3
Property geology
39
 
7.3.1
Lithology
39
 
7.3.2
Structure and control of mineralisation
43
8
Deposit types
45
9
Mineralisation
48
 
9.1
Calcite NW
49
 
9.2
Calcite Hill
50
 
9.3
Navidad Hill
52
 
9.4
Connector Zone
54
 
9.5
Galena Hill
57
 
9.6
Barite Hill
60
 
9.7
Loma de La Plata
61
 
9.8
Valle Esperanza
65
 
 
 
   February 2010    
 

 
 
 
Pan American Silver Corp:
 
 
 
9.9
Additional prospects
68
   
9.9.1
Navidad Trend
68
   
9.9.2
Argenta Trend
68
10
Exploration
70
 
10.1
Exploration by Normandy Mining in 2002
70
 
10.2
Exploration by IMA from December 2002 to July 2006
70
   
10.2.1
Geological mapping and topographical surveys
70
   
10.2.2
Geophysical exploration
70
   
10.2.3
Geochemical exploration
70
   
10.2.4
Diamond drilling
71
   
10.2.5
Other work
71
   
10.2.6
Mineral Resource estimates
71
 
10.3
Exploration by Aquiline from October 2006 to June 2009
71
   
10.3.1
Diamond drilling
72
   
10.3.2
Geophysical exploration
73
   
10.3.3
Geochemical exploration
75
   
10.3.4
Geological mapping
75
   
10.3.5
Mineral Resource estimates
75
   
10.3.6
Future exploration work
75
11
Drilling
77
 
11.1
Diamond drilling methods
77
 
11.2
Drillhole collar surveys
77
 
11.3
Downhole surveys
77
 
11.4
Drill intercepts
78
   
11.4.1
Southern Argenta Trend (Yanquetru)
78
   
11.4.2
Marcasite Hill
78
   
11.4.3
Bajo del Plomo and Filo del Plomo
79
   
11.4.4
Tailings Dam
79
   
11.4.5
Sector Z and Valle La Plata
79
12
Sampling method and approach
80
 
12.1
Core logging
80
 
12.2
Sampling
80
 
12.3
Density determinations
81
 
12.4
Independent statement on sampling methods
81
 
12.5
Recommendations
81
13
Sample preparation, analyses, and security
82
 
13.1
Sample preparation, analyses, and security
82
   
13.1.1
Laboratory
82
 
 
   February 2010   4 of 249
 

 
 
 
Pan American Silver Corp:
 
 
   
13.1.2
Sample preparation
82
   
13.1.3
Sample analyses
82
   
13.1.4
Sample security and chain of custody
83
   
13.1.5
Independent statement on sample preparation, analyses, and security
83
 
13.2
Quality control measures
83
   
13.2.1
Certified standard samples
83
   
13.2.2
Blank samples
89
   
13.2.3
Duplicate drill core samples (field duplicates)
90
   
13.2.4
Independent statement of Navidad quality control samples
97
14
Data verification
98
 
14.1
Field and laboratory quality control data reviews
98
 
14.2
Snowden independent site visits
99
   
14.2.1
Independent review and sampling of mineralised intersections
99
   
14.2.2
Independent review of drillhole collar locations
105
   
14.2.3
Independent review of original assay certificates
108
15
Adjacent properties
111
 
15.1
Patagonia Gold
111
 
15.2
Mina Angela
111
 
15.3
Flamingo Prospect
112
16
Mineral processing and metallurgical testing
113
 
16.1
Mineral processing and metallurgical testing by IMA from 2005 to 2006
113
   
16.1.1
Flotation test work
113
   
16.1.2
Mineralogy overview
117
   
16.1.3
Modal analyses
119
   
16.1.4
Sample grindability
119
 
16.2
Mineral processing and metallurgical test work by Aquiline in 2007
120
   
16.2.1
Navidad Hill
120
   
16.2.2
Barite Hill
122
   
16.2.3
Loma de La Plata
122
   
16.2.4
Galena Hill
122
   
16.2.5
Discussion of G&T results
123
   
16.2.6
Discussion of XPS results
124
 
16.3
Mineral processing and metallurgical test work by Aquiline in 2008
125
   
16.3.1
XPS Phase 1 test work on Loma de La Plata samples
129
   
16.3.2
XPS Phase 2 test work on Loma de La Plata samples
130
   
16.3.3
G&T test work on Loma de La Plata samples
133
   
16.3.4
G&T test work on Barite Hill samples
136
   
16.3.5
G&T test work on Valle Esperanza samples
138
 
 
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Pan American Silver Corp:
 
 
   
16.3.6
Conclusions and recommendations
140
17
Mineral Resource and Mineral Reserve estimates
141
 
17.1
Disclosure
141
   
17.1.1
Known issues that materially affect the Mineral Resources
141
 
17.2
Assumptions, methods and parameters – 2009 Mineral Resource estimates
142
 
17.3
Supplied data, data preparation, data transformations, and data validation
142
   
17.3.1
Supplied data
142
   
17.3.2
Data preparation
142
   
17.3.3
Data transformations
144
   
17.3.4
Data validation
144
 
17.4
Geological interpretation, modelling, and domaining
144
   
17.4.1
Geological interpretation and modelling
144
   
17.4.2
Definition of grade estimation domains
145
 
17.5
Sample statistics
145
   
17.5.1
Sample compositing
145
   
17.5.2
Extreme value treatment
145
   
17.5.3
Data declustering
146
   
17.5.4
Input sample statistics
147
 
17.6
Variography
148
   
17.6.1
Continuity analysis
148
   
17.6.2
Variogram modelling
148
 
17.7
Estimation parameters
151
   
17.7.1
Kriging parameters
151
   
17.7.2
Block size selection
151
   
17.7.3
Sample search parameters
151
   
17.7.4
Block model set up
151
   
17.7.5
Grade interpolation and boundary conditions
152
 
17.8
Specific gravity
152
 
17.9
Estimation validation
154
   
17.9.1
Domain statistics and visual validation
154
   
17.9.2
Slice validation plots
155
   
17.9.3
Comparison with previous estimates
155
 
17.10
Mineral Resource classification
158
   
17.10.1
Geological continuity and understanding
158
   
17.10.2
Data density and orientation
158
   
17.10.3
Data accuracy and precision
158
   
17.10.4
Spatial grade continuity
158
   
17.10.5
Estimation quality
159
   
17.10.6
Classification process
159
 
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Pan American Silver Corp:
 
 
17.11
Mineral Resource reporting
159
18
Other relevant data and information
163
19
Interpretation and conclusions
164
20
Recommendations
167
21
References
170
22
Date and signatures
173
23
Certificates
174
 
Tables
Table 1.1
Navidad April 2009 Mineral Resources reported above a cut-off grade of 50 g/t AgEQ
14
Table 2.1
Responsibilities of each co-author
20
Table 4.1
Tenement details in Chubut Province operated as Minera Argenta S.A.
22
Table 4.2
Tenement details in Chubut Province held in the name of Minera Aquiline Argentina S.A.
24
Table 10.1
Diamond drillholes completed by IMA from 2003 to 2006
71
Table 10.2
Diamond drillholes completed by Aquiline from 2006 to March 2009
72
Table 11.1
Downhole survey methods at the Navidad Project
78
Table 13.1
Certified values of standards
84
Table 13.2
Blank sample results
90
Table 14.1
Key Aquiline personnel involved in data verification discussions
99
Table 14.2
Snowden mineralised drill core intersection review
100
Table 14.3
Snowden independent samples
102
Table 14.4
Snowden verification of drill collar coordinates
106
Table 14.5
Snowden review of original assay certificates
108
Table 16.1
Head grades of composite drillhole samples used for metallurgical test work
114
Table 16.2
Summary of flotation tests
115
Table 16.3
Mineral composition of composite samples
117
Table 16.4
Summary of fragmentation characteristics
119
Table 16.5
Bond ball mill work indices values
120
Table 16.6
Loma de La Plata geo-metallurgical units
129
Table 16.7
Grades of sample composites used for variability testing
129
Table 16.8
Cleaner concentrate grades
130
 
   February 2010   7 of 249
 

 
 
 
Pan American Silver Corp:
 
 
Table 16.9
Grades of sample composites used for optimisation test work
131
Table 16.10
Grades and specific gravity of the sample composites used for variability testing
133
Table 16.11
Locked cycle test conditions
133
Table 16.12
Summary of locked cycle test results
134
Table 16.13
Assay grades of Test 23 locked cycle concentrate
134
Table 16.14
Gravity and cyanidation test data results
135
Table 16.15
Grades of Barite Hill sample composites
136
Table 16.16
Locked cycle test conditions
136
Table 16.17
Summary of locked cycle test results
137
Table 16.18
Barite Hill, Valle Esperanza, and Loma de La Plata concentrate grades
138
Table 16.19
Grades of Valle Esperanza sample composites
138
Table 16.20
Locked cycle test conditions
139
Table 16.21
Summary of locked cycle test results
139
Table 17.1
Number of drillholes used in the Navidad 2009 Mineral Resource estimates
143
Table 17.2
Loma de La Plata estimation domains
145
Table 17.3
Declustered composite sample input statistics for Ag at Loma de La Plata
147
Table 17.4
Declustered composite sample input statistics for Pb at Loma de La Plata
147
Table 17.5
Declustered composite sample input statistics for Cu at Loma de La Plata
147
Table 17.6
95th decile variogram model parameters for Ag
149
Table 17.7
95th decile variogram model parameters for Pb
149
Table 17.8
95th decile variogram model parameters for Cu
150
Table 17.9
Navidad block model parameters
151
Table 17.10
Navidad block model densities
153
Table 17.11
Comparison of estimated and input data Ag grades by domain
155
Table 17.12
Comparison of estimated and input data Pb grades by domain
155
Table 17.13
Comparison of estimated and input data Cu grades by domain
155
Table 17.14
Additional drilling information since the November 2007 Mineral Resource estimates
156
Table 17.15
Superseded November 2007 Mineral Resource estimates reported above a 50 g/t Ag equivalent cut-off (AgEQ = Ag + (Pb*10,000/365))
157
Table 17.16
Navidad April 2009 Mineral Resources reported above a cut-off grade of 50 g/t AgEQ
161
 
   February 2010   8 of 249
 

 
 
 
Pan American Silver Corp:
 
 
Figures
 
 
 
 
Figure 4.1
Plan of tenements held by Pan American in the province of Chubut
26
 
Figure 5.1
Navidad surface landholders with status of negotiations or agreements
31
 
Figure 7.1
Regional geology plan
35
 
Figure 7.2
Local geology plan from Andolino (1999)
37
 
Figure 7.3
Property geology plan
40
 
Figure 7.4
Simplified Navidad Project stratigraphic column
41
 
Figure 8.1
Schematic reconstruction of Galena Hill from Sillitoe (2007)
47
 
Figure 8.2
Schematic reconstruction of Loma de La Plata from Sillitoe (2007)
47
 
Figure 9.1
Plan of Calcite NW
50
 
Figure 9.2
Plan of Calcite Hill
52
 
Figure 9.3
Plan of Navidad Hill
54
 
Figure 9.4
Plan and cross section of Connector Zone
56
 
Figure 9.5
Plan and cross section of Galena Hill
59
 
Figure 9.6
Plan of Barite Hill
61
 
Figure 9.7
Plan and oblique cross section of Loma de La Plata
64
 
Figure 9.8
Plan and cross section of Valle Esperanza
67
 
Figure 10.1
Plan of drillholes completed at the Navidad Project
73
 
Figure 13.1
Low grade standard GMB01 results
85
 
Figure 13.2
Low grade standard LGH results
86
 
Figure 13.3
Medium grade standard MGH results
87
 
Figure 13.4
High grade standard NHBG01 results
88
 
Figure 13.5
Ag field duplicate samples analysed by FA-GRAV from 2003 until 2009
91
 
Figure 13.6
Pb field duplicate samples analysed by ICP-OES from 2003 until 2009
93
 
Figure 13.7
Cu field duplicate samples analysed by ICP-OES from 2003 until 2009
95
 
Figure 16.1
Location plan of Navidad Hill and Connector Zone drill collars of samples selected for metallurgical studies
121
 
Figure 16.2
Location plan of Calcite Hill and Calcite NW drill collars of samples selected for metallurgical studies
123
 
Figure 16.3
Location plan of Loma de La Plata drill collars of samples selected for metallurgical studies
126
 
Figure 16.4
Location plan of Barite Hill drill collars of samples selected for metallurgical studies
127
 
   February 2010   9 of 249
 

 
 
 
Pan American Silver Corp:
 
 
 
Figure 16.5
Location plan of Valle Esperanza drill collars of samples selected for metallurgical studies
128
 
Figure 17.1
Location map of drillholes available in the April 2009 Navidad database
143
 
Figure 17.2
Log histogram of Loma de La Plata undeclustered sample composites in Domain 736
146
 
Appendices
 
 
 
A
 
Collar locations of drillholes available in the Navidad 2009 Mineral Resource estimates
 
B
 
Navidad estimation domains
 
C
 
Log histograms of input sample composites (undeclustered)
 
D
 
Declustered composite sample input statistics for Ag
 
E
 
Declustered composite sample input statistics for Pb
 
F
 
Comparison of estimated and input data Ag grades by domain
 
G
 
Comparison of estimated and input data Pb grades by domain
 
H
 
Navidad 2009 Mineral Resource estimates above a 50 g/t AgEQ cut-off using a $10 per oz Ag and $0.70 per lb Pb price
 
I
 
Navidad 2009 Mineral Resource estimates above a 1 oz Ag cut-off
 
J
 
Navidad 2009 Mineral Resource estimates above a 50 g/t Ag cut-off
 
K
 
Grade tonnage curves for the Navidad April 2009 Mineral Resource estimates above a range of Ag equivalent cut-off grades
 

 


   February 2010   10 of 249
 

 
 
 
Pan American Silver Corp:
 
 
 
1
Summary
 
 
This Technical Report refers to the Navidad Project, an advanced stage silver-lead mineral exploration project located in Chubut Province, Argentina, owned by Pan American Silver Corp. (Pan American) through its subsidiary Aquiline Resources Inc. (Aquiline), who in turn conduct business in Argentina through its subsidiaries Minera Aquiline Argentina S.A. (Minera Aquiline), and Minera Argenta S. A.. Pan American is a silver mining company based in Canada and listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX:PAA) and on NASDAQ (PAAS).
 
The Supreme Court of British Columbia awarded ownership of the Navidad Project to Minera Aquiline on 14 July 2006 following a court case with IMA Exploration Inc. (IMA) where IMA was found to have breached a Confidentiality Agreement with Minera Normandy Argentina S.A. (Minera Normandy), then a subsidiary of Newmont Mining Corporation. Minera Normandy was subsequently acquired by Aquiline and its name was changed to Minera Aquiline. IMA appealed the trial court decision to the Appeal Court of British Columbia which denied the appeal in reasons for judgment dated 7 June 2007.  In September 2007 IMA submitted an Application for Leave to Appeal to the Supreme Court of Canada. Sole ownership rights were granted to Aquiline by the Supreme Court of Canada on 20 December 2007, subject to Aquiline making payment to IMA which would reimburse the latter for its accrued exploration expenditures up to the July 2006 court decision. Aquiline’s final payment to IMA was made on 8 February 2008 giving Aquiline full ownership of the Project.
 
On 14 October 2009, Pan American announced a friendly offer to acquire all of the issued and outstanding securities of Aquiline. On 7 December 2009, Pan American acquired approximately 85% of the issued and outstanding shares of Aquiline and extended its bid to 22 December 2009, and on that latter date, Pan American took up an additional approximately 7% of the issued and outstanding shares in the capital of Aquiline. Since the offer to acquire the Aquiline shares was accepted by holders of more than 90% of the Aquiline shares, on 23 December 2009, Pan American provided notice to the remaining shareholders of its intention to exercise its right to acquire the remaining issued and outstanding Aquiline shares pursuant to the compulsory acquisition provisions of the Business Corporation Act (Ontario). Pan American was deemed to have acquired the balance of the Aquiline shares not already owned by it pursuant to the compulsory acquisition on or about 22 January 2010.
 
As a result of its acquisition of Aquiline, Pan American is required to file a technical report on the Navidad Project pursuant to NI 43-101. This Technical Report is prepared to fulfil this requirement and is based on information disclosed in the Technical Report filed on SEDAR by Aquiline on 2 June 2009, and dated May 2009, amended June 2009 (Snowden, 2009). There are no other material changes to the Navidad Project to report aside from the acquisition of Aquiline by Pan American.
 
The June 2009 Technical Report (Snowden, 2009) disclosed recently updated Mineral Resources at the Calcite NW, Calcite Hill, Navidad Hill, Connector Zone, Galena Hill, Barite Hill, and Loma de La Plata, and disclosed the first Mineral Resource for Valle Esperanza at the Navidad Project. The amended report dated June 2009 included the assay results of independent samples selected by Snowden in April 2009, which were not available at the time of the original filing on SEDAR in May, 2009.
 
Mineral Resource estimates were reported at the Navidad Property (Table 1.1) effective April 2009. Tonnes and grades were reported above a cut-off grade of 50 g/t silver
 
 
   February 2010   11 of 249

 
 
Pan American Silver Corp:
 
 
 
equivalent. To date, no analysis has been made to determine the economic cut-off grade that will ultimately be applied to the whole Navidad Project. Silver equivalence was calculated using three year rolling average prices for silver ($12.52 per oz) and an approximate ten year rolling average price for lead ($0.50 per lb). The following formula, which does not include any other factors such as variable metal recoveries, was applied to reach the silver equivalent value:  AgEQ(g/t) = Ag(g/t) + (Pb(%) × 10,000/365).
 
The deposit areas at Navidad occur within a sedimentary package known as the Cañadón Asfalto Formation hosting an intermediate volcanic rock identified as trachyandesite, referred to locally as latite. Lithologies described as the Cañadón Asfalto may occur both above and below intercalated bodies of latite. The entire sequence is interpreted to have been deposited within a lacustrine basin environment.
 
A group of eight individual deposits and six prospects have been identified at the project and seven of these have been the subject of previous Mineral Resource estimates (Snowden 2006a, Snowden 2006b, and Snowden, 2007). All of these deposits are either hosted in the latite unit itself or in the sedimentary sequence proximal to the latite. Base metals, principally lead and to a lesser extent copper, are typically present but are largely not significant in quantity except at Galena Hill. There has been virtually no gold detected to date.
 
Since the filing of the November 2007 Technical Report, additional geochemical and geophysical surveys plus 367 diamond drillholes totalling 92,540 m have been done on the Project. The geophysical surveys over the core area of the property have included gravity, deep-array pole-dipole IP, CSAMT, and a high definition ground magnetometer survey. At Navidad only the latter technique has shown some continued promise as an exploration guide through the interpretation of the detailed structural setting in the district.
 
The drilling programme continued to yield significant results during the past 18 months, and of particular significance is the discovery of the Valle Esperanza deposit which in this estimate contains in the Indicated category 12.2 Mt at a grade of 172 g/t Ag, above a cut-off grade of 50 g/t AgEQ. In the Inferred category, the deposit contains 10.8 Mt at a grade of 123 g/t Ag above the same cut-off grade. The grade, geometry, and depth of this deposit are such that underground mining is a potential option.
 
Early metallurgical testing of Galena Hill has proved that differential flotation was effective in producing a lead concentrate and silver-rich concentrate, although it was recommended significant work was required to increase overall silver recovery and improve the quality of the concentrate for sale. Subsequent analysis of the pyrite concentrate mineralogy (XPS, 2007) identified the potential to upgrade the concentrate by inserting cleaning and entrainment controls into the circuit such as froth washing and column flotation, that improve concentrate grades by a factor of 2.5.
 
Initial metallurgical testing of Loma de La Plata proved highly successful especially as recovery of silver exceeded 80% and the concentrate was high in silver (around 50 kg/t Ag), but low in lead with a combined base metal (copper plus lead) content of 15% to 25%. Subsequent efforts were directed at testing the variability of the deposit in support of a Preliminary Economic Assessment of Loma de La Plata only. The test work at both G&T and XPS concluded that Loma de La Plata ore responds well to flotation, with high recoveries and concentrate grades. A simple crushing, grinding, and single product flotation concentrator was proposed for the PEA, and the concentrate sold to an offshore copper smelter with minor penalties for lead.
 
 
 
   February 2010   12 of 249

 
Pan American Silver Corp:
 
 
With the discovery of Valle Esperanza and its similarity in mineralisation style to Loma de La Plata, metallurgical testing was expanded to incorporate deposits likely to produce a high-value silver concentrate with low lead content. Testing of Valle Esperanza and Barite Hill samples yielded satisfactory results, and as with Loma de La Plata, silver recoveries of 80% or better appear likely. The concentrate grades from Valle Esperanza are particularly high (over 50 kg/t Ag to 60 kg/t Ag), while those from Barite Hill are also satisfactory containing 20 kg/t Ag to 25 kg/t Ag. However, the individual concentrates contain high levels of penalty elements such as arsenic and antimony. Mr. Wells believes that Loma de La Plata, Barite Hill, and Valle Esperanza can all be treated in the same, simple, one-product concentrator.
 
The testing of Loma de La Plata is likely to be sufficient to support a Feasibility Study. A large quantity of core has been kept in sealed bags and is sufficient for a pilot plant test should this be considered necessary.
 
The Preliminary Economic Assessment of Loma de La Plata (Snowden, 2008), concluded the development of Loma de La Plata would deliver a pre-tax NPV at 7.5% of US$135.6 million, and internal rate of return (IRR) of 22%, and a 25 month payback period.
 
 

 
   February 2010   13 of 249
 

 
Pan American Silver Corp:
 

 

 
Table 1.1
Navidad April 2009 Mineral Resources reported above a cut-off grade of 50 g/t AgEQ
 
 
Deposit
Classification
Tonnes
(Mt)
AgEQ g/t
Ag g/t
Pb%
Cu%
Contained Ag (Moz)
Contained Pb (Mlb)
Contained Cu (Mlb)
Calcite Hill NW
Measured
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
 
Indicated
14.8
94
78
0.59
-
37
194
-
 
Meas. + Ind.
14.8
94
78
0.59
-
37
194
-
 
Inferred
14.6
74
52
0.82
-
24
265
-
Calcite Hill
Measured
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
 
Indicated
17.5
115
100
0.55
-
56
212
-
 
Meas. + Ind.
17.5
115
100
0.55
-
56
212
-
 
Inferred
4.9
106
96
0.36
-
15
39
-
Navidad Hill
Measured
8.4
122
109
0.46
-
29
85
-
 
Indicated
5.6
96
90
0.24
-
16
29
-
 
Meas. + Ind.
14
112
101
0.37
-
45
114
-
 
Inferred
1.8
81
70
0.41
-
4
16
-
Connector Zone
Measured
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
 
Indicated
8.2
102
91
0.41
-
24
74
-
 
Meas. + Ind.
8.2
102
91
0.41
-
24
74
-
 
Inferred
9.9
88
74
0.49
-
24
107
-
Galena Hill
Measured
7
242
170
2.62
-
38
404
-
 
Indicated
44.7
166
117
1.78
-
168
1,754
-
 
Meas. + Ind.
51.7
176
124
1.89
-
206
2,158
-
 
Inferred
1.7
116
80
1.35
-
4
50
-
 
 
 
   February 2010   14 of 249
 

 
 
 
Pan American Silver Corp:
 
 
 
 
 
Deposit
Classification
Tonnes
(Mt)
AgEQ g/t
Ag g/t
Pb%
Cu%
Contained Ag (Moz)
Contained Pb (Mlb)
Contained Cu (Mlb)
Barite Hill
Measured
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
 
Indicated
7.7
161
153
0.28
-
38
48
-
 
Meas. + Ind.
7.7
161
153
0.28
-
38
48
-
 
Inferred
0.9
100
81
0.69
-
2
13
-
Loma de La Plata
Measured
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
 
Indicated
29.1
172
169
0.09
0.05
158
58
33
 
Meas. + Ind.
29.1
172
169
0.09
0.05
158
58
33
 
Inferred
1.3
82
76
0.21
0.05
3
6
1
Valle Esperanza
Measured
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
 
Indicated
12.2
178
172
0.21
-
68
56
-
 
Meas. + Ind.
12.2
178
172
0.21
-
68
56
-
 
Inferred
10.8
133
123
0.35
-
43
84
-
Total
Measured
15.4
177
137
1.44
0
67
489
0
 
Indicated
139.8
147
126
0.79
0.05
565
2,425
33
 
Meas. + Ind.
155.2
150
127
0.85
0.05
632
2,914
33
 
Inferred
45.9
97
81
0.57
0.05
119
580
1
Notes:
The most likely cut-off grade for these deposits is not known at this time and must be confirmed by the appropriate economic studies.
Silver equivalent grade values are calculated without consideration of variable metal recoveries for silver and lead. A silver price of US$12.52/oz and lead price of US$0.50/lb was used to derive an equivalence formula of AgEQ g/t = Ag g/t + (Pb% × 10,000 / 365). Silver prices are based on a three-year rolling average and lead prices are based on an approximate ten-year rolling average.
The estimated metal content does not include any consideration of mining, mineral processing, or metallurgical recoveries.
Tonnes, ounces, and pounds have been rounded and this may have resulted in minor discrepancies in the totals.
Mineral Resources that are not Mineral Reserves do not have demonstrated economic viability. No Mineral Reserves have been estimated.
The estimate of Mineral Resources may be materially affected by environmental, permitting, legal, title, taxation, socio-political, marketing, or other relevant issues.

 
 
   February 2010   15 of 249
 

 
 
 
Pan American Silver Corp:

 
 
 
Measured and Indicated Mineral Resources silver ounces have increased by 40% since the November 2007 Mineral Resource estimate. This increase is mainly contributed by the upgrade of Inferred resources to Indicated resources, defined during infill drilling at Loma de La Plata. Valle Esperanza is now estimated to contain the largest Inferred resource of the Project.  With additional infill drilling on 50 m sections at Valle Esperanza, the conversion rate of Inferred resources to Indicated resources is anticipated to be as high as that experienced at the other deposits at the Project.
 
No Mineral Reserves have been estimated at this time. Additional studies will be required to determine technical, economic, legal, environmental, socio-economic, and governmental factors. These modifying factors are normally included in a mining feasibility study and are a pre-requisite for conversion of Mineral Resources to, and reporting of, Mineral Reserves. The CIM Standards (CIM, 2005) describe completion of a Preliminary Feasibility Study as the minimum prerequisite for the conversion of Mineral Resources to Mineral Reserves.
 
The following recommendations are made for the further advancement of the Project:
 
 
·
Continue metallurgical definition of the deposits with particular emphasis on Galena Hill, which hosts 30% of the Indicated Resource silver ounces as well as 2,158 Mlb of lead in the Measured and Indicated categories.
 
 
·
Using the Loma de La Plata Preliminary Economic Assessment study as a model, develop an expanded model to include Valle Esperanza and Barite Hill as sources of high-grade silver concentrates with relatively low base metal content.
 
 
·
Develop a global Preliminary Economic Assessment that takes all deposits into consideration with emphasis on an optimum extended mine life.
 
 
·
Continue selective exploration of the best targets in the core project area that have Loma de La Plata or Valle Esperanza type potential. The continued exploration in the extended Valle Esperanza Valley is one of the highest priority areas.
 
 
·
Continue to evaluate and prioritise the various mining concessions that Pan American controls along the Gastre Fault structural trend.
 
 
·
Continue to advance the Navidad environmental base line studies in anticipation of an eventual filing of the appropriate environmental impact statement (EIS). In the short term Pan American plans to engage an international-level consultant to conduct a baseline review and plan the outstanding baseline work to complete the environmental impact assessment (EIA) for the proposed mine. This consultant would conduct an independent evaluation and consult with the Chubut Provincial authorities. The consultant would then assist with baseline studies and ultimately be responsible for preparation of the mine EIA.
 
 
·
Pan American should continue and increase efforts to explain and present the Navidad Project to the authorities in the Chubut Provincial government, especially stressing the benefits in employment, infrastructure, and tax revenue that would accrue to the community if the authorities were to rescind legislation that currently prohibits open pit mining.
 
  Pan American should continue to implement their proposed continuous improvement practices on diamond drilling, QAQC, sampling, density determinations, and resource modelling aspects at the Project, including:
 
 
 
   February 2010   16 of 249
 

 
 
Pan American Silver Corp:

 
 
 
·
Survey all drillholes regardless of their orientation, with the first measurement taken at the collar of the drillhole, to ensure that the spatial location of mineralisation is well defined.
 
 
·
Continue to refine the effectiveness of the QAQC database through more accurate documentation of the QAQC sample type and the analytical method, and by following the recommendations made by Smee (2008); these recommendations are being implemented.
 
 
·
Determine the density of drill core prior to splitting with a diamond saw to reduce the error in the calculation introduced by a small sample size. Samples should be coated with a material such as wax or varnish to prevent water retention in the sample from influencing the calculated specific gravity value. Samples should be selected according to a representative suite of lithologies, mineralisation, and alteration types, through spatially representative locations throughout the area covered by drilling. The representativity can be confirmed by consulting the number of density determinations tabulated by grade estimation domain for each deposit in Table 17.10, and increasing the number of density samples in domains with low sample numbers relative to the number of sample assays in the domain. Spatial representativity can be confirmed by plotting the location of specific gravity samples on the drillhole trace in plan and in section.
 
 
·
Further refine the geological interpretation to incorporate all available geological information, including surface mapping (including the position of outcropping mineralisation), geophysical information, structural information, and core logging detail in digital, three dimensional format.
 
 
·
Continue the modelling of fault interpretations for use in future resource estimations.
 
 
·
Undertake a study of the differences between the oxide and sulphide zones for modelling in future resource estimations.
 
 
Snowden further recommends that Pan American undertake a drillhole spacing study at Loma de La Plata using conditional simulation to quantify the optimal drillhole spacing required to achieve a range of estimation qualities. Some close-spaced drilling should be performed in a representative mineralised domain to characterise the short-range behaviour of the mineralisation. Aquiline has already drilled 23 holes at Loma de La Plata in anticipation of such a drillhole spacing study. The outcome of this approach would be an understanding of the degree of grade estimation error associated with particular volumes of mineralisation for a range of drillhole spacing patterns. The grade estimation error and other important aspects of the project data, described in Section 17.10, are considered while assigning Mineral Resource confidence categories.
 
Pan American plans to proceed to an expanded Preliminary Economic Assessment (PEA) of the Navidad Project, using the Loma de La Plata PEA study published in October 2008 as a basis (Snowden, 2008), focussing on deposits that are likely to produce a high-value silver concentrate with low lead content and maximise the operational mine life. The study will utilise the updated resource models produced as part of this report, in addition to the metallurgical testing of Valle Esperanza and Barite Hill. A more detailed evaluation of the market for silver/copper concentrates is also required. In addition to examining open pit mining methods, those deposits with likely
 
 
 
   February 2010   17 of 249
 

 
 
Pan American Silver Corp:

 
high strip ratio cutbacks such as Valle Esperanza, Loma de La Plata, and Barite Hill will be evaluated for extraction by underground methods.
 
More test work with fresh core samples is essential to take Barite Hill and Valle Esperanza to Feasibility Study level to enable Bond Mill work indices to be determined, further tailings settling tests and potential penalty elements including arsenic and antimony.
 
Further studies of Galena Hill will focus on developing a programme to test the metallurgical variability of the deposit including initial modelling of the geo-metallurgical domains and designing the drill programme for fresh samples. The design of the metallurgical test programme should incorporate opportunities for improving concentrate quality already identified.
 
Continued exploration in the company’s land package in the Navidad district will be directed towards additional Jurassic-age basins in the Gastre structural corridor with Cañadón Asfalto lithologies. Geochemical sampling techniques should be effective tools to efficiently explore these basins. The distribution of associated potassic-style alteration such as adularia within the regional basins may be detected through the interpretation of the 2008 airborne radiometric survey.
 
Approximately US$500,000 was expended per month in Argentina on the exploration programme and related activities for the Navidad Property in 2009. Pan American will continue exploration drilling on several open or new targets along the mineralised trends. Infill drilling is planned for Loma de la Plata, Valle Esperanza, Barite Hill, and Galena Hill during 2010. These drillholes will also provide new samples for metallurgical analysis. Additional condemnation and geotechnical drilling is planned for potential future infrastructure sites.
 
 
 
   February 2010   18 of 249
 

 
 
Pan American Silver Corp:
 
 
2
Introduction
 
 
This Technical Report has been prepared by Snowden Mining Industry Consultants Inc. (Snowden) for Pan American Silver Corp. (Pan American), in compliance with the disclosure requirements of Canadian National Instrument 43-101 (NI 43-101), to disclose relevant information about the Navidad Project.  This information has resulted from the acquisition of Aquiline Resources Inc. (Aquiline) by Pan American. On 14 October 2009, Pan American announced a friendly offer to acquire all of the issued and outstanding securities of Aquiline. On 7 December 2009, Pan American acquired approximately 85% of the issued and outstanding shares of Aquiline and extended its bid to 22 December 2009, and on that latter date, Pan American took up an additional approximately 7% of the issued and outstanding shares in the capital of Aquiline. Since the offer to acquire the Aquiline shares was accepted by holders of more than 90% of the Aquiline shares, on 23 December 2009, Pan American provided notice to the remaining shareholders of its intention to exercise its right to acquire the remaining issued and outstanding Aquiline shares pursuant to the compulsory acquisition provisions of the Business Corporation Act (Ontario). Pursuant to the compulsory acquisition, Pan American has been deemed to have acquired the balance of the Aquiline shares not already owned by it on or about 22 January 2010.
 
As a result of its acquisition of Aquiline, Pan American is required to file a technical report on the Navidad Project pursuant to NI 43-101. This Technical Report is prepared to fulfil this requirement and is based on information disclosed in the Technical Report filed on SEDAR by Aquiline on 2 June 2009, and dated May 2009, amended June 2009 (Snowden, 2009). There are no other material changes to the Navidad Project to report aside from the acquisition of Aquiline by Pan American.
 
The June 2009 Technical Report (Snowden, 2009) was prepared to disclose information from additional Mineral Resource delineation drilling, Mineral Resource estimations, exploration drilling, and metallurgical test work completed since the previous Technical Reports (Snowden 2006a, Snowden 2006b, and Snowden, 2007). The June 2009 Technical Report was intended to disclose recently updated Mineral Resources at the Calcite NW, Calcite Hill, Navidad Hill, Connector Zone, Galena Hill, Barite Hill, Loma de La Plata, and Valle Esperanza deposits at the Navidad Project. The amended report dated June 2009 included the assay results of independent samples selected by Snowden in April 2009, which were not available at the time of the original filing on SEDAR in May, 2009.
 
The Supreme Court of British Columbia awarded ownership of the Navidad Project to Minera Aquiline on 14 July 2006 following a court case with IMA Exploration Inc. (IMA) where IMA was found to have breached a Confidentiality Agreement with Minera Normandy Argentina S.A. (Minera Normandy), then a subsidiary of Newmont Mining Corporation. Minera Normandy was subsequently acquired by Aquiline and its name was changed to Minera Aquiline. IMA appealed the trial court decision to the Appeal Court of British Columbia which denied the appeal in reasons for judgment dated 7 June 2007.  In September 2007 IMA submitted an Application for Leave to Appeal to the Supreme Court of Canada. Sole ownership rights were granted to Aquiline by the Supreme Court of Canada on 20 December 2007, subject to Aquiline making payment to IMA which would reimburse the latter for its accrued exploration expenditures up to the July 2006 court decision. Aquiline’s final payment to IMA was made on 8 February 2008 giving Aquiline full ownership of the Project.
 
 
   February 2010   19 of 249
 

 
 
Pan American Silver Corp:
 
 
Pan American is a silver mining company based in Canada and listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX:PAA) and NASDAQ (PAAS).
 
Unless otherwise stated, information and data contained in this report or used in its preparation has been provided by Aquiline and Pan American. This Technical Report has been compiled from sources cited in the text by Ms. Pamela De Mark, P. Geo., Senior Consultant at Snowden, and under the supervision of Snowden by Mr. John J. Chulick, formerly Vice President of Exploration at Aquiline, Mr. Dean K. Williams, formerly Chief Geologist at Aquiline, Mr. Damian Spring, Chief Mining Engineer at Aquiline, and by John A. Wells, consultant metallurgist. Ms. De Mark, Mr. Chulick, Mr. Williams, Mr. Spring, and Mr. Wells are Qualified Persons as defined by NI 43-101. Ms. De Mark visited the Navidad Project site in September 2007 and in April 2009.  The responsibilities of each author are provided in Table 2.1.
 
This report is intended to be used by Pan American subject to the terms and conditions of its contract with Snowden. That contract permits filing this report as a Technical Report with Canadian Securities Regulatory Authorities pursuant to provincial securities legislation. Except for the purposes legislated under provincial securities laws any other use of this report by any third party is at that party’s sole risk.
 
Reliance on the report may only be assessed and placed after due consideration of Snowden’s scope of work, as described herein. This report is intended to be read as a whole, and sections or parts thereof should therefore not be read or relied upon out of context. Any results or findings presented in this study, whether in full or excerpted, may not be reproduced or distributed in any form without Snowden’s written authorisation.
 
 
 
 
Table 2.1
Responsibilities of each co-author
 
 
Author
Responsible for section/s
 
Dean K. Williams
7: Geological setting; 8: Deposit types
 
John J. Chulick
4: Property description and location; 6: History; 9: Mineralisation; 10: Exploration; 11: Drilling; 12: Sampling method and approach; 13: Sample preparation, analyses, and security; 15: Adjacent properties
 
John A. Wells
16: Mineral processing and metallurgical testing
 
Damian Spring
18: Other relevant data and information
 
Pamela De Mark
All other sections
 
Unless otherwise stated, all currencies are expressed in US dollars ($). Coordinates for the Navidad Project grid, including drill coordinates referred to in this Technical Report are in the Gauss Kruger projection, Zone 2, relative to the Campo Inchauspe datum. Mining claims are registered using the Gauss Kruger projection, Zone 2, relative to the WGS 84 datum.

 
   February 2010   20 of 249
 

 
 
Pan American Silver Corp:
 
 
 
3
Reliance on other experts
 
There has been no reliance on experts who are not Qualified Persons in the preparation of this report except for information cited in Section 15 regarding Adjacent Properties, where unverified information has been obtained from the company website of Patagonia Gold Plc. at www.patagoniagold.com.

 
   February 2010   21 of 249
 

 
 
Pan American Silver Corp:
 

 
4
Property description and location
 
 
Information in this section has been sourced from Snowden (2009).
 
The Navidad Project is located in Gastre Department in the Province of Chubut, southern Argentina, at approximately 42°24′54″S and 68°49′12″W.
 
 
4.1
Land tenure
 
 
 
The Navidad Property is divided into four property claims (registration numbers 14340/04, 14341/04, 14902/06, and 14903/06), each of which is 2,500 ha in area. Additional Aquiline Property claims held or applied for in the name of Minera Argenta S. A. and Minera Aquiline Argentina S.A. in Chubut Province are shown in Table 4.1 and Table 4.2. A plan of the tenements held by Pan American in Chubut Province is shown in Figure 4.1.
 
In Argentina, exploration concessions are not physically surveyed or staked in the field, but are electronically filed using the Gauss Kruger coordinate system, zone (faja) 2, relative to the WGS 84 datum. There are three levels of mineral rights (which do not include surface rights):
 
 
 
·
Cateo – an exploration permit granting any mineral discoveries on the cateo to the applicant. Cateos are measured in units of 500 ha, with a minimum of one unit (500 ha) and a maximum of 20 units (10,000 ha) granted to any holder. Cateo units must be reduced over time relative to the number of units held; the maximum duration for any granted cateo is three years. The holder may conduct prospecting, mapping, sampling, and geophysical surveys, and drilling and trenching after notifying the mining office of the exploration plan.
 
 
·
Manifestacion de Descubrimiento (MD) – once mineralisation is discovered on a cateo, the cateo lease expires and the permit is upgraded to a manifestacion. The maximum area of a manifestacion is 7,000 ha. A basic environmental impact assessment, a physical survey, and boundary markers are required at this stage.
 
 
·
Pertenencia – a lease allowing mining. A physical survey and boundary markers are required.
 
Snowden has not reviewed the land tenure situation and has not independently verified the legal status or ownership of the properties or any agreements that pertain to the Navidad Project. Land tenure aspects have been provided by Aquiline; Snowden has reviewed the information and believes it is reliable.
 
 
 
 
Table 4.1
Tenement details in Chubut Province operated as Minera Argenta S.A.
 
 
Registration number
Property name
Area( ha)
Tenement type*
Property status*
 
14340/04
Navidad Este
2,500
MD
GMD; LL & MC IP
 
14341/04
Navidad Oeste
2,500
MD
GMD; LL & MC IP
 
14352/04
Pampa 1
2,975
MD
GMD; LL & MC IP
 
 
   February 2010   22 of 249
 

 
 
Pan American Silver Corp:
 
 
 
 
Registration number
Property name
Area( ha)
Tenement type*
Property status*
 
14367/04
Colonia Este
1,596
MD
GMD; LL & MC IP
 
14368/04
Colonia Oeste
2,990
MD
GMD; LL & MC IP
 
14369/04
Sierra
3,469
MD
IP
 
14370/04
Sierra 1
2,856
MD
GMD
 
14446/05
Pampa III
2,500
MD
GMD; LL & MC IP
 
14731/05
Sierra Cacique II
3,025
MD
GMD; LL & MC IP
 
14732/05
Sierra Cacique I
3,025
MD
GMD; LL & MC IP
 
14742/05
Carlota 1
3,481
MD
IP
 
14830/06
Sierra Cacique III
3,484
MD
IP
 
14831/06
Sierra Oeste
3,105
MD
IP
 
14832/06
Colonia Este 1
1,622
MD
GMD
 
14833/06
Colonia Este 2
1,596
MD
IP
 
14834/06
Sierra Sur 1
2,840
MD
IP
 
14902/06
Navidad Este 1
2,500
MD
GMD; LL & MC IP
 
14903/06
Navidad Oeste 1
2,500
MD
GMD; LL & MC IP
 
15302/07
Trucha A
2,926
MD
IP
 
15303/07
Alamo A
2,990
MD
IP
 
15304/07
Mara A
2,486
MD
IP
 
15305/07
Mara B
2,486
MD
IP
 
15306/07
Condor C
2,024
MD
IP
 
15307/07
Condor D
1,957
MD
IP
 
15323/07
Trucha B
3,001
MD
IP
 
15426/08
Alamo B
4,752
MD
IP
 
15439/08
Mara C
2,486
MD
IP
 
15455/08
Puente 1
2,499
MD
IP
 
15456/08
Puente 2
2,499
MD
IP
 
15488/08
Carlota 3
3,448
MD
IP
 
15493/08
Nina 3
3,448
MD
IP
 
15525/08
Noelita
9,405
MD
IP
 
15528/08
Julie
3,577
MD
IP
 
15529/08
Navidad 3
2,968
MD
IP
 
15530/08
Navidad II Oeste
2,748
MD
IP
 
15531/08
Navidad II Este
2,365
MD
IP
 
15532/08
Puente 3
6,624
MD
IP
 
 
   February 2010   23 of 249
 

 
 
Pan American Silver Corp:
 
 
 
 
Registration number
Property name
Area( ha)
Tenement type*
Property status*
 
15545/09
Navidad 4
7,000
MD
IP
 
15550/09
Nuevo Condor
4,800
MD
GMD
 
15555/09
Los Loros
8,470
CA
IP
 
*Tenement type codes:
CA = Cateo, exploration permit
MD = Discovery claim (Manifestacion de Descubrimiento), advanced exploration permit
*Property status codes:
IP = In progress. Application submitted
LL = Labour legal, the legal declaration of work that proves existence of mineralisation. Initial process prior to sub-division into mining claims
GMD = Granted discovery claim (Manifestacion de Descubrimiento)
MC = Mining claims (Pertenencias)
JV = Joint venture
 
 
Table 4.2
Tenement details in Chubut Province held in the name of Minera Aquiline Argentina S.A.
 
 
Registration number
Property name
Area( ha)
Tenement type*
Property status*
 
14170/03
Calquitas 1
5,165   
MD
GMD; LL & MC IP
 
14171/03
Calquitas 2
5,150   
MD
GMD; LL & MC IP
 
14728/05
Calquitas 3
6,472   
MD
GMD
 
14729/05
Calquitas 4
4,111   
MD
IP
 
15527/08
Flamingo
5,635   
MD
IP
 
14195/04
Regalo II
10,000   
CA
JV
 
14399/04
Regalo III
7,670   
CA
JV
 
14616/05
Regalito 1
2,500   
MD
JV
 
14617/05
Regalito 2
2,500   
MD
JV
 
14642/05
Regalo IV
2,350   
CA
JV
 
14643/05
Regalo V
4,000   
CA
JV
 
14644/05
Regalo VI
4,200   
CA
JV
 
15053/06
Regalito 3
2,500   
MD
JV
 
15054/06
Regalito 4
2,500   
MD
JV
 
*Tenement Type codes:
CA = Cateo, exploration permit
MD = Discovery claim (Manifestacion de Descubrimiento), advanced exploration permit
*Property status codes:
IP = In progress. Application submitted
LL = Labor legal, the legal declaration of work that proves existence of mineralisation. Initial process prior to sub-division into mining claims
GMD = Granted discovery claim (Manifestacion de Descubrimiento)
 
 
   February 2010   24 of 249
 

 
 
Pan American Silver Corp:

 
 
Registration number
Property name
Area( ha)
Tenement type*
Property status*
 
MC = Mining claims (Pertenencias)
JV = Joint venture
 
 
February 2010   25 of 249
 

 
 
Pan American Silver Corp:
 
 
 
Figure 4.1
Plan of tenements held by Pan American in the province of Chubut
 
 
 
 
February 2010   26 of 249
 

 
 
Pan American Silver Corp:
 
 

 
4.2   Agreements and encumbrances
   
   
Silverstone Resources has rights to 12.5% of the eventual silver produced at Loma de La Plata under a “silver stream” agreement. Pan American has represented that Navidad is not subject to any other royalties, back-in rights, payments, agreements, or encumbrances.
   
   
In 2006 the government of Chubut Province decreed a three year moratorium on all mining activities, including exploration, in the western part of the Province. This moratorium is due to expire on 29 June 2009, and the government of Chubut has publicly declared that it intends to extend the moratorium for another three years. The government asserts this is to enable the completion of a province-wide map of the mineral potential. The Navidad Property lies outside of and to the east of these “no-mining” zones. The government of Chubut Province has also decreed a Province-wide ban on the use of cyanide for mining purposes and the development of open pit mines. The law states that the government of Chubut Province will accept and review mining proposals, including open pit and cyanide based mining operations, on a case by case basis and determine at that point whether permits may be issued.
   
 
4.3   Environmental liabilities
   
   
The Province holds the Property administrator responsible for any potential environmental damage liabilities that may arise.
   
   
Navidad is flanked by the communities of Gastre to the northwest, Gan Gan to the east and Blancuntre and Lagunita Salada to the southwest. Blancuntre is the closest recognised indigenous community to the Project, with approximately 50 indigenous families living within the town and surrounding area.
   
   
Pan American is in the process of completing environmental and social baseline studies for the Project. The bulk of baseline work done to date has been contracted to local Argentine consultants working under the supervision of international firms including Water Management Consultants (WMC)/Schlumberger Water Services, Ground Water International, On Common Ground Consultants Inc., and Klohn Crippen Berger Ltd. Pan American is currently selecting an international consultant that will finalise the baseline work and prepare the future Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for the Project.
   
   
Key studies underway or completed to date include:
   
Climate and air quality
   
Surface and groundwater
   
Water resources
   
Flora, fauna, limnology and ecosystem characterisation
   
Archaeology and palaeontology
   
Soils, geomorphology, and seismic
   
Toxicology and ecotoxicology
   
Noise
   
Acid Rock Drainage
   
Renewable energy
   
Socioeconomic baseline and programs
 
 
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4.4   Permits
   
   
Drilling at the Navidad Project requires a separate permit for each affected tenement valid for one year, subject to the approval of an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS). Pan American is required to submit an EIS which covers the impacts and mitigation/monitoring procedures for the exploration activities, in order to obtain environmental permits. The level of the exploration activity dictates the level of study required.
   
   
The Navidad Project is in an advanced exploration stage involving drilling and trenching activities.  Aquiline submitted the most recent EIS update in 2008 which was approved in January 2010. Until this EIS update was approved the Project operated under the existing valid permit which was modified in 2008.  As a result of the EIS approval, a new drilling permit was issued for a one year period and this new permit allows for the operation of up to eight drill rigs. Rehabilitation of the drilling platforms and impacted areas is carried out throughout the year.
   
   
Water rights are treated separately from environmental permits. Aquiline has permitted two extraction wells for use in exploration activities.
   
   
Depending on overall project timing, Pan American plans to finalise an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment report for the Project and present it to the provincial Chubut Government in 2010. While the Government has publicly indicated its support for the Navidad Project proceeding, the status of a 2003 provincial law banning open pit mining would need to be clarified before permits for mining can be obtained. Other than the legal/political matter raised above, Pan American does not identify any specific or unique environmental or social risks associated with the Navidad site or Project aspirations.

 
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5
Accessibility, climate, local resources, infrastructure, and physiography
   
   
Information in this section has been sourced from Snowden (2009).
   
 
5.1  Accessibility
   
   
The nearest towns to the Property are Gastre, with a population of about 500, 40 km to the northwest, and Gan Gan, with a population of about 600, about 40 km to the east. Both towns are located on Provincial Route 4, a gravel highway that passes just north of the Property. Aquiline established offices, accommodation, and facilities for core storage and logging in Gastre and to a lesser degree in Gan Gan. The Property is accessible year round except in very wet conditions.
   
   
Daily scheduled flights are available from the city of San Carlos de Bariloche, a tourism centre with a population of approximately 100,000, located about 355 km by road to the northwest. Daily flights are also available through Trelew, located about 390 km by road to the southeast near the coast, with a population of approximately 90,000. The nearest airport, which has regularly scheduled flights, is located in Esquel, about four hours drive to the southwest by gravel road. The provincial capital of Rawson, located 20 km east of Trelew, has a population of approximately 23,000. Aquiline established an office from which to advance the technical studies of the Project in Puerto Madryn, a city with a population of approximately 70,000, located 60 km north of Rawson. There are at least three scheduled flights per week between Puerto Madryn and Buenos Aires. Pan American also maintains offices in Buenos Aires and in the regional centre of Ingeniero Jacobacci, which has a population of approximately 8,000, located two hour’s drive to the north of Gastre.
   
 
5.2   Climate
   
   
The climate is semi-arid with average annual temperatures ranging from 1°C to 20°C.  High winds frequently occur from October through December, but may also occur throughout the year.  Annual precipitation averages between 5 mm to 10 mm per month, but during the winter months from May to August, higher accumulations ranging from 15 mm to 20 mm may occur as either rain or snow. Field activities run throughout the year and are not curtailed by weather conditions.
   
 
5.3   Infrastructure and local resources
   
   
Pan American’s base of operation for the Navidad Project is in Gastre. Facilities include offices, modular living facilities, and core-storage warehouses. Communications are provided by land line telephone service, national mobile phone operator, and a satellite internet dish. The modular living facilities provide lodging and meals for up to 20 people. The warehouses include three drill core storage sheds, a logging and sampling shed, metal shop, vehicle workshop, and a regional exploration office. In the logging shed there are four diamond saws used to cut drill core.
   
   
In Gan Gan the company has built two core storage facilities as well as an office on land purchased on the western edge of town in 2007. The office serves as a base of operation for its social and community relations personnel, while the warehouses contain older drill core from the Navidad Property.
   

 
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On the Navidad Property a small camp facility has been installed with electrical power provided by several small generators. Communication is provided by a satellite internet uplink. Other infrastructure on site includes storage areas for drill supplies. There are two water bores authorised by the Chubut Province Hydrology Department to pump water for use with diamond drilling. Water pumping is accomplished by one of two company owned water pumps. To provide access for drilling a total of 26 km of access roads have been constructed on the Property.
   
   
During 2008, the drilling contractor, Boart Longyear, installed a transportable 60-person camp in the Yanquetru Valley, on company-owned land to the south of the Project. The company installed a water tank and sewerage facilities in support of the camp.
   
 
5.4   Land access
   
   
Access to land for drilling and other exploration activities is allowed through outright surface ownership as well as through a series of easement contracts with the remaining surface owners. Aquiline continued land acquisition to facilitate unimpeded land access to the Navidad Project through land swap deals and direct land purchases.
   
   
Pan American reports the current status of its land acquisition process as follows:
   
   
Santana Sarmiento Property: Land swap completed
   
Santana Horacio Property: Direct purchase of land completed
   
Montenegro Succession: Direct purchase of land with agreements signed and title transfer to occur in July 2009
   
Raileff Succession: Land swap agreements signed, titles to be transferred when the IAC (Colonisation Office) grants property to the Raileff family
   
Llanquetru Eleuterio Property: In progress
   
   
Figure 5.1 shows a plan of the properties now owned by Pan American shaded in red, while agreed sales transactions or negotiations continue on the properties shaded in green. The blue outlines represent the previous cateos, now re-applied for as Manifestaciones de Discubrimientos (MD), while the dashed bold blue line represents the MDs covering the main area of the Project. The properties previously owned by Sarmiento and Horacio Santana contain the Loma de La Plata Project and the favoured sites for the associated waste dump, tailings dam, and concentrator (Snowden, 2008).

 
 
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Figure 5.1          Navidad surface landholders with status of negotiations or agreements



 
5.5   Physiography
   
   
The Property is located in the Patagonian Plateau region with steppe vegetation characterised by low and compact bushes of grass and by stocky shrubs of less than a metre high. Elevation ranges from 1,060 m to 1,460 m with gentle topographic relief interrupted by local structurally controlled ridges.

 
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6    History
   
   
Information in this section has been sourced from Snowden (2009), which excerpted and updated from Cuburu (2007).
   
   
The first exploration programme that included the Navidad Project area consisted of a preliminary regional geochemical sampling programme conducted by Normandy Argentina (Normandy) in mid 2000 to locate additional deposits to supplement those known at its Calcatreu Property, a gold and silver deposit located approximately 80 km from Navidad. The programme consisted of 1,200 bulk leach extractable gold (BLEG) stream sediment samples taken from drainage systems overlying Jurassic volcanic rocks in Chubut Province in the general vicinity of Calcatreu, Mina Angela, Gastre, Lagunita Salada, Gan Gan, and other areas. This programme took place on what was then considered open exploration ground, and resulted in the identification by Normandy of various anomalies, including the Flamingo Prospect and Sacanana, which is today known as Navidad.
   
   
In January and February 2002, Newmont Mining (Newmont) purchased Normandy’s worldwide mining interests, and in March 2002, Newmont decided to sell all of its interests in Argentina.  In September 2002, IMA signed a confidentiality agreement (Confidentiality Agreement) in order to obtain a copy of the Information Brochure and technical data related to Newmont's Argentinean interests, which included the Calcatreu Project. In December 2002, IMA applied for an exploration concession (cateo) over the area formerly known as Sacanana and now known as Navidad, utilising and relying upon the Normandy BLEG data (known as BLEG A), and began undertaking a regional exploration programme over the Navidad area, including regional mapping and sampling. From December 2002 to July 2006, IMA conducted diamond drilling, geochemical sampling, geophysical exploration, and Mineral Resource estimates at Navidad.
   
   
In January 2003 Aquiline entered into an agreement with Newmont, which was completed in July 2003, to purchase all of the shares of Normandy and Newmont’s 100% interest in Calcatreu, and acquired all of Newmont’s assets including the BLEG A data. In May 2003 Aquiline reviewed the BLEG A data and found that the ground covered by the BLEG A data had already been claimed by IMA. After failure to receive a credible response from IMA as to how they could otherwise have made a legitimate discovery at Navidad without having breached the terms of the Confidentiality Agreement, Aquiline went on to file suit in the Supreme Court of British Columbia in March 2004.
   
   
The Supreme Court of British Columbia awarded ownership of the Navidad Project to Aquiline on 14 July 2006 following a court case with IMA where IMA was found to have breached the Confidentiality Agreement. IMA subsequently appealed to the Court of Appeal for British Columbia, but lost the appeal by unanimous decision in June 2007. An Application for Leave to Appeal to the Supreme Court of Canada was filed by IMA in September 2007. Sole ownership rights were granted to Aquiline by the Supreme Court of Canada on 20 December 2007, subject to Aquiline making payment to IMA which would reimburse the latter for its accrued exploration expenditures up to the July 2006 court decision. Aquiline’s final payment to IMA was made on 8 February 2008, giving Aquiline full ownership of the Project.
   
   
Since October 2006, Aquiline undertook diamond drilling, geophysical and geochemical exploration, metallurgical test work, resource estimates (Snowden, 2007), including the
     

 
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2009 Mineral Resource estimate, and a Preliminary Economic Assessment for Loma de La Plata (Snowden, 2008).
   
   
On 14 October 2009, Pan American announced a friendly offer to acquire all of the issued and outstanding securities of Aquiline. On 7 December 2009, Pan American acquired approximately 85% of the issued and outstanding shares of Aquiline and extended its bid to 22 December 2009, and on that latter date, Pan American took up an additional approximately 7% of the issued and outstanding shares in the capital of Aquiline. Since the offer to acquire the Aquiline shares was accepted by holders of more than 90% of the Aquiline shares, on 23 December 2009, Pan American provided notice to the remaining shareholders of its intention to exercise its right to acquire the remaining issued and outstanding Aquiline shares pursuant to the compulsory acquisition provisions of the Business Corporation Act (Ontario). Pursuant to the compulsory acquisition, Pan American has been deemed to have acquired the balance of the Aquiline shares not already owned by it on or about 22 January 2010.

 
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7           Geological setting
   
   
Information in this section has been sourced from Snowden (2009).
   
 
7.1   Regional geology
   
   
The Navidad Project is located on the southwest edge of the Northern Patagonia Massif in southern Argentina. This boundary of the massif is coincident with the “Gastre Fault System”, which was originally interpreted as a large-scale dextral shear zone (Figure 7.1). This mega-structural feature is now believed to be the result of continental-scale northeast to southwest extension that produced through down-faulting a series of northwest to southeast trending half grabens and tectonic basins. (von Gosen et. al. 2004)
   
   
Granitoid rocks of the basement in northern Chubut Province belong to the Palaeozoic age Mamil Choique and Lipetren formations. Locally these rocks are exposed at surface in windows through the overlying Mesozoic age volcanic and sedimentary rocks. At Navidad the Mesozoic sequence consists of the Lonco Trapial Formation and overlying Cañadón Asfalto Formation. The latter of these formations hosts the Navidad mineralisation.
   
   
Chubut Province was tectonically active during the Jurassic with abundant evidence of syn-sedimentary faulting observed in the Cañadón Asfalto Formation. Continued post- sediment tectonic activity resulted in the faulting, tilting, and local folding of the Lonco Trapial and Cañadón Asfalto formation stratigraphies. This resulted in the formation of a series of northwest trending half and full horsts and grabens.
   
   
Overlying these tilted Jurassic age volcanics and sediments are the generally flat lying sediments and pyroclastic rocks of the Cretaceous age Chubut Group Formation. To the east and south these are covered by Tertiary age plateau basalts.

 
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Figure 7.1     Regional geology plan




 
7.2   Local geology
   
   
The local geology as shown in Figure 7.2 consists of exposures of the Palaeozoic age Mamil Choique Formation along the western side of the map area. This unit is composed of red and grey granitoids and aplite dykes with quartz-rich pegmatites.

 
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These crystalline basement rocks are overlain by Jurassic age rocks of the Lonco Trapial and Cañadón Asfalto formations. These formations are unconformably overlain by the Cretaceous age Chubut Group of the Cerro Barcino Formation of continental sandstones, conglomerates and tuffs and by plateau basalts of the Miocene age Pire Mahuida Volcanic Complex.
   
   
The contact between the Mamil Choique Formation basement rocks and the volcanic rocks of the Lonco Trapial Formation is located 6.5 km southwest of the Navidad Trend.

 
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Figure 7.2    Local geology plan from Andolino (1999)
 
 
   
 
 
Units present in Navidad Project Area listed below:
39 Alluvial and colluvial deposits, fine to medium sands, silts and clays subordinate; disperse boulders
38 Deposits in lows and lakes. Silts and clays; salts
36 Deposits that cover undifferentiated layers. Sands, gravels and silts
35 Deposits that cover the second layer in the Gan Gan low. Sands, gravels and silts
34 Deposits that cover the first layer in the Gan Gan low. Sands, gravels and silts
30 Pire Mahuida Volcanic Complex. Basalts (flows), nepheline
16 Colhué Huapi Formation (continental). Tuffs, lapilli tuffs and sinters
13 Catán Lil Ignimbrites. Rhyolitic ignimbrites.
10 La Colonia Formation. (continental, lagunal, marine). Pelites; subordinate fine sandstones
7 Chubut Group – Cerro Barcino Formation (continental). Sandstones, conglomerates and tuffs
6 Cañadón Asfalto Formation (continental lacustrine). Fine sandstones, limestones and volcanics
 
 
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4 Lonco Trapial Formation. Ignimbrites, andesites, porphyritic andesites, andesite breccias
3 Garamilla Formation. Ignimbrites and rhyolite lavas and dacites
1 Mamil Choique Formation. Red and grey granites; sheared granites 1a: Aplite dykes and quartz
(translated from the original Spanish by Lhotka, 2003)
 
 
 
   
7.2.1     Lonco Trapial and Garamilla formations
   
   
The Lonco Trapial Formation is the oldest Jurassic age unit located in the vicinity of the Navidad Project area. It forms the northeast contact with the exposed batholithic rocks of the Mamil Choique Formation. The unit is characterised by lavas and volcanic breccias of intermediate composition. Locally it may become intercalated with the typically more felsic and pyroclastic rocks of the Garamilla Formation.  This latter unit consists of multiple pyroclastic flow events and reworked volcaniclastics.
   
   
7.2.2     Cañadón Asfalto Formation
   
   
This unit stratigraphically overlies the Lonco Trapial and Garamilla formations. Within the portion of the government geologic map shown in Figure 7.2, the spatial distribution of this unit is restricted to the area immediately surrounding the Navidad Project and an area on strike to the southeast in the lower right hand corner of the map.  The formation consists of lacustrine sedimentary rocks, which grade laterally and vertically from lower arkose basal conglomerates and sandstones to greywacke that give way to mudstones at higher stratigraphic levels. Interbedded with both the arkose, greywacke and shales are thin horizons of carbonaceous marls and limestone, some of which contain stromatolites.
   
   
Within the sedimentary sequence are three distinguishable volcanic lava flows. These appear conformable to the sedimentary stratigraphy and are believed to have been emplaced in sub-areal to sub-aqueous environments. Pyroclastic and phreatic-magmatic events precede the extrusion of the latter two lavas. Evidence of these events is preserved as pyroclastic horizons within the volcanic-sedimentary sequence and what is interpreted to be a maar – diatreme complex. The lavas consist of an intermediate composition rock referred to as andesite and two trachyandesite units referred to as the Lower and Upper latite units. The lower of these units is distinguishable from the upper by the ubiquitous presence of monolithic xenoliths in the former.
   
   
No obvious intrusive rocks are identified within the Project area with the exception of feeder dikes of the Lower Latite unit. The present interpretation is that the latite units are the product of volcanic lava flows and flow breccias, though at Navidad Hill, the base of the latite has so far not been found by drilling, leaving open the possibility of a dome in this area.
   
   
7.2.3     Depositional setting
   
   
The rocks of the Lonco Trapial and Cañadón Asfalto formations were deposited into an actively subsiding tectonic basin. Sub-basins control the distribution of lacustrine sediments resulting in rapid facies changes. Source areas for the sediments appear to have changed over time. Early arkoses are believed to have been derived from highlands of the crystalline basement rocks to the southwest. The greywacke sediments of intermediate composition are believed to been sourced from the north. There is evidence the sedimentary cycles may have been interrupted by block faulting and tilting with erosion and re-sedimentation. The environment during the deposition of the volcanics of the Cañadón Asfalto Formation appears to have varied over time from

 
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place to place as exhibited by textures and characteristics for both sub-areal and submarine emplacement.
   
   
7.2.4     Structure and control of mineralisation
   
   
At the regional scale the main structural orientations within the Navidad District are northwest to southeast, east-northeast to west-southwest, and north-northwest to south-southeast. The depositional basin containing rocks of the Cañadón Asfalto Formation is approximately 55 km long and 10 km wide with the long axis trending northwest to southeast. Ground gravity surveys show a linear northwest to southeast boundary between high and low Bouguer anomalies, which are interpreted to represent structures affecting the crystalline basement rocks.   The Navidad Project is located at the northwestern end of the basin. Mineralisation along the Navidad Trend from Marcasite Hill to Calcite NW exhibits a strongly linear northwest to southeast affinity. The Arco Iris Fault at Loma de La Plata is also orientated northwest to southeast.
   
   
The Navidad depositional basin is terminated to the northwest by an east-northeast to west-southwest trending structure that juxtaposes the volcanic-sedimentary sequences against rocks of the Lonco Trapial and Mamil Choique formations. To the southeast the Cañadón Asfalto facies are presumed buried beneath Quaternary cover in a large east-northeast to west-southwest trending depression.
   
   
The entire Navidad Project area is crossed by north-northwest to south-southeast structures that define the limits of many of the bedrock exposures and are believed to have offset stratigraphy with a dextral sense of relative movement. Observed displacements on these structures range from several metres to over a kilometre.
   
 
  7.3   Property geology
   
   
7.3.1     Lithology
   
   
A simplified version of the Navidad Project geology is shown in Figure 7.3. The corresponding stratigraphic column for the Project area is shown in Figure 7.4. The oldest rocks are the crystalline basement rocks of the Mamil Choique Formation located in the southwest corner of the map area. These basement rocks are overlain by a sequence of pyroclastics, volcanic agglomerates and lavas of the Lonco Trapial Formation. These rocks are exposed along a northwest to southeast trending strip in the southwest quadrant of the map area and in the valley northeast of the Sauzal Fault along the Navidad Trend. They are also exposed on the southeast projection of the Esperanza Trend at the Fold Zone.

 
 
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Figure 7.3    Property geology plan

 
 
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Figure 7.4     Simplified Navidad Project stratigraphic column

 

   
The welded pyroclastics of the Lonco Trapial Formation exposed to the southwest of the map area are also found directly north of Calcite Hill and in deep drilling along the Navidad Trend below the Sauzal Fault. Here they are interbedded with juvenile volcaniclastics derived from the same flows. A drill hole northeast of Navidad Hill crossed in excess of 500 m of this volcaniclastic/pyroclastic sequence without encountering the underlying agglomerates or basement rocks. This thick sequence of rock is generally oxidised as denoted by its characteristic red colour and in Section 8 of this report are likened to “Red Beds”.

 
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Stratigraphically above the Lonco Trapial volcanic sequence and forming the base of the Cañadón Asfalto Formation are coarse clastic sediments of arkosic composition. Basal conglomerates of the arkoses may contain boulders up to 2 m in diameter. They are composed almost exclusively of angular grains of quartz and feldspar derived from the Mamil Choique Formation. Locally the arkoses contain horizons of limestone, some with stromatolites. Coarser beds include pebble to cobble size clasts of granite and metamorphic rocks. These beds may locally exhibit cross-bedding sedimentary textures. These sediments extend from the valley floor southwest of the Argenta Trend to the Esperanza Trend. Intersections from drillholes southeast of Loma de La Plata and further south on the Argenta Trend indicate the arkoses are interbedded with thick sequences of argillaceous shales. At surface the coarser arkoses horizons are resistive and form extensive exposures. The shales are erosionally recessive and are rarely if ever exposed at surface.
   
   
At Loma de La Plata and between the Esperanza and Navidad trends there are no arkose sediments. In their place intercalated with the argillaceous black shales are mature greywackes of intermediate volcanic composition. These are deposited in rhythmic sequences consisting of pebble conglomerates that grade normally into coarse muddy sandstones. The greywackes locally contain thin carbonaceous horizons.
   
   
Above the greywackes from Loma de La Plata to Sector Z and between Esperanza and Navidad trends southeast of Calcite NW are argillaceous black shales. These sediments contain limestone horizons and zones with intercalations of coarser grained muddy sediments. They are rich in organic carbon and locally may contain thin coal seams. In the northwest to central portions of the Esperanza Valley the shales may also contain horizons of pyroclastics with varying degrees of re-working with thicknesses that range from 1 m up to 10 m. At Galena Hill the shales host massive sulphide replacement bodies at their lower contact with the latite lavas. At several of the Project deposits these shales contain Pb and Zn mineralisation distal to the higher grade silver zones.
   
   
Contemporaneous with the deposition of the sediments within the Project area, there were a minimum of three distinct extrusive lava and multiple pyroclastic volcanic events. The oldest of the lavas are fine-grained and of intermediate to mafic composition. These are referred to at the Project as andesite. These rocks are believed to been extruded sub-aerially as the auto-brecciated tops of the flows show the effects of thermal oxidation. These lavas were either simultaneously deposited within two separate basins, one dominated by arkoses and the other by black argillaceous shales, or there were multiple andesite eruptive events. On the Argenta Trend the andesites are inter-bedded with arkoses and on the southern end of the Navidad Trend they are inter-bedded with black shales. At the northwestern end of the Navidad Trend and north of Provincial Route No. 4 they are overlain by pyroclastics and other latite lava flows with no intervening sediments. The andesite lavas are generally not mineralised; however, locally they can host Ag-Cu mineralisation. The best known mineralisation hosted in andesite is located at the southern limit of the Connector Zone. Here the tectonically brecciated and hydrothermally altered andesite return grades of up to 11 kg/t Ag in surface rock chip samples. There are also mineralised showings in andesites south of Loma de La Plata on the Argenta Trend and at the Fold Zone at the southeast end of the Esperanza Trend.
   
   
The next extrusive lava event produced what is referred to on the Project as the Lower Latite unit. It is actually a hybrid consisting of a trachyandesite contaminated by quartz, which appears as rounded 1 mm to 3 mm quartz phenocrysts with reaction rings in quantities ranging from 1% to 5%. The Lower Latite also contains cognate clasts 0.5 cm to 3 cm in size of fine-grained material of the same composition without quartz

 
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phenocrysts. On the Project these are referred to as “xenoliths”. The Lower Latite was preceded by a pyroclastic eruption that produced pumice bearing ash tuff. At Navidad Hill and Galena Hill the exposed volcanic sequence is andesite, pumice tuff followed by the Lower Latite with no intercalated sediments. The Lower Latite lava is restricted in distribution to the northern end of the Argenta Trend and the northern half of the Esperanza and Navidad trends. These lavas host high grade mineralisation at Calcite Hill, where the Upper Latite lavas are believed to have been removed by erosion prior to the deposition of the black shales. The Lower Latites also host mineralisation together with the Upper Latites at Galena Hill.
   
   
The last extrusive volcanic event produced the Upper Latite lava flows. These rocks are macroscopically identical to the Lower Latite except they do not contain cognate clasts. Potentially these autoclasts were completely reabsorbed by the magma before their extrusion. It is believed the initial eruption of the Upper Latite encountered sufficient ground water to create a maar – diatreme complex located at Calcite NW. Evidence supporting this hypothesis is a 2 km wide zone of milled matrix breccia containing rounded clasts of the welded pyroclastic flows and Lower Latite lavas. Horizons of reworked pyroclastics observed within the sediment sequences at the northern end of the Navidad Trend may represent surge deposits. Continued eruption of the Upper Latite lavas led to its distribution over an area minimally 60 km2 in size including the entire length of the Argenta, Esperanza and Navidad trends and north of the Provincial Route No. 4. At the southeast end of the trend the groundmass of the lava is glassy and has devitrified to form spherulites. At the northwest end of the Argenta Trend and on the Esperanza and Navidad trends the lava is interbedded with greywackes and shales.  The Upper Latite lava hosts practically all of the Ag-Cu mineralisation at the Loma de La Plata and Esperanza Valley deposits and a larger portion of the mineralisation at the Navidad Hill and Galena Hill deposits
   
   
7.3.2     Structure and control of mineralisation
   
   
Collectively the individual mineralised deposits along the Navidad Trend exhibit a strong northwest to southeast lineation. A few observed small mineralised veins and breccia dikes located along the trend also exhibit northwest to southeast to north-northwest to south-southeast orientations. No large potential feeder structure common to all the deposits has yet been discovered. If such a structure exists, it is likely that post-mineral movement on the Sauzal Fault laterally displaced it from beneath the known mineralised bodies.
   
   
At the individual deposit scale the mineralisation is clearly controlled by zones of primary or secondary porosity. Examples of this are the upper latite lavas at Esperanza Valley and Loma de La Plata and volcaniclastic horizons at the Connector Zone and Calcite NW. These zones are often capped by impermeable horizons. These aquitards effectively capped the ascending hydrothermal fluids and forced lateral migration outward from the plumes. The result was the formation of mineralised bodies with strataform geometries.
   
   
Almost all the Project mineralised deposits are contained within structural blocks separated from each other by three major structures. These structures are believed to be pre-mineralisation in some cases and are definitely post-mineralisation in others as evidenced by these structures truncating mineralisation. The most influential of these post-mineral structures are the Sauzal, Esperanza and Arco Iris faults. The Sauzal Fault is located along the northeast side of the Navidad Trend and dips shallowly to the southwest. This structure truncates the mineralisation at depth on the Galena Hill, Connector Zone, Navidad Hill and Calcite Hill deposits. The Esperanza Fault located

 
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along the Esperanza Trend has resulted in the drag folding of the host lithologies of the Valle Esperanza deposit. The Arco Iris Fault is located in the northern end of the Argenta Trend. This steeply northeast dipping fault limits the Loma de La Plata mineralised deposit to the southwest where it juxtaposes it against unmineralised andesite. The Barite Hill deposit is also interpreted to be affected by post-mineral low angle faulting, potentially analogous to the interpreted movement on the nearby and similarly orientated Sauzal Fault.

 
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8    Deposit types
   
   
Information in this section has been sourced from Snowden (2009), which incorporated contributions from Sillitoe (2007).
   
   
Navidad mineralisation is clearly epithermal in nature as demonstrated by widely observed open space filling by crustiform and cockade textures of the carbonate, barite and sulphide mineral assemblages. The abundance of base metals combined with gangue mineralogy of carbonate and barite dominate over silica, indicates the deposit should most appropriately be categorised as an intermediate – rather than a low sulphidation epithermal deposit. The alteration and sulphide mineral assemblages are incongruent with high sulphidation epithermal style of mineralisation, although late-stage kaolinite and reported minor hydrothermal alunite could imply the late ingress of a hypogene acidic fluid.
   
   
The Navidad deposits formed post-deposition and lithification of the containing greywacke and shale sedimentary sequences of the Cañadón Asfalto Formation. Evidence supporting this is open fractures filled by calcite and barite within the sediments overlaying zones of mineralisation. The depth of formation is believed to be moderately shallow, potentially on the order of 400 m to 500 m below the paleosurface. This is consistent with findings from calcite fluid inclusion studies by Lang (2003) that indicated the hydrothermal fluid was vapour dominated with a temperature of homogenisation below 200°C. Despite being formed near the paleosurface, no concrete evidence has ever been observed to indicate an exhalative facies to the mineralisation. The semi-massive sulphides at Galena Hill are clearly replacement in origin. The finely laminated carbonates postulated to represent exhalative products are in fact stromatolitic limestone. Hence, Navidad is not analogous to shallow-water volcanogenic massive sulphide (VMS) deposits like Eskay Creek in British Columbia as has been suggested by previous investigators.
   
   
The ore deposit model presented in Figure 8.1 is a schematic reconstruction at the time of emplacement for either Galena Hill or Navidad Hill. Vein and veinlet stockworks grade upwards into hydrothermal breccias believed to have been created by over pressuring of the ascending hydrothermal fluids within the latites. Breccia textures range from crackle to rotated and commonly contain a high component of fine sediments in their matrix. The breccias locally contain displaced banded carbonate and mineralised clasts indicating multiple inter-mineralisation brecciation events. The breccias are cemented by carbonate and barite gangue and sulphide minerals. At Galena Hill, the breccia clasts become progressively more intensely replaced upwards by the sulphide cement, resulting in irregular bodies of semi-massive sulphide. The breccia and related semi-massive sulphide bodies at Galena Hill terminate abruptly upwards against a finely laminated limestone bed of stromatolitic origin. The overlying carbonaceous mudstone contains Zn mineralisation and can be massively silicified for up to 5 m above the upper limit of the high grade Ag-Pb mineralisation.
   
   
Figure 8.2 is a schematic drawing of lateral-flow style mineralisation away from the main ascending plume centres based upon observation made at the Loma de La Plata deposit. Here relatively thin horizons of latite lavas are interbedded with sediments. The silver plus minor copper mineralisation is preferentially localised along the top of the upper latite flow unit in either flow-top auto breccias or in crackle breccias. These breccias are likely to have resulted from even minor tectonic deformation due to the sharp rheology contrast between the brittle latite and the overlying sediments. Disseminated Zn

 
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mineralisation in the sediments forms halos both above and below the main Ag horizon of mineralisation.
   
   
The preferred hypothesis for the transport of the metals and their deposition is dependent upon the redox state of the underlying red bed and ignimbrite units and the reducing state of the overlaying carbonaceous sediments. The transport mechanism further requires physical fluid-flow conditions of structural conduits and the primary or secondarily induced permeability of the breccias pipes and latite flow units. Ascending hydrothermal fluids passing through the underlying red beds would rapidly become buffered and oxidised, thus resulting in oxidation of sulphide sulphur in solution to sulphate. These fluids would be capable of precipitating carbonate, barite and specular hematite in the veins and veinlets within the red beds, but not Fe, Ag or base metal sulphides. The content of these metals could simply have been transported to higher levels within the hydrothermal system. Upon entry to the overlying relatively reduced rock package, the fluids became more reduced, allowing sulphide formation to commence, presumably as a result of admixture with sulphide-bearing groundwater from the organic carbon-rich, upper sedimentary unit. Interestingly, the Ag mineralisation in the basal grey sedimentary unit, immediately above the red beds, at Barite Hill is rich in native Ag, a mineral that could form after only relatively minor reduction of the ascendant fluids and without the need for reduced sulphur.
   
   
This model for Navidad, with mineralisation control by a district-wide redox interface, is reminiscent of red bed Cu and Ag deposits, where fluids ascending through thick red bed sequences leach Cu and/or Ag, along with other metals, and deposit them on contact with reduced horizons. The red bed silver deposits, such as Nacimiento in New Mexico in the United States, are also characterised by sulphur-poor mineral species, such as native Ag and acanthite. The difference is that at Navidad the mineralising fluid was epithermal in origin rather than being basinal brine as in the case of the red bed deposits.
   
   
The broadly strataform nature of the Navidad mineralisation is rather uncommon for an intermediate-sulphidation epithermal silver deposit, most of which tend to be of vein type (e.g. Fresnillo in Mexico, Arcata in Peru, Martha in Santa Cruz province, Argentina). Potential analogous deposits include the Jardin Cu-Ag deposit of northern Chile. Here strata-bound cupriferous sulphide mineralisation is associated with the upper brecciated and unwelded portion of a pyroclastic flow overlain by organic-rich tuffaceous lacustrine sedimentary rocks (Lortie, 1987). Another example of a broadly strataform deposit is San Cristóbal in Bolivia. Although the feeders for the San Cristóbal deposit are largely confined to a dacite dome complex, the bulk of the silver-zinc-lead mineralisation is hosted by lacustrine sedimentary rocks rather than by lava as at Navidad.

 
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Figure 8.1        Schematic reconstruction of Galena Hill from Sillitoe (2007)
 
 

 
 
 
Figure 8.2           Schematic reconstruction of Loma de La Plata from Sillitoe (2007)

 
 
 
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9    Mineralisation
   
   
Information in this section has been sourced from Snowden (2009), which excerpted and updated from Kain (2007) and Allo, Paolini, and Williams (2009).
   
   
In all of the deposits and mineral showings the gangue minerals are principally calcite with or without barite and a much lower proportion of silica. Visibly recognisable ore minerals are native silver, grains and clots of black sulphides containing argentite\acanthite and discrete grains of sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite, cuprite, bornite, native copper and copper carbonates. Distinct styles of mineralisation are reflected in the differences in ore minerals and proportion of gangue between the deposits. Various pulses of mineralisation are observed, principally at Galena Hill. With the exception of the latter, pyrite and sulphides in general are relatively scarce.
   
   
The principal mineral association of interest is Ag-Pb. Other associations of interest are Ag-Pb-Cu and Cu-Ag or more rarely Ag-Zn. Occasionally there is Ag only, or Cu-Pb-Zn or simply isolated occurrences of these base metals. This further suggests that deposition occurred through successive pulses of mineralisation. So far as it is known to date, gold is totally absent from the system.
   
   
Mineralisation is preferentially hosted in lavas with the upper latite containing the dominant proportion, followed by the lower latite and then rarely by the andesite. Deposits with the dominate portion of mineralisation within lavas include Loma de La Plata, Valle Esperanza, Calcite Hill, and Galena Hill. Sedimentary rocks and volcaniclastics can also contain significant mineralisation. Deposits where the mineralisation is dominantly hosted by these rock types include Calcite NW, Navidad Hill, Barite Hill, and the Connector Zone.
   
   
High grade mineralisation is nearly always correlative with either primary or induced secondary porosity of the host rocks. Examples of primary porosity include coarse volcaniclastic horizons and auto-brecciated lava flow tops. Secondary porosity occurs as crackle brecciation of the brittle lava flows, hydrothermal eruption breccias, and tectonic breccias. At both Valle Esperanza and Loma de La Plata the crackle brecciated upper latites are believed to have acted as aquifers bounded upward by what are interpreted as bedding plane faults with the overlaying sediments. The capping lutitic sediments created effective aquitards that would have greatly promoted the lateral migration of the ascending hydrothermal fluids.  Mixing of the reduced formation waters within the aquifers with the oxidised and metal-laden hydrothermal fluids is hypothesised to have been a principal triggering mechanism for the precipitation of ore minerals. Locally the argillaceous mudstones above the upper latite are fractured and infilled by calcite. This indicates that the host rocks were buried and the sedimentary rocks lithified prior to the mineralising event.
   
   
To date the general Navidad Project is comprised of eight individual mineral deposits in three separate mineralised trends referred to as the Navidad Trend, the Esperanza Trend, and the Argenta Trend. The six deposits in the Navidad Trend are essentially contiguous and include, in a 5.8 km alignment from northwest to southeast, Calcite NW, Calcite Hill, Navidad, Connector Zone, Galena Hill, and Barite Hill. The Valle Esperanza deposit occurs on the east flank of the Esperanza Trend and is found approximately 370 m to the south-southwest of Galena Hill. The Loma de La Plata deposit occurs along the northern portion of the Argenta Trend and lies approximately 2.2 km southwest from the centre of Calcite Hill.

 
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9.1   Calcite NW
   
   
A plan of Calcite NW is shown in Figure 9.1. Calcite NW is located stratigraphically in the upper sedimentary package found directly above the latite unit. This package is comprised of mudstone, sandy volcanic tuffs, tuffaceous sandstones, lapilli tuffs, and volcaniclastic intervals. In general the layers with a significant tuffaceous component exhibit a strong argillic alteration.
   
   
Mineralisation occurs disseminated in the sediments where it is observed as galena with occasional scarce chalcopyrite. Facies with high permeability, such as the tuffaceous sandstones and volcanic tuffs, are preferentially mineralised.  Towards the northwest the mineralisation is characterised by Pb with low Ag and is hosted mainly by tuffs and pyroclastic units. In the central to southwest area of Calcite NW, Ag and Pb mineralisation with low grade Cu and occasional Zn mineralisation are hosted by sandy mudstones and tuffaceous sandstones.
   
   
The main mass of mineralisation is located along the axis of the general Navidad Trend. There is a strong stratigraphic control. The wacke and tuffaceous units host the mineralisation within the inter-grain pore space. Mineralisation is interpreted to have been channelled through the migration of hydrothermal fluids between the nearly impermeable mudstone units.
   
   
There are two marker units within the deposit. One of these is a green lapilli tuff which is generally only weakly mineralised, and the second marker is generally taken as the base of mineralisation. The green lapilli tuff, between 5 m to 10 m thick, is found near the top of the deposit in a relatively lead-free zone. The second marker, known as the Galena Marker, is approximately 80 cm thick and is comprised of a type of massive dark mudstone with disseminated crystalline and irregular micro-veinlets of galena with high lead values and silver. Lead mineralisation with scarce to absent silver mineralisation is occasionally encountered up to 1 m below these units in a volcaniclastic layer or in a coarse detrital facies.
   
   
Mineralisation at Calcite NW takes the form of three long and tabular to slightly synformal bodies. The main body lies from the surface to a depth of 130 m below surface and has an average overburden thickness of approximately 60 m. It has a strike length of 1,825 m towards the northwest, a width between 350 m to 500 m, and a thickness between 10 m and 80 m. The mineralised body plunges gently to the northeast with a dip between 1º to 5º. The base of the main body is normally identified by the Galena Marker.
   
   
Towards the south-eastern end of the deposit, a smaller lens lies close to the surface parallel to the main body and about 80 m above it. It has a regular shape 275 m long, up to 250 m wide and between 20 m and 40 m thick.
   
   
Another elongated lens of mineralisation lies between 15 m to 50 m below and parallel to the northern end of the main body. The body is 1,000 m long, between 200 m and 350 m wide, and ranges between 10 m and 30 m in thickness.

 
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Figure 9.1         Plan of Calcite NW


 
9.2   Calcite Hill
   
   
A plan of Calcite Hill is shown in Error! Reference source not found.. The mineralisation is hosted principally in the latite with xenoliths unit (lower latite) and occurs upwards for a few metres above the contact with the overlying upper sedimentary or pyroclastic package depending on the sequence. The style of mineralisation is typically banded epithermal vein filling and stockworks in breccias developed in the brittle massive portions of the flow. Where present in the upper sedimentary package, mineralisation occurs as disseminations infilling the primary porosity as well as micro-veinlets that are comprised of argentiferous Pb and Zn sulphides along with interstratified galena.
   
   
Gangue mineralisation is comprised of calcite, minor silica, and barite either white in colour or as a caramel-coloured variety that occurs almost exclusively at Calcite Hill although it has been occasionally identified on nearby Navidad Hill. High grade mineralisation is comprised of galena, black sulphides, native silver, and occasional chalcopyrite. The overlying geochemical signature is Ag-Pb with minor Cu.
   
   
A zonation of the mineralisation hosted in the latite unit is exhibited in the sequence of the three principal zones which in descending depth order are:

 
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An upper zone with principally Pb mineralisation with minor Ag, and minor to absent Cu
   
   
An intermediate zone with high grade Ag mineralisation and proportionally less Pb and moderate Cu
   
   
A lower zone with primarily silica fracture filling, low in sulphides and Ag mineralisation
   
   
Similar to the Galena Hill deposit, the mineralisation at Calcite Hill terminates abruptly at the lower contact of the latite unit with the reddish basal sedimentary unit, which exhibits poor to no permeability. An interpretation is that the latite, being confined as well on the upper contact with the mudstones which frequently act as fluid barriers, served as a unit with secondary permeability (in this case due to fracturing) which favoured the migration of mineralising fluids.
   
   
On the north flank of Calcite Hill the mineralisation is hosted in volcaniclastic rocks and in the lower portion of the overlying calcareous mudstone unit, and in the contact between the same volcaniclastic unit with the lower latite with xenoliths.  The entire sequence exhibits structural disturbance. This is attributed to a possible low-angle fault at the base of the sequence which has underlying it the reddish-coloured volcaniclastic basal unit.
   
   
The mineralisation occurs principally as veinlets and as matrix filling in the breccia, at times with silica and iron oxides, with minor galena, copper oxides, and scarce pyrite. The upper sedimentary units as well as the volcanic and volcaniclastic units host Ag, Pb, and scarce Cu and Zn mineralisation.
     
    Mineralisation at Calcite Hill forms an irregular body with a narrow upper portion outcropping towards the western end of Calcite Hill, which merges with a larger mineralised lens. Mineralisation outcrops and extends to a depth of around 250 m below surface. It forms a relatively flat surface 600 m long, ranging from 270 m to 600 m in width. The lower portion of the body has an irregular shape resulting from two nearly separate lenses that merge into one lens having a variable thickness between 150 m to 20 m. The body plunges to the southwest with a -5º dip.

 
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Figure 9.2          Plan of Calcite Hill



 
 
9.3   Navidad Hill
   
   
A plan of Navidad Hill is shown in Figure 9.3. The Navidad Hill deposit exhibits two different types of mineralisation and control. The first of these outcrops along the crest of the hill where mineralisation related to structural control is most evidently displayed compared to elsewhere on the Project. Here outcropping vein structures exhibit breccias comprised of finely banded crystalline calcite gangue, barite, and finely crystalline to chalcedonic silica. Visually identifiable ore grade minerals include galena, black sulphides, copper and manganese oxides, and lesser quantities of pyrite, chalcopyrite, and rare native copper and silver.
     
   
The high grade brecciated vein structures occur in a belt approximately 100 m in width with discontinuous sub-vertical extensions, striking generally at an oblique angle to the main Navidad Trend in the range of 310º to 345º. Vein thicknesses are 1 m or less with Ag values in the 1,000 g/t to 10,000 g/t range. Vein development discontinuity is also evidenced by “rosario” outcrops along strike and by changes in mineralogical composition along strike as well as at depth. The latite wall rock adjacent to the breccia veins is also found mineralised with the development of veinlets, stockworks, and breccia zones. As indicated so far by drilling, the outcropping breccia veins do not

 
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extend to a depth exceeding 80 m where the vein integrity tends to break down into a zone of veinlets comprised principally of chalcedonic silica that increases at depth. To date the base of the latite has not been encountered by drilling at Navidad Hill which leaves open the possibility of a dome structure in this area.
   
   
The second main type of mineralisation at Navidad Hill is found emplaced on the southwest flank of the hill where it is hosted in and above the contact between the latite unit and an overlying volcaniclastic breccia. It has a well-developed stratigraphic control with a gentle southerly dip of some 20º to 30º. Moving away from the possible dome, the stratiform body changes its composition from a heterolithic latite breccia to a breccia with remobilised sedimentary clasts. This breccia exhibits gangue mineral matrix fillings of calcite, barite, and lesser silica, accompanied by black sulphides, minor galena, copper oxides, and relatively frequent native silver.
   
   
A third sub-set of mineralisation is found to the northwest of Navidad Hill where there is found a multi-phase heterolithic breccia with characteristics that indicate an explosive origin. The gangue is principally calcite and barite with ore minerals of galena, possible black sulphides, copper oxides, and contains moderate concentrations of Ag on the order of 100 g/t.
   
   
Mineralisation at Navidad Hill trends for 520 m towards the northwest and forms an irregular globular shape ranging from 270 m to 470 m wide and 10 m to 175 m thick. The mineralised zone has a shallow dip to the southwest and lies at the subsurface along the ridge crest to around 50 m depth along the southern flank.

 
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Figure 9.3       Plan of Navidad Hill
 


 
9.4   Connector Zone
   
   
A plan and cross section of the Connector Zone is shown in Figure 9.. The mineralisation occurs as disseminations and replacement of the matrix in the volcaniclastic rocks. Locally the volcaniclastic rock is crackle brecciated with a matrix of hydrothermal minerals, sulphides and rare native silver. The volcaniclastic rock can exhibit a wide range of textures ranging from conglomeratic horizons to thinly bedded strata. The volcaniclastic unit contains sub-rounded to very angular clasts of latite derived from the uplift and erosion of the latite lavas. Lesser, and generally lower grade mineralisation can also be hosted in the underlying greywacke and the overlaying mudstones.
   
   
The Connector Zone is structurally complex. It shares some of the same structural trends found at Galena Hill located immediately to the southeast. At Connector the principal structural trends are:
   
   
North-northeast to south-southwest trending steeply dipping structures that are responsible for radical changes in the stratigraphy across the generalised northwest trending strike of the mineralisation. It is interpreted that displacements along these structures are responsible for changes in thickness of the host volcaniclastic unit of up to 170 m in only 50 m along strike with

 
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similar changes in thickness in adjoining units. Synchronous erosion is a possible cause of the local removal of both the lower and upper latite lavas that allowed the volcaniclastic and mudstone units to be deposited directly on the lower andesites.
   
   
Northwest to southeast to east-west oriented sub-vertical faulting is interpreted to have followed the deposition of the mudstones and produced a series of horst and graben structures by block faulting similar to those described at Galena Hill. Also similar to Galena Hill are the spatial coincidence of the higher grade values with these structures. It is believed movement on these northwest to southeast structures is synchronous‐ to post-mineral in age.
   
   
The post-mineral, northwest to southeast trending, southwest shallow dipping Sauzal Fault. This structure truncated the host lithologies and mineralisation at Connector Zone in a similar fashion as described at Galena Hill.
   
   
Possible re-activated faulting on the north-northwest to south-southeast trend: Crossing the central portion of the Connector Zone there is some evidence to suggest the presence of a north-northwest to south-southeast trending structural corridor that may have cut and displaced the Sauzal Fault trace.
   
   
The mineralisation at Connector forms two intersecting, but distinct bodies, which combined, are 670 m in strike length, and between 240 m and 590 m wide. The mineralisation lies from the surface to a depth of 330 m. The deposits are hosted in a sedimentary sequence comprised of sandstones and fine conglomerates with minor mudstones, interbedded with volcaniclastic layers which are mostly formed by sub-rounded to angular latite fragments derived from the erosion of the latite lavas. Locally the host rocks exhibit micro-veinlets up to 1 cm thick and poorly developed stockwork texture. The intensity of the brecciation is weak to moderate and the gangue infilling is comprised of calcite and silica. Alteration is weak and is manifested by a moderate bleaching of the rock due to the presence of low-temperature illitic-smectitic clays.
   
   
Sulphide mineralisation occurs as galena, black and grey presumably Ag-bearing sulphides, as chalcopyrite and bornite disseminated in the sediments, in veinlets, and in replacements in the matrix of the volcaniclastic unit. Native silver is also present in trace amounts.
   
   
Of less importance and restricted to the east of the Connector Zone, the mineralisation is hosted by the brittle upper latite and andesite units. Disseminated sulphides occur in hydrothermal crackle breccias with a matrix of calcite and barite with minor laumontite and silica.
   
   
In the upper portion of the volcaniclastic unit the geochemical signature is Ag-Pb with minor Cu, and in the lower portion of the sedimentary units Ag is present with practically no lead.
   
   
The geometry of the mineralisation suggests the north-northeast to south-southwest structures could be feeder zones for the ascending hydrothermal fluids. The fluids are postulated to have ascended the steep north-northeast structures, and then preceded up dip along the porous volcaniclastic unit where they are intersected by the west-northwest to east-southeast trending block faults.

 
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Figure 9.4        Plan and cross section of Connector Zone
 
 
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9.5   Galena Hill
   
   
A plan and cross section of Galena Hill is shown in Figure 9.. Mineralisation at Galena Hill is hosted in a variety of distinct fragmental rock types. These include hyaloclastites at the margins and ends of lava flows and crackle breccias within the massive cores of the flows. Also present are dikes and pipes of hydrothermal breccia. The predominant style of mineralisation is the selective replacement of breccia matrix, or as open space filling. Locally the mineralisation pervasively replaces the matrix of the host lithologies including the mudstones. Where the mudstones are mineralised, they can form massive sulphide-rich stratiform lenses containing galena and marcasite.
   
   
The lithology that hosts mineralisation varies within the different portions of the deposit. At the far northwest end of the deposit the mineralisation is primarily hosted within the lower latite with minor mineralisation in the overlaying mudstones and underlying volcaniclastics. Towards the southeast end of the deposit the mineralisation is hosted in both the lower latite unit and the upper latite unit and locally in the overlaying mudstones. To the far southeast end of the deposit all of the mineralisation is contained within the upper latite with only trace mineralisation contained in the overlaying mudstones.
   
   
At Galena Hill both the upper and lower latite lavas are believed to have been emplaced as submarine flows. Evidence supporting this interpretation is the lack of thermal

 
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oxidation, which is common in other zones such as Loma de La Plata, and the abundance of very angular fragmental portions of the latite interpreted to represent in situ the reworked hyaloclastite. These fragmental portions of the lava flows are often the preferred location of mineral deposition.
   
   
Galena Hill is structurally complex. It is believed to be located at the vertices of several intersecting structural trends. From the reconstruction of the geology it appears that the earliest faults were syn- to post- mineralisation northwest to southeast block faults. Movement on these structures resulted in the formation of a horst and graben geometry. This movement is post-sedimentation, potentially in part syn-mineralisation and definitely part post-mineralisation. The continued movement of these structures post-mineralisation resulted in the uplift and erosion of part of the mineralisation and the preservation of those parts that were down-dropped.
   
   
The northwest to southeast trending block faults are truncated by the shallow dipping, northwest to southeast trending Sauzal Fault. The trace of this fault is coincident with the break in slope along the lower northeast flank of the Navidad Trend. The fault juxtaposes all the upper lithologies and mineralisation against the lower “red bed” volcaniclastics. Movement on this structure is considered post-mineralisation. No evidence has been observed to indicate that this fault served in any way as a channel for the ascending hydrothermal fluids.
   
   
The last interpreted faulting at Galena Hill occurred along steeply dipping north-northwest to south-southeast trending structures. These structures form a structural corridor roughly 100 m to 150 m wide that crosses the central portion of the mineralisation. These structures are interpreted from surface mapping, ground magnetic and construction of drill sections. These structures are believed to have off-set the Sauzal Fault plane in places.
   
   
Alteration is variable from trace to locally strongly argillic. In general alteration is limited to bleaching of the host volcanic rock in close proximity to the mineralisation.
   
   
Sulphide minerals are galena, marcasite, lesser pyrite, scarce chalcopyrite, and occasional bornite. According to a preliminary report by Xstrata Process Support (2007), 85% of the Ag is contained in solid solution within a combination of marcasite and pyrite with 15% in acanthite (Ag2S). The lead occurs as galena (PbS). The mineralisation appears to all occur as sulphides with little oxidation observed as evidenced by fresh galena occurrences found at surface. Gangue mineralogy consists chiefly of calcite and barite with lesser silica.
   
   
The extent of mineralisation is long and wide with a strike length of roughly 900 m and a width of between 250 m and 700 m. In section views orientated at 030° to 210°, the mineralised body as defined by values approaching 50 g/t AgEQ forms a roughly strataform body with a slight dip to the southwest. This body resembles an inverted shield with a flat top and a thicker central portion that thins to the margins. On nearly every section the mineralisation is affected by post-mineralisation movement on the northwest to southeast trending block faults resulting is displacements of roughly 10 m to 50 m. Those portions of the mineralisation located above the horst are partly eroded whilst those portions to either side are preserved in their entirety. The mineralised zone ranges from a few metres thick at the extreme margins to over 200 m thick in the central portions of the deposit.
   
   
Mineralisation outcrops in several locations including the upper northwest flank and within the window through the mudstones in the area of the structural horst. The top

 
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of mineralisation ranges from surface to 200 m below surface with an average depth less than 40 m.
   
   
There are 12 drill holes in the Galena Hill sector of the Project that are being monitored on a regular basis for determining the level of the water table. Across the area the top of the water table is at approximately 1,137 m elevation, and is indicated on the cross section in Figure 9.. The majority of the Mineral Resource at Galena Hill lies beneath this level.
   
 
Figure 9.5    Plan and cross section of Galena Hill
 
 
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Galena Hill cross section on local coordinate 51000E view to 300°
 
 
9.6   Barite Hill
   
   
A plan of Barite Hill is shown in Figure 9.. At Barite Hill two styles of mineralisation are present in distinct stratigraphic units. The first occurrence from surface to depth is a relatively weak Ag-Pb mineralisation with minor Cu and Zn hosted in calcite and lesser barite gangue filling veinlets and breccia matrix within the upper latite unit.
   
   
The second style of mineralisation is found in two clastic units below the upper latite flow that is normally found mineralised at the Navidad Project. The units are a sedimentary unit comprised of sandstone and mudstone, and a volcaniclastic unit derived from latite. Mineralisation is interpreted to have been emplaced through the migration of hydrothermal fluids across zones of primary permeability in the sandstones or through zones of secondary permeability through fracturing. This lithology package is bounded on top by a greywacke unit and underneath by fine-grained clastic sediments (mudstones), both of which are interpreted to have relatively low permeability.
   
   
Observed mineralisation occurs as a matrix gangue filling of calcite, barite and clays that contains sparse chalcopyrite, black sulphides, and native silver. It is deposited in fine fractures, stockworks and breccias in the mudstones and volcaniclastic rocks, and occurs as disseminations of black sulphides in the sandstones. In areas reporting high Ag assay values, native silver is very common and occurs as pure veinlet fillings up to

 
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5 mm in thickness. The principal geochemical association is Ag with low Cu; in general Pb is scarce.
   
   
Mineralisation at Barite Hill forms three lenses. The northern lens is about 230 m long along strike, between 170 m and 430 m wide in the dip direction and between 5 m and 30 m thick. The southwest dip varies between 3° where the body outcrops in the north to 25° in the southwest where the body lies approximately 120 m below surface. The second lens is found towards the southern end of Barite Hill. Its dimensions are approximately 300 m long by 350 m wide with thicknesses ranging from 4 m to 32 m. It occurs at the subsurface on the crest of the ridge and plunges to the southwest.
   
   
The third mineralised body, characterised by high Ag values, forms an irregularly shaped mass around 350 m long, between 100 m and 400 m wide, and between 7 m to 100 m thick.  It lies between 50 m and 200 m below the second lens in southern Barite Hill and has a dip of 30° to the west-southwest.
     
 
Figure 9.6     Plan of Barite Hill
 



 
9.7   Loma de La Plata
   
   
A plan and cross section for Loma de La Plata is shown in Figure 9.. At Loma de La Plata the stratigraphy consists of basal andesites overlain by greywackes and sandy

 
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conglomerates that change laterally to mudstones and arkoses. Autoclastic breccias lay between the lower sedimentary sequence and the volcanic flow units comprised by the two latite units, with and without xenoliths, which are separated by an interbedded sedimentary layer. The sequence is completed by mudstones and fine to very fine sandstones that vary to limestones laterally to the east.
   
   
In the west to southwest the sedimentary units are thin or missing due to erosion and the lithology is typically comprised by the latites with and without xenoliths that overlay the andesites. Towards the east the sequence is complete due to down–dropped blocks that are the product of normal faulting with an approximate north-south strike presumably resulting from northwest to southeast orientated compression.
   
   
The entire sequence has a 325º strike and dips -20° to -30° to the northeast; the dip tends to flatten somewhat along strike to the northwest.
   
   
Mineralisation is hosted primarily in the upper latite unit which outcrops in the southwest part of the deposit area and dips towards the northeast where it has been intercepted up to 300 m below the surface. Drilling in 2008 demonstrated that the mineralisation tends to be enriched in breccia zones associated with north-south normal faults that have a spacing on the order of 70 m to 90 m.
   
   
The style of mineralisation is characterised by hydrothermal veinlets up to 3 cm thick and tectonic and crackle breccias developed in the brittle massive portions of the lava flow. Gangue mineralisation is comprised of calcite, laumontite, barite and silica present as a white quartz and occasional amethyst. Textures are massive to crustiform and occasionally botryoidal; bladed calcite replacement textures have been observed.
   
   
Mineralisation is comprised of acanthite, native silver, argentite, stromeyerite, silver sulphosalts, galena, chalcopyrite and bornite disseminated in the matrix of the breccias and as rims in veinlets. Chalcopyrite is the only mineral that is also disseminated in the host rock. The acanthite and lesser stromeyerite are the principal silver-bearing sulphide minerals that contain approximately 80% of the reported silver.  QEMSCAN analyses performed by Xstrata Process Support (2008) report an average Ag grain size in the range of 6 µm to 20 µm.
   
   
Geochemical data indicates a good correlation between Ag and Cu and a moderate correlation between Ag and Pb. Arsenic tends to be concentrated in the upper portion of the main mineralised body in the upper latite as well as in the upper non-mineralised sedimentary package. Antimony is present as isolated occurrences in the upper part of the deposit where it exhibits a low correlation with Ag and Cu. For the most part Zn is concentrated in the sedimentary unit beneath the upper latite where it largely occurs in limestone lenses within the mudstone.
   
   
Up to three events of brecciation and veinlet formation have been detected during core logging. The brecciation intensity is moderate to strong in the high grade mineralised zone. Mineralisation is interpreted to have been emplaced by the migration of epithermal fluids through zones of previously formed tectonic and crackle breccias. Alteration is weak and is represented by low temperature clays in the proximity of the mineralisation areas. The alteration clay mineral assemblage indicates the presence of low temperature hydrothermal fluids, and the banded textures, bladed calcite, barite and quartz in-fill, along with the presence of abundant base metals, is characteristic of an intermediate low-sulphidation system.
   
   
Two distinct mineralised bodies are present at Loma de La Plata.  The main deposit is 850 m long with a north-south strike, between 600 m to 1,200 m wide and 40 m to 50 m thick. It covers a surface area of 74 ha. The second body is considerably lower in

 
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grade and is located approximately 60 m beneath the main deposit. It has approximately the same surface area as the upper main body but with an average thickness of only 5 m.
   
   
The area with the highest grade mineralisation is located in the central and western side of the upper Loma de La Plata deposit; overburden thickness varies from 0 m to 50 m. The dimensions of the high grade zone are 500 m north-south by 170 m east-west.
   
   
The principal objectives of the 2008 drilling programme at Loma de La Plata were to upgrade the Inferred resources to Indicated and to define the limits of potential economic mineralisation. Concerning this latter objective, the deposit was defined in the western and southern sectors, where the outcropping andesite forms a footwall to the deposit, without appreciable change in the 2007 resource perimeter. Here the outcropping mineralised upper latite exhibits crackle breccias that are hydrothermally in-filled by calcite with the presence of malachite, azurite and iron oxides.
   
   
To the southeast of the deposit the latite lava flow continues towards the Bajo del Plomo area but with greatly diminished Ag and relatively high Pb values. To the east the deposit was expanded by some 400 m where the mineralised portion of the latite becomes progressively thinner with diminishing Ag values and higher lead. Towards the northeast drilling has confirmed that the deposit is cut off by the Esperanza Fault. Towards the north the 2007 perimeter was expanded 200 m where generally no further significant Ag mineralisation has been encountered despite the presence of the host unit.
   
   
In summary, the total mineralised footprint has been increased by 100% with respect to the area defined in 2007. The deposit still has limited potential to expand towards the northwest where the latite as well as the mineralisation continues to Valle La Plata sector, and there remain some restricted possibilities for expansion to the east-southeast.

 
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Figure 9.7       Plan and oblique cross section of Loma de La Plata



 
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Oblique southwest-northeast cross section of Loma de La Plata

 
9.8   Valle Esperanza
   
   
A plan and cross section of Valle Esperanza is shown in Figure 9.8. At Valle Esperanza the main mineralised deposit is emplaced in the upper latite volcanic unit without xenoliths immediately below the contact with the upper carbon-rich sedimentary package comprised of mudstone, sandstone, and greywacke. The latite varies from massive to autobrecciated in the flow top depending on the number of lava flows. The unit is brecciated with a matrix of calcite, with minor laumontite, barite and silica that are present as massive in-filling, sometimes as banded textures. In the brittle massive portions of the flows, the breccias occur as tectonic or crackle breccias that were hydrothermally in-filled. In the autobrecciated zones with abundant amygdaloids, the hydrothermal fluids used the primary porosity in the contacts between fragments to generate the breccia.  The intensity of brecciation is moderate and at least two events of brecciation are recognised.
   
   
Of less importance, a lower grade mineralisation is hosted in the underlying lower latite with xenoliths that is below the upper latite and overlain by another sedimentary package comprised of mudstones, greywacke and volcaniclastic rocks.
   
   
Alteration is weak to locally strongly argillic in breccias. In general alteration is limited to a gentle bleaching of the host volcanic rock in close proximity to the mineralisation.

 
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The predominate style of mineralisation is the disseminated occurrence of black sulphides, native silver, chalcopyrite, malachite, pyrite and galena in the breccia matrix and in veinlets up to 1 cm thick. Locally the mineralisation of chalcopyrite and galena pervasively replaces both the matrix and the host lithologies.  The silver shows a very good correlation with copper and low correlation with lead.
   
   
QEMSCAN analyses of the float concentrate performed by G&T (2009) determined that almost 90 percent of the silver occurs as acanthite/argentite and about 2% occurs as native silver and alloy.
   
   
The same volcanic rocks are exposed at surface along both the Esperanza and Navidad Trends. Valle Esperanza is located in a graben structure and the variation in elevation of the latite is the result of block faulting. The mineralisation has been preserved on the down-dropped blocks.
   
   
The graben adjoins the northwest-southeast trending Esperanza Fault that has been interpreted from ground magnetic, surface mapping and drill sections.  At Valle Esperanza, there are no outcrops or surface evidence of mineralisation.  No evidence has been observed to indicate that the Esperanza Fault served as a channel for the ascending hydrothermal fluids.
   
   
Drillhole intersections have traced the two mineralised zones from surface to approximately 400 m below surface.  The upper body is about 1,100 m long and between 130 m and 700 m wide. The lower body lies approximately 50 m below the upper deposit, and is 800 m long and between 140 m and 500 m wide. Both bodies range in thickness between 5 m to 30 m.
   
   
The mineralised horizon strikes approximately to 290° with a variable northeast dip between -70° to -10°.  The dip appears to flatten towards the northeast.
   
   
The Valle Esperanza deposit is not fully defined as yet and future work will include drilling along strike to the north-west and south-east and down dip to the north of the presently defined deposit.

 
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Figure 9.8         Plan and cross section of Valle Esperanza
 

 
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9.9   Additional prospects
   
    9.9.1     Navidad Trend
     
   
Marcasite Hill
     
   
The Marcasite Hill prospect occurs along the southern extension of the Navidad Trend approximately 1 km southeast of Barite Hill; it was originally identified and drill tested during 2007 based on a strong induced polarisation (IP) and resistivity anomaly. The stratigraphic setting is similar to Barite Hill, but with a thickening of the pelitic sediments below the latite. Structural complexity and widespread fracturing is attributed to a northwest trending regional fault that passes to the east of the hill.
   
   
9.9.2     Argenta Trend
     
    The Sector Z, Bajo del Plomo, Filo del Plomo, Ginger, and Yanquetru zones are located along the northwest trending contact between the latite and the overlying upper sedimentary package in the Argenta Trend. Mineralisation is characterised by veinlets and discontinuous breccias in the latite with open-space fillings of calcite, minor barite, and locally important quantities of galena with moderate accompanying Ag.
     
    To date limited drilling has been done at Ginger and at Bajo del Plomo. In the latter area Pb values appear to diminish rapidly at depth below outcrop, suggesting the

 
 
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development of near-surface supergene enrichment. At Ginger, where only one drillhole has been completed, low values in Pb and Ag have been detected in brecciated portions of the latite which may occur only as a lens in this area. At Sector Z, which occurs approximately 2 km to the northwest of Loma de La Plata, copper oxides are observed with only minor Pb present in samples; the geochemical association suggests Ag-Cu. Greater structural complexity, as observed though faulting and folding, is indicated in the Sector Z area.

 
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10    Exploration
   
   
Information in this section has been sourced from Snowden (2009), which was excerpted and updated from Williams (2007).
     
  10.1  
Exploration by Normandy Mining in 2002
     
   
The first exploration programme on the Navidad Project area consisted of a preliminary regional geochemical sampling programme conducted by Normandy in mid 2000 to locate additional deposits to supplement those known at its Calcatreu Project, a gold and silver deposit located approximately 90 km from Navidad. The programme consisted of 1,200 BLEG stream sediment samples taken from drainage systems overlying Jurassic age volcanic rocks in Chubut Province in the general vicinity of Calcatreu, Mina Angela, Gastre, Lagunita Salada, Gan Gan, and other areas. This programme took place on what was then considered open exploration ground, and resulted in the identification of various anomalies, including the Flamingo Prospect and Sacanana, which is today known as Navidad.
     
  10.2
Exploration by IMA from December 2002 to July 2006
     
   
10.2.1    Geological mapping and topographical surveys
     
   
IMA commenced the initial detailed outcrop mapping of the Navidad Project along the Navidad Trend in 2003 at both 1:500 and 1:5,000 map scales. During 2004 this mapping was expanded to cover a wider portion of the mineral tenement at 1:5,000 and 1:10,000 map scales.
     
   
In 2003 IMA produced a 2 m contour map over the central portion of the Navidad Project using a differential GPS. The coverage of this topography is 2.5 km by 4.5 km.  Outside this core zone 10 m contour lines were produced from satellite radar data. In 2004 IMA commissioned high resolution air photo coverage of the Navidad Project area.  These photos were used to produce an orthophoto of the Project area and to create 2 m contour lines covering an area of 14.4 km by 5.5 km.
     
   
10.2.2    Geophysical exploration
     
   
In 2003 IMA contracted Proingeo S.A. to conduct a limited ground gravimetric survey over Galena Hill, Connector Zone and the southeast part of Navidad Hill.  The survey consisted of ten lines of roughly 2 km each at 200 m line spacing.
     
   
In 2005 IMA commissioned Quantec Geoscience Argentina S.A. (Quantec) to conduct pole-dipole and gradient array IP and ground magnetometer surveys over the Navidad Trend. These surveys covered roughly an area of 6.9 km by 4.6 km. A large open spaced survey of IP covered strike extensions of the main trend for a total coverage of 14.4 km by 5.5 km. The data from these surveys was reprocessed in 2007 by Aquiline. The results of these surveys were mixed, probably in great part due to the distinct physical characteristics of the various deposits and their varying degree of oxidation.
     
   
10.2.3    Geochemical exploration
     
   
Commencing in 2002 and continuing through 2006, IMA collected soil, rock chip and stream silt samples over the Navidad Project. A total of 1,852 rock, 6,411 soil and 63 stream sediment geochemical samples are listed in the IMA database spatially related to the Project area. This work led to the identification of nearly all mineralised bedrock exposures known on the Property. The best example of soil geochemistry leading to  the

 
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identification of a mineralised zone is that of Loma de La Plata. Collectively the anomalous rock chip samples clearly delineate the Navidad, Esperanza and Argenta trends as does the soil geochemistry.
     
   
10.2.4     Diamond drilling
     
   
A list of the drillholes completed by IMA between November 2003 and July 2006 is shown in Table 10.1.
     
   
Table 10.1    Diamond drillholes completed by IMA from 2003 to 2006
     

 
 
Deposit
 
 
Number of drillholes
 
 
Metres drilled
 
 
 
Calcite NW
 
 
45
 
 
7,788
 
 
 
Calcite Hill
 
 
71
 
 
13,949
 
 
 
Navidad Hill
 
 
96
 
 
11,289
 
 
 
Connector Zone
 
 
37
 
 
4,712
 
 
 
Galena Hill
 
 
66
 
 
12,862
 
 
 
Barite Hill
 
 
8
 
 
1,315
 
 
 
Loma de La Plata
 
 
12
 
 
1,615
 
 
 
Exploration drillholes elsewhere on the Property
 
 
32
 
 
7,391
 
 
 
Total
 
 
367
 
 
60,921
 
 
     
   
10.2.5    Other work
     
   
Metallurgical samples were also collected during IMA’s second field season running from November 2003 to March 2004, the results of this test work is summarised in Section 16.
     
   
In 2005 Peter Lewis, a consulting structural geologist, studied the Project area including the Esperanza and Navidad trends. He concluded the Esperanza Fault formed part of the larger Gastre Fault system and was active at the time of mineralisation. He postulated that there could be a splay to this fault that was as yet unrecognised coincident with the Navidad Trend and that mineralisation was related to dilatational zones formed by dextral strike-slip movement on these northwest-southeast structures. He further concluded that post mineral tectonic activity resulted in deformation of the host rock units. This manifested in the formation of folds and southwest dipping thrust faulting.
     
   
10.2.6    Mineral Resource estimates
     
   
In February 2006 and updated in May 2006, Snowden prepared Mineral Resource estimates for IMA on the Navidad Project deposits including Calcite NW, Calcite Hill, Navidad Hill, Connector Zone, and Galena Hill (Snowden, 2006a).  In September 2006, Snowden prepared an updated Mineral Resource estimate and drill spacing study at Galena Hill for IMA (Snowden, 2006b).
     
 
10.3   Exploration by Aquiline from October 2006 to June 2009
     
   
The Qualified Person for exploration at the Navidad Project is Mr. John J. Chulick, who is a registered geologist in the State of California.
 
 
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Aquiline focussed exploration efforts on identifying new exploration targets with diamond drilling, with delineation and infill drilling at the Loma de La Plata deposit, and with minor infill drilling of other previously identified mineralised zones. Exploration for additional deposits through the use of fence drilling across prospective covered areas is feasible, since as is so far known, the occurrence of the latite unit hosting mineralisation is generally of relatively large areal extent that can be measured in units of tens of hectares. Mineralisation is frequently stratiform with relatively shallow dips, and most of the known deposits occur as large roughly tabular bodies.
     
   
Geophysical and geochemical methods have proved useful in mapping the distribution of the latite unit and potassic-style alteration, in detecting Galena Hill style sulphide-rich mineralisation, and in interpreting the Project-scale structural regime. The characteristics of the host rock and wall rock units are favourable for diamond drilling, and extensive areas can be rapidly explored by drilling at relatively low cost. As was demonstrated during the 2007 diamond drilling programme, additional Resources can be delineated by extension drilling laterally away from known deposit areas.
   
   
10.3.1    Diamond drilling
   
   
A list of the drillholes completed by Aquiline from November 2006 to March 2009 is shown in Table 10.2. A plan of the drillholes completed at the Navidad Project at the time of the April 2009 Mineral Resource estimate is shown in Figure 10.1.
   
   
Table 10.2    Diamond drillholes completed by Aquiline from 2006 to March 2009
     
 
 
 
Deposit
 
 
Number of drillholes
 
 
Metres drilled
 
 
 
Calcite NW
 
 
68
 
 
9,144
 
 
 
Calcite Hill
 
 
10
 
 
1,024
 
 
 
Navidad Hill
 
 
8
 
 
909
 
 
 
Connector Zone
 
 
36
 
 
6,994
 
 
 
Galena Hill
 
 
26
 
 
4,359
 
 
 
Barite Hill
 
 
48
 
 
11,518
 
 
 
Loma de La Plata
 
 
226
 
 
46,867
 
 
 
Valle Esperanza
 
 
53
 
 
20,399
 
 
 
Bajo and Filo del Plomo
 
 
22
 
 
2,798
 
 
 
Marcasite Hill
 
 
14
 
 
2,616
 
 
 
Exploration holes elsewhere on the Property
 
 
47
 
 
12,715
 
 
 
Condemnation holes for tailing dam
 
 
25
 
 
8,617
 
 
 
Total
 
 
583
 
 
127,960
 

 
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Figure 10.1    Plan of drillholes completed at the Navidad Project

 
 
   
   
10.3.2    Geophysical exploration
   
   
Gravity and resistivity geophysical techniques may be valuable tools to map the distribution of the latite unit in the sub-surface or beneath covered areas. IP is an effective geophysical method to detect Galena Hill style sulphide-rich mineralisation even to a considerable depth below the surface. Ground magnetic, and by inference, aeromagnetic geophysical data is seen by staff geologists as an effective technique to aid in the interpretation of the Project-scale structural regime.
   
   
Structural interpretation will aid in understanding the distribution of the latite unit as affected by half-graben type faulting and possible thrust fault displacements.
     
   
Gravity surveys
   
   
Between March and May 2007 Quantec conducted a gravimetric survey over an area measuring approximately 10 km by 8.5 km in the area referred to as the core Navidad Project area. Measurements were recorded at 150 m stations along 82 parallel lines trending 030º located at 200 m intervals. A total of 2,998 grid stations were read in the survey area. Station locations were surveyed with a differential global positioning system (DGPS), ensuring accuracies of ±5 cm. The objective of the survey was to map out

 
 
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density variations that potentially coincide with mineralisation and to provide data for structural interpretation.
   
   
Raw data for this survey has been interpreted by geophysical consultant Robert Ellis who has produced a residual Bouguer gravity model over the tested area. In this model the earlier acquired Proingeo data (2003) demonstrates a gravity high in the area of Galena Hill. Other gravity anomalies within the survey area remain to be tested by drilling.
     
   
Ground TEM survey
   
   
Between January and February 2007 Quantec ran a transient electromagnetic (TEM) survey on three test lines. The tests were performed to determine if a recognisable TEM response could be observed across areas of known mineralisation and in particular across massive sulphide mineralisation beneath Galena Hill. Each line was surveyed with transmitter 200 m by 200 m loops advanced at 50 m intervals, and then repeated with 100 m by 100 m loops advanced at 25 m intervals. The reading instrument was a Zonge GDP-16 receiver. Results were “flat” and no meaningful TEM response was detected.
     
   
Ground SP survey
   
   
A self-potential (SP) test was carried out during the same period as the TEM survey. The purpose of the SP test was to map naturally occurring voltage patterns produced by the oxidation of sulphides. Three 4,200 m test lines were selected to transverse known mineralised areas. Three averaged measurements were taken at 25 m intervals along the test lines. Results were considered to be too ambiguous to justify continuing with this method as a geophysical prospecting technique at Navidad.
     
   
Ground radiometric surveys
   
   
Ground radiometric testing was done with an Exploranium Gamma Ray Spectrometer GR 256 during the same period as the TEM survey and across the same three lines used for the SP test. The purpose was to determine if alteration related to mineral occurrence, particularly the introduction of potassium in the form of adularia, gives a coherent radiometric signature. Thirty-second measurements were taken at 25 m intervals on the test lines. Results for potassium were considered to be sufficiently correlative with areas of known mineralisation to justify radiometric measurements in the fixed-wing geophysical survey conducted in 2008.
   
   
Fixed-wing magnetometer and radiometric surveys
   
   
In 2008 a 9,700 line-km fixed-wing geophysical survey collected magnetic and radiometric data over 1,935 km2 of selected Aquiline controlled mineral tenements in Chubut province. The survey was flown using 200 m line spacing and 2 km tie-lines spacing. The survey consisted of a northern and southern block. The northern block covered 1,670 km2 and was designed to include all of the Cañadón Asfalto Formation on strike with the Navidad Project. The southern survey block covered 265 km2 including a basin containing Cañadón Asfalto Formation sediments. These surveys are helping build ongoing regional exploration activities.
     
   
High resolution ground magnetometer surveys
   
   
During the last quarter of 2008 a 2,153 line-km high definition ground magnetometer survey was conducted over the entire Navidad Project area. The survey covered a surface area of 10,750 ha. Five roving magnetometers on 50 m line spacing were used to collect readings at one second intervals. Line orientation of the main survey was 030˚. Two smaller surveys using 300˚ line orientations were conducted over the Navidad

 
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Trend and Loma de La Plata. Combined these surveys greatly aided in the definition of boundaries of magnetic rock units and identify structures that juxtapose rocks of different magnetic susceptibilities.
     
   
Ground 200 m dipole and CSAMT surveys
   
   
During 2008 seven test lines for a total of 53 line-km of deep looking IP and CSAMT were conducted by Quantec over the Navidad Project area. The objective of these surveys was to provide information from depth for both the extension of mineralisation and to better understand the structural architecture of the geology.
   
   
10.3.3    Geochemical exploration
   
   
A series of orientation geochemical surveys were conducted by Aquiline over known mineralised zones on the Navidad Project in early 2007. These included soil, stream silt and biogeochemical surveys. As a result new sampling protocols were established that markedly improved the geochemical response in both ore and path finder elements. The biogeochemical study provided distinct and complementary information to that of the soil geochemistry. This has led to the protocol of collecting twin biogeochemistry and soil geochemistry samples. The greater sensitivity of the new sampling protocols has allowed the initial phase of sampling to utilise a wider spacing on grids while maintaining good line to line correlation.
   
   
From the end of 2007 and into 2008 a large combined soil and biogeochemical survey was conducted over the Navidad Project area and the projected on-strike extensions of the zone under Quaternary cover. A total of 3,316 soil and 4,297 biogeochemical samples were collected. Results of the surveys have identified new zones of precious and path finder base metals that are being followed up by reconnaissance drill programs. The geochemical data is also being incorporated into the environmental base line studies.
   
   
10.3.4    Geological mapping
   
   
Beginning at the end of 2007 Aquiline geologists have conducted a programme of re-mapping and expanding the coverage of geologic mapping of the Navidad district. Currently 240 km2 are mapped covering the entire Navidad Project and surrounding area. The main objective of this work is to improve the geological understanding of the geology and controls to mineralisation. This is being done by refining the Project stratigraphy and establishing the location, relative sense of movement and timing of the complex structural elements. This work has led to an updated deposit model as discussed in detail under Section 8 of this report.
   
   
10.3.5    Mineral Resource estimates
   
   
In November 2007, Snowden prepared an updated Mineral Resource estimate for Aquiline for the Barite Hill, Galena Hill, Connector Zone, Navidad Hill, Calcite Hill, Calcite NW, and Loma de La Plata deposits. The November 2007 Mineral Resource estimates have been superseded by the April 2009 estimate.
   
   
10.3.6    Future exploration work
   
   
Continued exploration in the company’s land package in the Navidad district will be directed towards additional Jurassic-age basins in the Gastre structural corridor with Cañadón Asfalto lithologies. Geochemical sampling techniques should be effective tools to efficiently explore these basins. The distribution of associated potassic-style alteration such as adularia within the regional basins may be detected through the interpretation of the 2008 airborne radiometric survey.

 
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Approximately US$500,000 was expended per month in Argentina on the exploration programme and related activities for the Navidad Property in 2009. Pan American will continue exploration drilling on several open or new targets along the mineralised trends. Infill drilling is planned for Loma de la Plata, Valle Esperanza, Barite Hill, and Galena Hill during 2010. These drillholes will also provide new samples for metallurgical analysis. Additional condemnation and geotechnical drilling is planned for potential future infrastructure sites.

 
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11           Drilling
   
   
Information in this section has been sourced from Snowden (2009), which was excerpted and updated from Kain (2007). The Qualified Person for drilling at the Navidad Project is Mr. John J. Chulick.
   
 
11.1   Diamond drilling methods
   
   
All diamond drilling on the Navidad Project since the first drillhole in November 2003 has been completed by Boart Longyear Connors Argentina S.A. of Mendoza, Argentina (subsequently taken over by Boart Longyear in 2007). One rig is employed on a discontinuous basis and is capable of drilling deeper than 400 m with HQ sized rods. Nearly all holes have been drilled at HQ3 diameter (61 mm) with 3 m long rods, except for rare instances where the drillhole was collared at HQ size diameter and subsequently reduced to NQ diameter down the drillhole. No liners or split-tube core barrels have been used in the drilling process. Frequently used drilling additives include Polyplus, Platinum Lube, and G-Stop. Common rod grease may be used for exceptionally deep holes. Drilling conditions are very good with drilling rates of approximately 120 m per day per machine. During 2008, up to three additional drill rigs operated on the Project: one continued with exploration drilling; the other two rigs were dedicated to a programme of in-fill and extensional drilling and orientated-core drilling in support of a geotechnical study of the Loma de La Plata deposit. One of the Loma de La Plata drill rigs was swapped for a period of time with a rig capable of drilling PQ3 diameter (83 mm) drill core for metallurgical sampling. The holes for metallurgical sampling doubled as in-fill drillholes. Split-tube core barrels were used during the orientated core drilling of Loma de La Plata for geotechnical analysis.
   
 
11.2    Drillhole collar surveys
   
   
Staff geologists set up drill collars in the field by locating the planned collar coordinates with a GPS unit or occasionally by tape measure from a nearby drillhole. The geologist aligns the azimuth of the rig by setting out a row of stakes oriented on the desired azimuth, frequently 030°, with a Brunton compass. The edge of the drill rig, such as the Nodwell track or the outer wall of the mounted housing unit, is aligned with the stakes. Drillhole inclination is set by placing the inclinometer of the Brunton compass directly on the drill rod.
   
   
After drilling the hole, collar coordinates are periodically surveyed by a professional contract surveyor using total station methods or more recently with a differential GPS. The survey point of reference is a federal government geocentric reference frame (POSGAR) point. Coordinates are expressed in the Gauss Kruger Zone II system, relative to the Campo Inchauspe datum. Drillhole azimuths at the Navidad Project have historically used a magnetic declination correction of 08°E, but beginning in 2009 drillholes from number NV-949 onwards will use an updated correction of 06.5°E.
   
 
11.3   Downhole surveys
   
   
A number of different instruments have been employed at the Project to define the drillhole trace down the hole (Table 11.1). Aquiline previously used a system of taking downhole surveys either halfway downhole, or every third of the hole, or every quarter of the hole, depending on hole length. In October 2008 Aquiline implemented a system of standardising downhole surveys every 50 m, and beginning in 2009, in deposits

 
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    where resources have previously been estimated, downhole readings are now taken at 30 m intervals.  Currently no downhole survey of the bearing and dip is taken at the collar, but the first measurement is now taken not lower than 10 m below the drill collar.  No surveys are taken of vertical holes.  Snowden recommends that Pan American survey all drill holes regardless of their orientation with the first measurement taken at the collar of the hole. 
     
   
The average distance between downhole surveys is 84 m between surveys, with a maximum distance of 232 m. Beginning with drillhole 616, survey measurements have averaged 52 m between readings. No serious drillhole deviation problems have been encountered in the drilling to date. Azimuth swing between downhole surveys ranges between 0° and 10°, with lifts of between 0° and 3°.
   
   
Table 11.1     Downhole survey methods at the Navidad Project
 
 
 
Date
 
 
Drillhole numbers
 
 
Method
 
 
 
November 2003 to June 2004
 
 
1 to 72
 
 
Tropari
 
 
 
July 2004 to April 2007
 
 
73 to 445
 
 
Sperry Sun
 
 
 
April 2007 to present
 
 
446 onwards
 
 
Reflex EZ-shot
 
 
 
11.4   Drill intercepts
   
   
Drill intercepts are given for prospects at the Navidad Project which are not included as part of the 2009 Mineral Resources.
   
   
11.4.1    Southern Argenta Trend (Yanquetru)
   
   
Several holes were drilled in the Yanquetru area to test at depth the Pb mineralisation observed in soil anomalies. Drillhole NV07-409 intersected a zone within the sediments from 106.3 m to 166.3 m that averaged 0.5% Zn over 57 m. From 187.3 m to 193.3 m, the drillhole intercepted 6 m averaging 21 g/t Ag and 0.2% Pb in the rhythmically bedded turbidite-like greywacke below a 7 m thick horizon of latite. This mineralisation is interpreted to represent a lower grade, relatively zinc-rich distal zone of mineralisation lateral to the higher grade core deposits.
   
   
11.4.2    Marcasite Hill
   
   
Marcasite Hill is located at the southeast end of the Navidad Trend as it is presently known, approximately 1 km to the southeast of Barite Hill. It initially attracted attention due to a sharp IP response, and outcrop examination revealed veinlets and breccia with calcite, galena, and marcasite mineralisation, hosted in the upper latite unit. To date Marcasite Hill has been tested by 14 drill holes, NV07-435 through NV07-600, which are located in an irregular area of approximately 850 m by 450 m though the majority of the holes have been drilled in an area measuring 300 m by 200 m.
   
   
Beneath the latite, sedimentary units are encountered comprised principally by mudstone and lesser sandstones and sandy conglomerates that are similarly mineralised by calcite, galena, and marcasite/pyrite occurring in breccia and veinlets. The most noteworthy hole drilled in this sequence is NV07-596 with an intercept of 104 m at 0.42% Pb, 0.55% Zn, and low grade anomalies in Ag to 12 g/t with an average of 3 g/t Ag.

 
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11.4.3     Bajo del Plomo and Filo del Plomo
   
   
To date 20 holes have been drilled in the Bajo del Plomo and Filo del Plomo prospects along the Argenta Trend for a strike length of 1,400 m and down dip from the crest for approximately 400 m. It is believed that the total down-dip extension could be on the order of 600 m or more based on the continuation of this mineralisation in the so-called Tailings Dam area. The mineralisation is hosted in the upper latite, with an attitude of azimuth 315º dipping 20° northeast, and along the contact with the overlying sedimentary units where these are preserved. The mineralisation in the latite unit is found as irregular breccia fillings or in veinlets and typically consists of calcite, galena, and lesser barite. In general analytical results report high lead values with low silver. The most significant intercepts are found in hole NV07-486 for 13.15 m at 97 g/t Ag and 7.10% Pb, hole NV07-494 for 12.5 m at 72 g/t Ag and 1.30% Pb, and in hole NV07-644 for 13.4 m at 40 g/t Ag and 2.53% Pb.
   
   
11.4.4     Tailings Dam
   
   
In this area 26 holes were completed to evaluate the area proposed in the Preliminary Economic Assessment study as a site for a future tailings dam, hence this was in large measure a condemnation drilling programme. The holes were typically drilled to a depth of 300 m. They frequently terminated in mudstone, but several holes managed to intercept the upper latite unit which in several cases reported mineralisation of the style encountered at Filo del Plomo. The most noteworthy intercepts were found in hole NV08-695 for 4.80 m at 25 g/t Ag and 2.70% Pb, hole NV08-796 for 9.0m at 18 g/t Ag and 1.18% Pb, and in hole NV08-842 for 22.0 m at 32 g/t Ag and 0.63% Pb, with values up to 149 g/t Ag.
   
   
11.4.5     Sector Z and Valle La Plata
   
   
Sector Z is a hilly and structurally complex area at the northwest extreme of the Argenta Trend; to date it has been tested with 11 drill holes in two sub-areas. At Valle La Plata, between the Loma de La Plata deposit and Sector Z, seven holes have been drilled with generally wide spacing of 200 m to 300 m between collars. To date neither zone has demonstrated continuous significant mineralisation though several individual intercepts have been noteworthy. The most significant intercepts in Sector Z include hole NV08-670 for 14.70 m at 73 g/t Ag and 0.34% Pb, hole NV08-742 for 10.97m at 47 g/t Ag and 0.24% Pb.
   
   
The majority of the holes drilled in the Valle La Plata zone have cut short intervals with anomalous to moderately significant Ag mineralisation in the upper latite unit. The most noteworthy intercepts include hole NV08-751 for 6.82 m at 105 g/t Ag and 0% Pb and hole NV08-760 for 4.0 m at 80 g/t Ag and 0% Pb.

 
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12           Sampling method and approach
   
   
The sampling method at the Navidad Project has followed similar protocols for the life of the Project. The Qualified Person for the sampling method and approach at the Navidad Project is Mr. John. J. Chulick.
   
 
12.1   Core logging
   
   
Aquiline followed the same sampling methodology for diamond drill core sampling at Navidad since acquiring the Project from IMA, with a few refinements. Approximately five staff geologists are responsible for logging drill core, which takes place at the core logging facilities in Gastre. Drill core from NV07-459 onwards are stored in Gastre, along with core selected as representative of each deposit (NV05-241 to NV05-245, NV06-278, NV06-324, NV06-343, NV06-363, NV06-372, NV06-379, NV06-403, NV07-442, and NV07-449). Drill core up to NV07-458 is stored in Gan Gan, except the representative drillholes stored in Gastre.
   
   
Drill core is stored and well maintained in wooden core boxes with a nominal capacity of approximately 3 m. The drillhole number, box number, and downhole interval are marked in felt tip marker on the side of the box. Wooden downhole core depth markers are placed in the core box by the driller indicating the drillhole number and end of run depth.
   
   
Staff geologists log the drill core in detail using standardised logging sheets on handheld computers for: lithology; alteration type, style, and intensity; mineralisation type, style, and intensity; and structural information. The entire drillhole is photographed prior to cutting. Geotechnical information including drill core recovery, RQD, weathering, texture, fracture frequency, type, roughness, infill, shape and angle, hardness, and other notes are recorded on a drill-run basis.
   
 
12.2   Sampling
   
   
Samples are taken continuously downhole within the prospective lithologies, along geological boundaries rather than by a pre-determined length, which represents best practice. Samples within geological similar units are selected at 3 m intervals. Samples are marked for cutting by indicating the sample interval with a yellow paint marker and stapling a waterproof sample number tag on the core box. The drill core is cut in half with a diamond bladed core saw, using recycled water decanted from a settling tank. There is evidence that core samples are not always cleaned subsequent to cutting. Wherever the drill core is too broken for cutting, samples are selected by hand or with a spatula, and very rarely a mechanical splitter is used for core intervals too small for cutting with the saw.
   
   
Samples are collected by staff, placed into a previously numbered plastic bag along with a waterproof sample number tag indicating the sample depth interval and the sample number corresponding to the tag stapled to the core box. The plastic sample bag and tag are then sealed with a tamper-proof plastic tie embossed with the sample number.
   
   
Several sample bags are then placed into larger poly-woven plastic bags, weighed, and transported to the Alex Stewart Mendoza sample preparation facility by drivers from the Gastre community or by staff.
   
   
The remaining drill core is stored under cover at Pan American’s core storage facilities in Gastre and Gan Gan.

 
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12.3   Density determinations
   
   
Density determinations are made on a box by box basis for the entire drillhole. Technicians record the downhole interval marked on the box and the length of the sample contained within the box to obtain the recovery percentage. The volume of the sample is calculated by multiplying the core diameter (6.1 cm) by the recovered core length. The density is then calculated by weighing the core box, subtracting the weight of the wooden core box (previously set at 3,580 g, but now set at the average weight of each new shipment of boxes), and dividing by the volume of the recovered sample. Boxes with more than 15% core loss are excluded from the database.
   
   
There are a number of potential sources of error when determining density values using this method, including the accuracy of the scale in use, the accuracy of the drill core recovery estimation, using a set weight for a wooden core box, and the crossing of lithological and/or mineralisation boundaries within the core box. Snowden (2007) made recommendations for more reliable methods for determining density values.
   
   
Since October 2008 drillholes numbered NV08-876 and above have had their density determined using the water displacement method, in addition to the box method. Older drillholes under examination have also had density determinations made using the water displacement method. An approximately 20 cm long piece of competent core is selected, quartered with a saw, washed, and dried on a hot plate for between five and ten minutes. The weight of the dry sample is recorded, and the sample is suspended on a length of string and completely submerged into a 1,000 ml capacity cylinder containing 600 ml of water. The displaced water volume is recorded, and the density is calculated by dividing the volume of the displaced water by the weight of the dry sample.
   
   
Snowden considers that this methodology may also introduce error in the density determination due to the relatively small size of the sample and the potential introduction of water in porous samples. Snowden recommends that Pan American select whole core samples and coat the entire sample with wax or varnish to prevent the sample from retaining water.
   
 
12.4   Independent statement on sampling methods
   
   
Snowden are of the opinion that drillhole logging and sampling procedures used by Pan American could conform to standard industry practice by following the recommendations outlined in Section 12.5.
   
   
Snowden was not able to verify historical drilling and sampling practices.
   
 
12.5   Recommendations
   
   
Snowden recommends the implementation of the following practices to improve the quality of the sampling data:
   
 
   
Determine the density of drill core prior to splitting with the diamond saw. Samples should be coated to prevent water retention. Specific gravity samples should be selected according to a representative suite of lithologies, mineralisation, and alteration types, through spatially representative locations throughout the area covered by drilling.
   
   
Discontinue the practice of using recycled water during core cutting and rinse the cut samples prior to sampling, to prevent the risk of cross-contamination.

 
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13           Sample preparation, analyses, and security
   
   
Information in this section has been sourced from Snowden (2009).
   
   
The Qualified Person for the sample preparation, analyses, and security at the Navidad Project is Mr. John J. Chulick.
   
 
13.1   Sample preparation, analyses, and security
   
   
13.1.1    Laboratory
   
   
All diamond drill core samples at the Navidad Project have been analysed by Alex Stewart Assayers Argentina S.A. (Alex Stewart) of Mendoza, Argentina. Alex Stewart is ISO 9001:2000 accredited for the preparation and chemical analysis of mining exploration samples. On two separate occasions in 2003 and 2007, Smee and Associates conducted a laboratory inspection and considered the laboratory to conform to industry best practice methods for analysis (Smee, 2003 and Smee, 2007).
   
   
13.1.2     Sample preparation
   
   
Upon receipt of the sample submission, each sample bag is weighed and the entire sample is removed from the bag and placed in a drying pan. Samples are dried at 70°C for up to 40 hours.
   
   
After drying, the entire sample is removed from the drying pan and jaw crushed to #10 mesh to reduce its fragment size so that 95% of the sample is less than 2 mm in size (which is monitored by subsequent screen tests). The entire sample is passed through a riffle splitter several times before a final split of 1.2 kg is collected.
   
   
At this point a 1.2 kg duplicate of the course reject is collected randomly from each analytical batch. This coarse reject duplicate is subsequently re-numbered as the original sample number with the suffix “DC” and then treated as a normal sample. The residual coarse reject is stored.
   
   
The sample is then pulverised ensuring that at least 80% of the material is less than 75 µm in size (80% passing through #200 mesh, also monitored by screen tests). A representative 250 g split of the sample pulp is taken as the sample and pulp duplicates are routinely collected by the laboratory and assayed as part of their analytical quality control measures. The remaining pulp reject (approximately 950 g) is stored for future reference.
   
   
The crusher and pulveriser are cleaned with barren quartz between each sample.
   
   
13.1.3    Sample analyses
   
   
All drill core samples at the Navidad Project have been analysed by fire assay for silver with gravimetric finish and gold for AAS finish and ICP-ES for 19 elements using the ICP ORE technique.
   
   
For Ag fire assay, a 30 g charge is fused with 230 g of flux in a furnace with temperature control at 1,050°C to produce lead buttons with a weight of at least 30 g. The lead buttons are weighed and any sample with a button less than 30 g is repeated. The cupellation of the lead buttons occurs in a furnace with temperature control at 950°C. Two standards of pure metallic silver are included in each cupellation batch to quantify the Ag loss during the process. The prills are weighed in a microbalance and Ag dissolved with HNO3 and Au with Aqua Regia.

 
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Gold content is determined by AAS and the silver value is calculated as the difference between the weight of the AAS Au and Ag.  The final Ag value considers Ag lost by cupellation and adds Ag based on the two metallic silver standards. Silver detection limits are 2 g/t Ag and occasionally 1 g/t Ag.
   
   
In addition, all samples are also analysed by the ICP-ORE technique that uses strong multi-acid digestion on a sample size of 0.2 g with concentrations determined by ICP-ES. The method uses a very strong oxidising attack to ensure the complete dissolution of sulphides and has been optimised to handle a wide range of concentrations of base and other metals, but with higher than normal detection limits for typical ICP analyses. The sample is dissolved with NPC (3% potassium chlorate in HNO3), HBr and HCl. The elements included in the package are Ag, As, Bi, Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, P, Pb, S, Sb, Ti, and Zn. The detection limits for silver, lead, copper, and zinc are 5 ppm Ag, 0.01% Pb, 0.005% Cu, and 0.01% Zn.
   
   
The QC protocol employed by Alex Stewart consists in batches of 50 samples for fire assay and up to 100 samples for ICP. Fire assay batches include one preparation blank, one analytical blank, one coarse duplicate, four pulp duplicates, one international certified standard for base metal and silver, one uncertified in-house standard, and two standards made from pure silver to calibrate losses in cupellation. ICP batches include two blanks, four standards, and 10% duplicates.
   
   
13.1.4    Sample security and chain of custody
   
   
Samples are transported from the drill rig to storage facilities in Gastre by staff, where a staff geologist logs and photographs the drill core. Drill core is cut and sampled by a staff technician, placed in a plastic bag and sealed with a numbered tamper-proof tag corresponding to the sample number. Five to six samples are placed in a large nylon-woven sack which is then also sealed with a tamper-proof nylon tie. The sack, generally containing about 50 kg of samples, is weighed by a staff technician and transported by staff or a member of the local community to the Alex Stewart sample preparation facilities in Mendoza, where each individual sample is maintained under the control of Alex Stewart. After sample preparation and analyses are complete, all pulps and coarse rejects are shipped by Alex Stewart to a covered warehouse facility rented in Mendoza, where the samples are stored permanently.
   
   
13.1.5    Independent statement on sample preparation, analyses, and security
   
   
Snowden are of the opinion that sample preparation, analyses, and security of diamond drill core samples for the Navidad Project are of industry standard and are suitable for use in Mineral Resource estimates.
   
 
13.2   Quality control measures
   
   
Aquiline routinely inserted certified standards, blanks, and field duplicates with sample submissions as part of their sample assay quality assurance/quality control (QAQC) programme, and provided Snowden with the data for review. Analysis of QAQC data is made to assess the reliability of sample assay data and the confidence in the data used for the resource estimation.
   
   
13.2.1     Certified standard samples
   
   
Certified standard samples are used to measure the accuracy of analytical processes and are composed of material that has been thoroughly analysed to accurately determine its grade within known error limits. A standard is considered to have failed if the assay

 
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result is above or below three standard deviations of the mean certified standard value defined by the standard manufacturer.  If a standard has failed then it may be necessary to re-analyse the sample batch associated with the standard.
   
   
A total of 3,734 standard samples have been submitted at a frequency of 1 in every 21 samples.  Aquiline used standards for Ag and Pb comprised of material collected from site and prepared by Acme laboratories in Santiago, Chile, ALS Chemex in La Serena, Chile, ALS Chemex in Vancouver, Canada, and Assayers Canada in Vancouver. The list of standards employed by Aquiline and used to assess the quality of assays used in the April 2009 Mineral Resource estimate is presented in Table 13.1.  Not all standards have been certified for Cu.
   
   
By late 2008 these standards had been depleted, and Aquiline purchased three new standards certified for Ag, Pb, Cu, and Zn, prepared and packaged by CDN Labs of Delta, British Columbia. The standards have been certified by seven laboratories including Alex Stewart of Mendoza, ALS Chemex of Vancouver, Acme of Vancouver, Acme of Santiago, SGS of Lima, ALS Chemex of La Serena, and G&T Metallurgical of Kamloops. Only three standards had been submitted at the time of the April 2009 Mineral Resource estimate, therefore no analysis has been made of their results.
   
   
Table 13.1     Certified values of standards

 
 
Standard
 
 
Certified mean grade by FA-GRAV (g/t Ag)
 
 
Standard deviation by FA-GRAV (g/t Ag)
 
 
Certified mean grade by ICP-OES (% Pb)
 
 
Standard deviation by ICP-OES (% Pb)
 
 
Certified mean grade by ICP-OES (% Cu)
 
 
Standard deviation by ICP-OES   (% Cu)
 
 
GMB01
 
 
110.62
 
 
3.28
 
 
6.73
 
 
0.13
 
 
0.011
 
 
0.0029
 
 
LGH
 
 
67.61
 
 
2.85
 
 
2.26
 
 
0.04
 
 
-
 
 
-
 
 
MGH
 
 
230.96
 
 
5.87
 
 
4.54
 
 
0.09
 
 
-
 
 
-
 
 
NHBG01
 
 
6940.2
 
 
166.11
 
 
14.52
 
 
0.58
 
 
6.24
 
 
0.103
 

 
   
Standard GMB01
     
   
1,062 samples of low grade standard GMB01 were submitted from 2003 until 2008.  The results from the silver gravimetric methods are shown in Figure 13.1 and have a good accuracy.  Copper ICP data results are also good, while lead ICP data exhibit a slightly high bias, which is not considered significant.

 
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Figure 13.1        Low grade standard GMB01 results

 
Low grade standard GMB01 by FA-GRAV for Ag


 
Low grade standard GMB01 by ICP-OES for Pb
 
 
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Low grade standard GMB01 by ICP-OES for Cu


   
   
Standard LGH
     
   
Standard LGH was used by Aquiline in August 2007 to replace standard GMB01.  A total of 849 LGH reference samples were analysed (Figure 13.2).  Ag results from FA-GRAV analyses are well constrained about the mean certified value.  Pb results are more scattered but most results are within tolerance limits.  24 standard samples failed for Pb, representing approximately 3% of the samples analysed between May 2007 and December 2008.  A high bias (on average) approximately equal to one standard deviation above the mean certified value is present (approximately 1%).  The bias does not appear to be a cause for concern; however, Pan American is recommended to follow up on any failed standard samples with the laboratory.
   
   
Figure 13.2                      Low grade standard LGH results


 
Low grade standard LGH by FA-GRAV for Ag
 
 
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Low grade standard LGH by ICP-OES for Pb


   
Standard MGH
     
   
Aquiline began using the medium grade standard MGH in January 2007.  A total of 977 MGH reference samples were analysed over a period from January 2007 until January 2009 (Figure 13.3).  Analyses of Ag standards yielded high biases of approximately one standard deviation above the mean certified standard value (approximately 2%).
   
   
The Pb analysis exhibits a similar pattern to the low grade LGH standard.  There is a weak high bias of approximately 1% and 2.4% of the standard samples have failed, which is an acceptable result.
   
   
Figure 13.3         Medium grade standard MGH results
 

Medium grade standard MGH by FA-GRAV for Ag

 
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Medium grade standard MGH by ICP-OES for Pb

   
Standard NHBG01
     
   
846 high grade NHBG01 reference samples were submitted between December 2003 and April 2008, with accurate results (Figure 13.4).  Pb and Cu analysis yields good results, with data points tightly constrained slightly above the mean certified standard value (Figure 13.4).
   
   
Figure 13.4    High grade standard NHBG01 results


 
High grade standard NHBG01 by FA-GRAV for Ag
 
 
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High grade standard NHBG01 by ICP-OES for Pb
 

 
High grade standard NHBG01 by ICP-OES for Cu


   
13.2.2    Blank Samples
   
   
Blank samples are composed of material that is known to contain grades that are less than the detection limit of the analytical method in use. A blank sample is considered to have failed if the returned assay is greater than ten times the detection limit. Analysis of blank samples is useful for determining if cross-contamination of samples is occurring in the sample preparation or analysis process.
   
   
Aquiline submitted blank samples comprising barren basalt rock chips on a frequency of 1 in 37 samples. Blank sample results are good with a low number of failed samples (Table 13.2).

 
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Table 13.2     Blank sample results
   
 
 
 
Analytical method
 
 
Detection limit
 
 
Number of samples
 
 
Number of failed samples
 
 
 
Ag FA-GRAV
 
 
1 g/t
 
 
935
 
 
8
 
 
 
Pb ICP-OES
 
 
0.01%
 
 
2,111
 
 
3
 
 
 
Cu ICP-OES
 
 
0.001%
 
 
2,111
 
 
6
 
 
 
   
13.2.3    Duplicate drill core samples (field duplicates)
     
   
Field duplicate samples are duplicate samples that are taken at the primary sampling point. At the Navidad Project, where diamond drillhole core is sampled by taking half of the core extracted from the ground, a field duplicate is taken by submitting the remaining half of the core. Aquiline were selecting quarter core samples as field duplicates until mid 2007, when they began selecting half core samples. Field duplicates are submitted to measure the precision of the entire sampling, sample preparation, and analysis process. Field duplicates also provide a measure of the inherent variability of the mineralisation (the nugget effect).
     
   
2,186 duplicate sample results submitted since 2003 are available for analysis, for a submission frequency rate of 1 in 36 samples. 942 of the duplicate samples returned silver assays with values greater than the detection limit of the analytical instrument, for a submission frequency rate of 1 in 83 samples. Pan American should focus on field duplicate sampling in the mineralised zone, for a submission frequency of 1 in 20 samples.
     
   
A number of plots and graphs can be used to quantify precision and bias in the duplicate samples. These plots include:
     
     
Scatter plot: assesses the degree of scatter of the duplicate result plotted against the original (first) assay value, which allows for bias characterisation and regression calculations.
       
     
Precision plot: half of the absolute difference (HAD) of the sample pair values plotted against their average. The reference line indicates different levels of precision.
       
     
Relative difference plot: relative difference of the paired values divided by their average.
       
     
Ranked HARD plot: half absolute relative difference of samples plotted against their ranked value (samples are ordered from lowest to highest grade and ranked by percentile). For field duplicate samples in high nugget style deposits, the sample threshold is accepted to be 30% or below at the 90th percentile.
     
   
The results of the Navidad duplicate drill core samples show good precision and no evidence of sampling bias. Silver duplicate analyses tend to show some scatter, but are within acceptable tolerance limits. Precision plots yield good results at the field level, as an average of 80% of the data plot within 20% of their respective duplicate samples, while an average of 55% of the data plot within 10%. The results of the field duplicate samples are shown in Figure 13.5, Figure 13.6, and Figure 13.7.

 
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Figure 13.5     Ag field duplicate samples analysed by FA-GRAV from 2003 until 2009
 
 
   
 
Normal scatter plot with threshold guidelines of 30%
 
Relative difference plot with threshold guidelines of 30%
 
 
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Precision plot
 
Ranked HARD plot
 
 
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Figure 13.6     Pb field duplicate samples analysed by ICP-OES from 2003 until 2009
 
 
   
 
Normal scatter plot with threshold guidelines of 30%
 
Relative difference plot with threshold guidelines of 30%
 
 
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Precision plot
 
Ranked HARD plot
 
 
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Figure 13.7      Cu field duplicate samples analysed by ICP-OES from 2003 until 2009
 
 
   
 
Normal scatter plot with threshold guidelines of 30%
 
Relative difference plot with threshold guidelines of 30%
 
 
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 Precision plot
Ranked HARD plot
 
 
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13.2.4     Independent statement of Navidad quality control samples
     
   
Snowden considers the results of the standard, blank, and field duplicate samples submitted for the Navidad Project to be of industry standard and do not indicate any significant source of bias, cross contamination, or inaccuracy.
     
 
 
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14    Data verification
   
   
Information in this section has been sourced from Snowden (2009).
   
 
14.1   Field and laboratory quality control data reviews
   
   
In June 2003, Smee and Associates Consulting Ltd (Smee) were engaged to audit the laboratories of Alex Stewart in Mendoza and ALS Chemex laboratories of Coquimbo and Santiago, Chile, and to make recommendations as to the suitability of the methods used by these laboratories for the high grade samples expected to be submitted from  the Navidad Project (Smee, 2003). The work involved a formal audit of the Alex Stewart laboratory, a visit to the ALS Chemex laboratory in Santiago, and a formal audit of the ALS Chemex laboratory at Coquimbo. Smee concluded that both laboratories were capable of meeting the required standards, but there would be some operational and turn around differences between the two options.
   
   
In April 2005, Smee conducted a review of the 2004 Navidad QAQC data and an audit of the procedures used at the Alex Stewart laboratory in Mendoza, Argentina (Smee, 2005a). No site visit was undertaken. Smee considered the laboratory facilities in Mendoza to comply with industry best practice methods for analysis, and that the QAQC Project data as at April 2005 was accurate, precise, free from contamination, and suitable for inclusion in Mineral Resource estimates. Smee recommended improvements in managing QAQC data; capturing and analysing the Alex Stewart internal QAQC data; initiating a plan of action for identifying QAQC failures and the corrective action required; improvements to diamond drill core cutting (orienting core and marking a cutting line); and taking half core samples for duplicates rather than quarter core samples.
   
   
In December 2005, Smee conducted a review of the 2004 and 2005 QC data and made recommendations as to the suitability of the analytical data to be included in resource estimations (Smee, 2005b). No site visit was undertaken. Smee considered the laboratory facilities in Mendoza were performing the analyses using industry accepted procedures and quality control protocols, and that the QAQC Project data as at December 2005 was accurate, precise, free from contamination, and suitable for use in resource estimations. Smee recommended the purchase of a commercial software database to assist the capture of the analytical and quality control data.
   
   
In February 2008, Smee and Associates Consulting Ltd visited the Project and conducted a review of the Navidad QAQC data and procedures (Smee, 2008). Smee recommended improvements for the data compilation and in managing the QAQC data; to build a table of failures to document the course of action taken to correct or accept the failures; to document and describe the nature of the inserted blank and to determine the background values of the blank samples in order to establish a more precise warning limit. Smee calculated the sampling precision for some of the project deposits that showed that most areas have an overall sampling precision of nearly ±20%, which is expected for this style of mineralisation. Smee indicated that Calcite Hill mineralisation has a precision of ±30% which is considered to be high for this style of mineralisation and recommended investigating the source of this variation. It was recommended that the corresponding lithology symbol be attached to the duplicate samples to determine which lithology has the poorest precision. These recommendations have subsequently been implemented by Aquiline.
 
 
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14.2   Snowden independent site visits
   
   
Ms. De Mark conducted a site inspection of the Navidad Property from 10 September to 13 September 2007 and from 28 April to 30 April 2009. Ms. De Mark was involved in discussions with key Aquiline personnel (Table 14.1) and undertook the following activities:
   
   
Reviewed geological plans and cross sections.
       
   
Reviewed selected diamond drillhole logs and diamond drill core intersections.
       
   
Reviewed diamond drill core logging, cutting, and sampling procedures.
       
   
Selected mineralised intersections for independent analyses.
       
   
Confirmed the coordinates of selected diamond drillhole collars by GPS.
       
   
Inspected Aquiline’s two operating diamond drilling rigs during the 2007 site visit. No diamond drill rigs were in operation at the time of Snowden’s 2009 visit.
   
 
Table 14.1     Key Aquiline personnel involved in data verification discussions

 
Visit year
Name
Position
 
2007, 2009
John Chulick
Vice President of Exploration
 
2007, 2009
Sergio Kain
Senior Project Geologist
 
2007
Sophia Adamopoulos
Senior Project Geologist
 
2009
Dean Williams
Chief Geologist
 
2009
Damian Spring
Chief Mining Engineer

   
14.2.1    Independent review and sampling of mineralised intersections
   
   
Ms. De Mark examined mineralised intersections in 49 drillholes from the Barite Hill, Galena Hill, Connector Zone, Navidad Hill, Calcite Hill, Calcite NW, Loma de La Plata and Valle Esperanza deposits in 2007 and 2009 (Table 14.2). A number of the mineralised intersections selected by Snowden for review in 2009 were no longer available, as the drill core had been used for metallurgical testing. These missing intersections included drillholes NV08-658, NV07-618, NV08-681, NV08-732, NV08-765, NV08-718, NV07-609, NV08-781, NV08-713, NV08-792, NV07-515, and NV07-543. No discrepancies were noted.
   
   
In 2007, Ms. De Mark confirmed the presence of diamond drill core for the Project, which is stored under cover at the Aquiline drill core storage facilities in Gastre. Further, she collected 30 quarter core duplicate samples from 25 drillholes (Table 14.3), and confirmed the presence of visible Ag mineralisation in drillhole NV07-442 (which returned assays of 22,818 g/t Ag from 223.55 m to 224.05 m downhole).
   
   
In 2007, the 30 independent quarter core samples were cut and sampled under Snowden supervision, and shipped to Vancouver, where the samples were submitted to Acme Laboratories of Vancouver, B.C. One sample of blank rock chips and two standard pulps were also submitted for analyses. Samples were crushed to 70% passing #10 mesh, split to 250 g, and pulverised to 95% passing #150 mesh. Au and Ag were analysed by fire assay on a 30 g sample. Base metal sulphides and precious metals were analysed by ICP-ES using hot Aqua Regia digestion of a 1 g sample.
 
 
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The 31 independent samples selected by Snowden from 31 drillholes in April 2009 (Table 0.3) were cut and sampled under Snowden supervision, and shipped to Vancouver, where the samples were submitted to ALS Laboratories of North Vancouver, B.C. One sample of blank rock chips and four standard pulps were also submitted for analyses. Samples were crushed to 70% passing <2 mm mesh, pulverised to 85% passing <75 µm mesh, and split with a riffle splitter to obtain a 30 g charge. Ag was analysed by fire assay with gravimetric finish, and Pb was analysed using high grade four acid digestion and ICP-AES.
   
   
The purpose of independent sampling is to verify the presence of significantly mineralised intersections. Because of the limited number of samples, the size of the sample (quarter core), and slightly different sample preparation and analysis techniques used by the alternate laboratory, independent samples should not be considered as a QAQC sample. Snowden is of the opinion that the results of the independent samples selected in 2007 and 2009 are acceptable for duplicate samples of the style of mineralisation concerned.
   
 
Table 14.2      Snowden mineralised drill core intersection review
 
Review year
Hole number
Deposit
From
To
2007
NV06-309
Calcite NW
82.29
128.82
2007
NV06-355
Navidad Hill
33.4
59.78
2007
NV06-357
Navidad Hill
8.0
31.1
2007
NV06-358
Navidad Hill
0.0
19.05
2007
NV06-359
Navidad Hill
2.6
21.42
2007
NV06-367
Galena Hill
26.42
53.78
2007
NV06-369
Galena Hill
3.0
26.48
2007
NV06-370
Galena Hill
49.1
57.35
2007
NV06-374
Galena Hill
25.53
37.57
2007
NV06-378
Connector Zone
64.8
90.0
2007
NV06-381
Connector Zone
27.34
41.13
2007
NV06-386
Navidad Hill
36.7
64.45
2007
NV07-414
Calcite NW
20.1
39.1
2007
NV07-416
Calcite NW
39.8
54.1
2007
NV07-418
Calcite NW
56.0
64.4
2007
NV07-421
Calcite NW
25.14
50.14
2007
NV07-422
Calcite NW
24.56
54.7
2009
NV07-442
Barite Hill
216.14
240.75
2009
NV07-396
Barite Hill
90.2
120.2
2009
NV08-666
Galena Hill
119.09
157
2009
NV07-552
Galena Hill
3
26.48
2009
NV07-560
Connector Zone
15.33
47.75
2009
NV08-867
Connector Zone
193.8
235.36
 
 
 
 
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Review year
Hole number
Deposit
From
To
2009
NV08-726
Connector Zone
189.4
235.65
2009
NV07-615
Calcite Hill
39.06
52.14
2009
NV07-485
Calcite Hill
14.6
40.54
2009
NV07-617
Calcite Hill
6
36.5
2009
NV07-423
Calcite NW
35.17
68.5
2009
NV07-533
Calcite NW
28.78
45.44
2009
NV07-584
Calcite NW
0
22.7
2009
NV07-645
Calcite NW
46.43
76.48
2009
NV08-906
Loma de La Plata
299.78
340.82
2009
NV07-571
Loma de La Plata
151.56
201.88
2009
NV07-513
Loma de La Plata
24.67
56.87
2009
NV07-611
Loma de La Plata
207.58
231.84
2009
NV07-522
Loma de La Plata
51.3
75.29
2009
NV08-843
Loma de La Plata
217.66
266.16
2009
NV08-856
Loma de La Plata
87.46
111.6
2009
NV07-622
Loma de La Plata
261.1
274.18
2009
NV07-434
Loma de La Plata
0
18
2009
NV08-730
Valle Esperanza
170.59
206.19
2009
NV08-730
Valle Esperanza
249.57
271.63
2009
NV08-740
Valle Esperanza
239.25
256
2009
NV08-740
Valle Esperanza
391.63
416.42
2009
NV08-790
Valle Esperanza
49.97
66.5
2009
NV08-790
Valle Esperanza
77.85
92.12
2009
NV08-802
Valle Esperanza
128.1
161.52
2009
NV08-841
Valle Esperanza
268.12
282.36
2009
NV08-655
Valle Esperanza
180.2
202
2009
NV08-655
Valle Esperanza
220
230.2
2009
NV08-690
Valle Esperanza
179.98
212.6
2009
NV08-694
Valle Esperanza
198.36
237
2009
NV08-685
Valle Esperanza
218.8
232.65


 
 
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Table 14.3      Snowden independent samples


Review year
Deposit
Drillhole number
Original sample number
Snowden sample number
From
To
Original Ag g/t
Original Pb%
Snowden duplicate Ag g/t
Snowden duplicate Pb%
2007
Calcite NW
NV06-309
35026
18
85.5
88.5
403
0.21
390
0.19
2007
Navidad Hill
NV06-355
37702
23
50
51.5
442
0.27
163
0.51
2007
Navidad Hill
NV06-357
37799
29
22.15
23.17
392
0.13
140
0.18
2007
Navidad Hill
NV06-358
37839
27
4.8
5.4
240
0.28
175
0.39
2007
Navidad Hill
NV06-359
37879
26
4.6
6.04
239
0.11
196
0.1
2007
Navidad Hill
NV06-359
37885
24
10.25
11
1680
0.41
1176
0.52
2007
Galena Hill
NV06-367
38362
22
29.3
31.1
879
21.88
796
19.69
2007
Galena Hill
NV06-367
38363
25
31.1
32.2
503
18.65
492
19.38
2007
Galena Hill
NV06-369
38462
21
7.1
10.1
87
2.86
99
3.22
2007
Galena Hill
NV06-370
38583
30
55.85
55.6
2466
1.64
2125
2.02
2007
Galena Hill
NV06-374
38851
20
30.4
31.81
376
10.79
390
9.46
2007
Connector Zone
NV06-378
39098
16
83.1
85.8
289
0.06
581
0.09
2007
Connector Zone
NV06-381
39200
15
30.9
32.4
505
0.71
488
0.79
2007
Navidad Hill
NV06-386
39479
28
53.55
54.9
739
0.3
1073
0.33
2007
Calcite NW
NV07-414
41665
17
22.3
25.3
159
0.1
164
0.09
2007
Calcite NW
NV07-414
41671
14
34.3
36.2
159
0.11
148
0.15
2007
Calcite NW
NV07-416
41784
13
51.18
52
1074
3.41
464
3.95
2007
Calcite NW
NV07-418
41889
5
37
40
2227
4.18
129
0.07
2007
Calcite NW
NV07-421
42005
6
28
31
23
0.47
6
0.43
2007
Calcite NW
NV07-422
42047
12
46
47.55
390
0.19
372
0.24
2007
Calcite NW
NV07-425
42187
10
67
70
365
1.26
517
2.41
2007
Barite Hill
NV07-442
43442
19
222.19
222.58
7072
<0.01
1221
0.24


 
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Review year
Deposit
Drillhole number
Original sample number
Snowden sample number
From
To
Original Ag g/t
Original Pb%
Snowden duplicate Ag g/t
Snowden duplicate Pb%
2007
Barite Hill
NV07-442
43443
8
222.58
222.92
5469
0.01
1876
0.01
2007
Barite Hill
NV07-445
43780
7
198.15
199.6
1733
0.24
1197
0.12
2007
Barite Hill
NV07-463
45791
9
197.41
199
189
0.05
102
0.08
2007
Barite Hill
NV07-463
45793
11
199
200.49
111
0.04
110
0.02
2007
Barite Hill
NV07-467
46178
3
85
86.4
77
13.28
98
15.67
2007
Barite Hill
NV07-476
47116
4
19
22
99
3.01
151
4.37
2007
Calcite Hill
NV07-484
47656
1
36.6
39.05
304
0.07
288
0.07
2007
Calcite Hill
NV07-484
47658
2
40.3
42.6
815
0.17
518
0.16
2007
-
Standard
LGH-0324
31
-
-
111
6.73
73
2.32
2007
-
Blank
-
32
-
-
0
0
16
0.01
2007
-
Standard
MGH-0992
33
-
-
231
4.54
241
4.32
2009
Barite Hill
NV07-396
39986
93404
100.94
102.8
540
0.06
521
0.07
2009
Calcite NW
NV07-423
42089
93402
55
58
875
0.22
625
0.26
2009
Loma de La Plata
NV07-434
42689
93401
0
3
1628
0.005
3600
0.01
2009
Barite Hill
NV07-442
43444
93403
222.92
223.55
305
0.005
1575
0.00
2009
Calcite Hill
NV07-485
47682
93422
28.05
30.1
905
0.31
1200
0.32
2009
Loma de La Plata
NV07-513
49101
93396
49.5
51.8
1438
0.25
1495
0.30
2009
Loma de La Plata
NV07-522
49365
93397
70.41
71.27
6560
0.01
6030
0.02
2009
Calcite NW
NV07-533
55725
93425
33.73
34.55
2051
3.16
1360
2.57
2009
Galena Hill
NV07-552
56238
93415
19.7
22.7
106
2.03
103
1.89
2009
Connector Zone
NV07-560
56450
93420
22.13
23.5
564
1.33
433
1.10
2009
Loma de La Plata
NV07-571
50695
93395
159.45
162.45
1516
0.005
1390
0.01
2009
Calcite NW
NV07-584
57466
93426
6.76
7.6
123
1.59
102
1.76
2009
Calcite Hill
NV07-615
58649
93416
43.18
44.86
398
0.27
653
0.40
 

 
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Review year
Deposit
Drillhole number
Original sample number
Snowden sample number
From
To
Original Ag g/t
Original Pb%
Snowden duplicate Ag g/t
Snowden duplicate Pb%
2009
Calcite Hill
NV07-617
58696
93424
25.5
27.8
636
0.07
381
0.08
2009
Loma de La Plata
NV07-622
52676
93400
264.52
266.29
4335
0.01
819
0.00
2009
Calcite NW
NV07-645
60123
93427
68.4
70.2
1036
0.23
1510
0.19
2009
Valle Esperanza
NV08-655
60759
93410
185
186
4487
0.05
3540
0.06
2009
Galena Hill
NV08-666
65176
93414
136
139
119
0.71
99
0.65
2009
Valle Esperanza
NV08-685
66502
93428
277.2
280.2
256
0.07
145
0.04
2009
Valle Esperanza
NV08-690
66947
93413
190.89
192.5
229
0.66
259
0.70
2009
Valle Esperanza
NV08-694
67218
93412
213
214
6017
0.34
6540
0.37
2009
Connector Zone
NV08-726
69251
93423
199
202
1206
0.005
866
0.01
2009
Valle Esperanza
NV08-730
69492
93405
205
208
4155
1.05
3090
0.91
2009
Valle Esperanza
NV08-740
69954
93406
244
245.67
207
0.14
164
0.09
2009
Valle Esperanza
NV08-790
81857
93407
62
64
120
0.07
125
0.07
2009
Valle Esperanza
NV08-802
82272
93408
147.65
148.62
4223
0.005
3740
0.01
2009
Valle Esperanza
NV08-841
83323
93409
272.39
274
219
2.59
193
2.68
2009
Loma de La Plata
NV08-843
73306
93398
228.3
230.3
7585
0.02
5060
0.02
2009
Loma de La Plata
NV08-856
73557
93399
97.2
98.7
8465
0.03
>10000
0.03
2009
Connector Zone
NV08-867
84241
93421
215.35
216.54
1247
0.17
1125
0.19
2009
Loma de La Plata
NV08-906
90594
93393
308.57
309.73
1618
0.005
2170
0.00
2009
-
Blank
-
93411
-
-
0
0
4
0.00
2009
-
Standard
L1
93418
-
-
655
0.31
623
0.31
2009
-
Standard
L2
93419
-
-
254
0.25
250
0.24
2009
-
Standard
L3
93394
-
-
91
0.09
95
0.09
2009
-
Standard
L3
93417
-
-
91
0.09
85
0.09
\
 
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14.2.2     Independent review of drillhole collar locations
   
   
Ms. De Mark visited 30 drillhole collars in 2007 and 2009, and measured the drillhole collar coordinates with a hand held GPS unit (Table 14.4). No discrepancies were noted in the coordinates beyond the accuracy of the hand held GPS.

 
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Table 14.4        Snowden verification of drill collar coordinates
 
 
Year
Drillhole number
Deposit
Snowden easting
Snowden northing
Snowden elevation
Aquiline easting
Aquiline northing
Aquiline elevation
Easting difference
Northing difference
Elevation difference
2007
NV07-403
Barite Hill
2516578
5302703
not taken
2516580
5302704
1124
2
1
 
2007
NV07-461
Barite Hill
2516487
5302556
not taken
2516490
5302557
1124
3
1
 
2007
NV06-284
Galena Hill
2515634
5303743
1163
2515637
5303742
1185
3
-1
22
2007
NV06-362
Navidad Hill
2514781
5304520
1209
2514783
5304516
1230
2
-4
21
2007
NV05-182
Calcite Hill
2513953
5304968
1218
2513952
5304968
1240
-1
0
22
2007
NV06-261
Calcite NW
2513549
5304867
1195
2513553
5304866
1221
4
-1
26
2007
NV07-559
Loma de La Plata
2511766
5303347
1255
2511767
5303344
1279
1
-3
24
2007
NV07-557
Loma de La Plata
2511678
5303352
1256
2511670
5303353
1284
-8
1
28
2007
NV07-522
Loma de La Plata
2511649
5303306
1264
2511649
5303304
1288
0
-2
24
2007
NV07-526
Loma de La Plata
2511600
5303307
1265
2511600
5303303
1290
0
-4
25
2009
NV08-906
Loma de La Plata
2512479
5303446
1216
2512481
5303449
1238.2
1.94
2.96
22.2
2009
NV08-769
Loma de La Plata
2511398
5302999
1336
2511398
5303000
1359.52
0.08
0.57
23.52
2009
NV08-761
Loma de La Plata
2511773
5303602
1241
2511774
5303601
1263.7
1.03
-1.48
22.7
2009
NV08-812
Loma de La Plata
2511985
5303450
1234
2511984
5303451
1257
-0.69
0.57
23
2009
NV08-886
Loma de La Plata
2512230
5303497
1237
2512233
5303499
1260.88
2.5
2.18
23.88
2009
NV08-868
Loma de La Plata
2512154
5303147
1247
2512155
5303149
1268.44
1.31
1.86
21.44
2009
NV07-490
Bajo de Plomo
2512157
5302342
1271
2512156
5302344
1290.17
-1.18
1.95
19.17
2009
NV07-647
Filo de Plomo
2512612
5301980
1281
2512613
5301982
1301.79
1.33
2.16
20.79
2009
NV07-642
Calcite NW
2513949
5305156
1194
2513951
5305156
1211.89
1.64
-0.46
17.89
2009
NV07-641
Calcite NW
2513828
5305136
1192
2513831
5305142
1210.52
2.56
6.44
18.52
2009
NV08-914
Calcite NW
2513440
5304766
1201
2513442
5304770
1220.53
1.84
4.33
19.53
2009
NV08-717
Calcite NW
2515200
5304118
1134
2515203
5304122
1151.28
2.59
3.57
17.28
 

 
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Year
Drillhole number
Deposit
Snowden easting
Snowden northing
Snowden elevation
Aquiline easting
Aquiline northing
Aquiline elevation
Easting difference
Northing difference
Elevation difference
2009
NV08-653
Valle Esperanza
2515157
5303338
1121
2515156
5303338
1140.04
-1.36
0.07
19.04
2009
NV08-847
Valle Esperanza
2515163
5303346
1120
2515163
5303348
1139.97
0.21
2.1
19.97
2009
NV08-763
Valle Esperanza
2514984
5303144
1125
2514986
5303147
1144.45
1.74
3.24
19.45
2009
NV08-736
Valle Esperanza
2515003
5303081
1122
2515002
5303082
1145.77
-0.54
1.26
23.77
2009
NV06-300
Valle Esperanza
2515178
5303087
1122
2515178
5303087
1140.94
-0.43
-0.06
18.94
2009
NV04-025
Valle Esperanza
2515365
5302999
1119
2515366
5302999
1140.05
1.4
0.08
21.05
2009
NV04-077
Valle Esperanza
2514691
5303436
1133
2514689
5303435
1151.16
-1.92
-1.3
18.16
2009
NV08-690
Valle Esperanza
2514813
5303362
1127
2514817
5303361
1148.23
3.84
-0.99
21.23


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14.2.3     Independent review of original assay certificates
   
   
In 2007 and 2009, Snowden obtained original assay certificates for comparison against the database. Original assay certificates were emailed directly to Snowden from the Alex Stewart Mendoza laboratory. Snowden reviewed 89 certificates for 8,427 assays, and noted no discrepancies. A list of the work order numbers, date received at the laboratory, and the sample numbers is shown in Table 14.5.
     
   
Table 14.5                          Snowden review of original assay certificates

 
Review year
Work order
Certificate date
Sample numbers from
Sample numbers to
 
2007
M060593
22/05/2006
34937
35023
 
2007
M060603
23/05/2006
35024
35117
 
2007
M060855
16/07/2006
37667
37758
 
2007
M060859
18/07/2006
37759
37868
 
2007
M060874
21/07/2006
37869
37962
 
2007
M061581
4/12/2006
38331
38440
 
2007
M061592
16/12/2006
38441
38536
 
2007
M061593
7/12/2006
38537
38638
 
2007
M061610
11/12/2006
38759
38882
 
2007
M061631
11/12/2006
38985
39100
 
2007
M061643
12/12/2006
39101
39222
 
2007
M061695
18/12/2006
39436
39555
 
2007
M070089
22/01/2007
40299
40385
 
2007
M070281
15/02/2007
41625
41716
 
2007
M070290
16/02/2007
41717
41814
 
2007
M070297
19/02/2007
41815
41904
 
2007
M070327
22/02/2007
41995
42085
 
2007
M070360
27/02/2007
42171
42253
 
2007
M070459
12/03/2007
42576
42651
 
2007
M070727
10/04/2007
43416
43508
 
2007
M070746
16/04/2007
43707
43792
 
2007
M070926
7/05/2007
44714
44799
 
2007
M071070
31/05/2007
45730
45821
 
2007
M071110
6/05/2007
46153
46244
 
2007
M071226
25/06/2007
47110
47194
 
2007
M071256
29/06/2007
47284
47367
 
2007
M071305
10/07/2007
47633
47738
 
2009
M070290
16/02/2007
41717
41814
 
2009
M070297
19/02/2007
41815
41904


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Review year
Work order
Certificate date
Sample numbers from
Sample numbers to
 
2009
M070298
29/02/2007
41905
41994
 
2009
M070671
9/4/2007
43328
43415
 
2009
M070727
10/4/2007
43416
43508
 
2009
M070956
15/05/2007
44964
45049
 
2009
M070976
17/05/2007
45050
45138
 
2009
M070990
21/05/2007
45139
45264
 
2009
M071305
10/7/2007
47633
47738
 
2009
M071513
21/08/2007
49308
49404
 
2009
M071515
21/08/2007
49405
49490
 
2009
M071561
27/08/2007
55643
55711
 
2009
M071562
27/08/2007
55712
55810
 
2009
M071622
9/3/2007
56170
56250
 
2009
M071635
9/5/2007
56251
56335
 
2009
M071640
9/5/2007
50152
50245
 
2009
M071646
9/7/2007
56424
56514
 
2009
M071647
9/10/2007
50246
50326
 
2009
M071980
22/10/2007
52165
52239
 
2009
M072018
29/10/2007
58657
58757
 
2009
M072019
29/10/2007
52240
52336
 
2009
M072042
30/10/2007
58758
58794
 
2009
M072089
5/11/2007
52531
52608
 
2009
M072090
11/5/2007
52609
52680
 
2009
M072106
5/11/2007
52681
52763
 
2009
M072231
16/11/2007
58858
58949
 
2009
M072244
20/11/2007
58950
59021
 
2009
M072334
26/11/2007
59022
59105
 
2009
M080049
14/01/2008
60351
60421
 
2009
M080060
16/01/2008
60422
60521
 
2009
M080065
21/01/2008
60598
60697
 
2009
M080072
23/01/2008
60698
60785
 
2009
M080137
28/01/2008
60786
60890
 
2009
M080160
29/01/2008
60977
61102
 
2009
M080183
2/4/2008
65102
65188
 
2009
M080270
7/2/2008
65189
65324
 
2009
M080487
22/02/2008
66385
66460
 
2009
M080530
28/02/2008
66461
66556


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Review year
Work order
Certificate date
Sample numbers from
Sample numbers to
 
2009
M080706
11/3/2008
67015
67157
 
2009
M080734
17/03/2008
67158
67255
 
2009
M080753
17/03/2008
67256
67344
 
2009
M080755
11/3/2008
66937
67014
 
2009
M081415
10/5/2008
69162
69380
 
2009
M081417
11/5/2008
69381
69541
 
2009
M081465
15/05/2008
69542
69643
 
2009
M081997
7/7/2008
81005
81101
 
2009
M082019
31/07/2008
69162
69380
 
2009
M082020
4/7/2008
69381
69541
 
2009
M082026
7/10/2008
81102
81192
 
2009
M082077
16/07/2008
81193
81326
 
2009
M082282
14/08/2008
82212
82305
 
2009
M082295
15/08/2008
82306
82401
 
2009
M082415
1/9/2008
87728
87818
 
2009
M082503
070/09/2008
87819
87901
 
2009
M082580
16/09/2008
73178
73227
 
2009
M082611
19/09/2008
73228
73318
 
2009
M082667
24/09/08
73319
73373
 
2009
M082751
3/10/2008
73507
73577
 
2009
M082752
3/10/2008
73578
73647
 
2009
M082840
8/10/2008
84137
84225
 
2009
M082844
9/10/2008
84226
84276
 
2009
M082845
9/10/2008
84277
84326

 
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15                          Adjacent properties
   
   
Information in this section has been sourced from Snowden (2009), which excerpted from Chulick, (2007).
   
   
Third parties control mineral tenements to the west, north, and east of the Navidad claim block. No public information is available for the properties to the north and east and little work is believed to have been conducted on them.
   
 
15.1    Patagonia Gold
   
   
The mineral tenements to the west of Navidad tenements are held by Patagonia Gold Plc. Information concerning these properties is made public on their website at http://www.patagoniagold.com. Information used in this technical report is derived from this source.
   
   
Snowden cannot independently verify any of the information provided by Patagonia Gold on their website. Additionally, whatever information Patagonia Gold provides is not necessarily indicative of the mineralisation located on the Navidad Properties
   
   
The mineralisation described by Patagonia Gold in their 2003 Annual Report is distinct from that found at Navidad. The mineralisation described is consistent with the low sulphidation style of epithermal type systems with stated evidence of silica sinters and fissure veins, large zones of argillic alteration and elevated geochemical values in gold, silver, copper, mercury, arsenic, and antimony. This style of mineralisation is distinct from the style of mineralisation observed at Navidad.
   
   
Patagonia Gold has stated that they have drilled 14 reverse circulation (RC) drill holes for a total of 1,430 m. They do not provide locations for this drilling. In their 2006 report, Patagonia Gold reported assay results of 1.66 g/t Au over 1 m  in drillhole GAS-10 and 3.9 g/t Ag over 1 m in drillhole GAS-05. No Mineral Resources or Mineral Reserves are mentioned on the website.
   
 
15.2    Mina Angela
   
   
A group of exploited and abandoned base metal veins referred to as Mina Angela is located some 46 km to the north-northwest of the centre of Galena Hill. This occurrence of northeast trending veins dips vertically to 80º towards the northwest. Mineralisation was first discovered in the 1930s and later exploited in the mid-1970s by Cerro Castillo S.A. who operated a 120 t per day plant, later expanded to 400 t per day, until the close of operations in 1993.
   
   
Historical Mineral Reserve figures made available by Cerro Castillo in 1986 are shown as 593,760 t in the Proven category with grades of 3 g/t Au, 55 g/t Ag, 5.04% Zn, 1.98% Pb, and 0.049% Cu. These figures are reported here for historical purposes only; the reader should make no comparison of the estimates with current Mineral Resource reporting standards. The remaining Mineral Resources at the time of shut-down are not known.
   
   
The vein mineralisation, which is primarily quartz with base metal sulphides, occurs as individual bodies localised along fault planes up to 500 m in length and 2.5 m in width over a total strike length of 1.6 km. Host rocks are andesite breccias and flows believed to be Jurassic in age and assigned to the Lonco Trapial Formation.


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15.3    Flamingo Prospect
   
   
The Flamingo Prospect is a 7 km by 5 km prospect located approximately 30 km southwest from the Navidad Project and held in the name of Minera Aquiline Argentina S.A. To date exploration work has consisted of preliminary geological mapping plus the collection of 299 rock chip and 120 BLEG samples in this area of presumed Jurassic age volcanic rocks which are tentatively assigned to the Lonco Trapial Formation.  Five vein structures with epithermal to mesothermal characteristics have been identified with strike lengths up to 4 km. In April 2005 Aquiline published a news release which highlighted the results of 21 rock chip samples:
 
   
Au values ranging from 0.03 g/t Au to 9.70 g/t Au, with nine samples greater than 1.0 g/t Au.
       
   
Ag values ranging from 0 g/t Ag to 1,530 g/t Ag, with six samples greater than 50 g/t Ag.
       
   
Cu values ranging from 0.01% Cu to 14.15% Cu, with 11 samples greater than 1.0% Cu.
       
   
Zn values ranging from 0.00% Zn to 1.45% Zn, with two samples greater than 0.5% Zn.
       
   
Pb values ranging from 0.00% Pb to 9.20% Pb, with five samples greater than 0.5% Pb.
 
   
The Flamingo area, which lies along the Río Chubut northwest structural trend and parallel to the Gastre structural corridor, was excluded from Aquiline’s aeromagnetic and radiometric survey of 2008 due to operational reasons.


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16    Mineral processing and metallurgical testing
   
   
Information in this section has been sourced from Snowden (2009).
   
  16.1    Mineral processing and metallurgical testing by IMA from 2005 to 2006
   
   
The following sections regarding mineral processing and metallurgical testing in 2005 and 2006 by IMA have been excerpted from Snowden (2006a) and Snowden (2007).
   
   
Between October 2004 and October 2005, G&T Metallurgical Services Ltd (G&T) of Kamloops, British Columbia performed differential flotation test work and mineralogical analyses on samples of mineralisation taken by IMA from the Galena Hill, Navidad Hill and Calcite Hill deposits (G&T 2005a; G&T 2005b; G&T 2005c; G&T 2005d). In addition, two brief mineralogical studies were performed in November 2005 (G&T 2005e; G&T 2005f) to examine the forms and distributions of pyrite within selected composite samples.
   
   
All sample preparation, flotation test work, and assaying was performed at the G&T facilities in Kamloops, which have ISO 9001:2000 accreditation. All of the test work was performed under the direct supervision of Mr Tom Shouldice, P. Eng. Mr. Peter Taggart, P. Eng., provided overall programme direction and acted as the Owner’s Representative.
   
   
Individual samples of split drill core were shipped from the Navidad Project site to the G&T facilities in Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada. Each individual drill core sample was identified and weighed upon receipt. This data, together with notes indicating the condition of the drill core samples as received was recorded.
   
   
To prepare each composite, the drill core samples were crushed using a primary jaw crusher followed by a secondary cone crusher. The crushed drill core samples were blended and the entire composite was staged screened and cone crushed until the particle size was 98% passing 2 mm.
   
   
After preparation, each composite was thoroughly homogenised, applying the “cone and quarter” method, and subdivided into metallurgical test charges using a rotary splitter. All test charges were purged with nitrogen, sealed in plastic bags and stored in a freezer at –10°C to minimise the risk of oxidation. During the homogenising stage, representative duplicate sub samples were removed and pulverised in preparation for chemical analysis. These head samples were analysed for copper, lead, zinc, iron, sulphur and silver contents using standard analytical techniques.
   
   
16.1.1     Flotation test work
   
   
G&T conducted flotation test work on 14 samples comprising intervals of quartered core that were crushed and homogenised at the G&T facilities. Nine of the composites were from Galena Hill, three from Navidad Hill, and two from the Calcite Hill deposit. The drillholes used to produce the samples, and the corresponding metal contents, are shown in Table 16.1.


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Table 16.1     Head grades of composite drillhole samples used for metallurgical test work

 
Deposit
Sample
Drillhole
number
Ag
(g/t)
Pb
(%)
Cu
(%)
Zn
(%)
 
Galena Hill
NVGH-5b/6b
NV04-56,57
76
3.1
0.02
0.40
NVGH-6a
NV04-57
143
4.86
0.01
0.40
NVGH-6b
NV04-57
107
3.60
0.00
0.43
NVGH-7a
NV04-42
466
3.90
0.04
0.30
NVGH-7b
NV05-42
297
3.70
0.07
0.20
NVGH-12
NV05-175
264
8.0
0.02
0.50
NVGH-13
NV05-197
300
4.90
0.03
0.20
NVGH-14
NV05-197
82
1.30
0.03
0.10
NVGH-15
NV05-197
340
0.40
0.14
0.20
 
Navidad Hill
NVNH-8a
NV04-116
435
3.50
0.40
0.10
NVNH-8b
NV04-116
389
3.20
0.30
0.10
NVNH-9a
NV04-54,109
265
0.30
0.50
0.10
 
Calcite Hill
NVCH-10a
NV04-88
72
8.50
0.00
0.10
NVCH-11a
NV04-88
320
0.3
0.10
0.10


   
Two basic flow sheets were used to examine the flotation response of the composite samples.
 
   
When the lead sulphide content of the sample warranted, separate lead and silver concentrates were produced. The latter would include principally pyrite, other sulphide minerals and silver minerals. This strategy is applicable to all composites representing the Galena Hill mineralisation.
       
   
When the lead sulphide content was deemed too low, a single, silver-rich bulk sulphide concentrate was produced. This flow sheet is applicable to all the Navidad Hill composites, and to Calcite Hill composite 11a. Calcite Hill composite 10a mineralisation is relatively rich in galena, but low in other sulphides. Accordingly, for this sample the single concentrate produced is, by default, a high grade lead product.
 
   
G&T performed one or more rougher/scavenger kinetic tests on each composite sample. These test data were used to assess relative rates of flotation, and basic flotation conditions required in the rougher/scavenger stage under a variety of flotation conditions. In some instances modal analyses were performed to determine the degree to which rougher concentrates should be reground.
     
   
Upon completion of the rougher scavenger tests, open circuit cleaner tests were performed to examine various cleaner flotation conditions. Finally, a limited number of locked cycle tests were performed on many samples to examine the most promising test


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conditions in a continuous mode. It is noted that, while the locked cycle tests provide the best source of data on which to base metallurgical projections, the work performed at this stage on these deposits was at the scoping, or exploratory level.
     
   
While considerable progress was achieved, much work remained to optimise flotation conditions for these deposits. Table 0.2 provides a summary of all flotation tests performed to date by G&T.
     
   
Table 16.2       Summary of flotation tests

 
Deposit
Composite
Number of Tests and Descriptions
 
Roughers
Cleaners
Locked
Cycle
 
Galena Hill
NVGH-5b/6b
2
11
1
   
NVGH-6a
 
3
 
   
NVGH-6b
 
3
 
   
NVGH-7a
1
3
 
   
NVGH-7b
1
5
1
   
NVGH-12
2
6
1
   
NVGH-13
6
2
 
   
NVGH-14
1
2
 
   
NVGH-15
1
2
 
 
Navidad Hill
NVNH-8a
8
2
 
   
NVNH-8b
2
2
1
   
NVNH-9a
7
4
1
 
Calcite Hill
NVCH-10a
6
3
1
   
NVCH-11a
7
3
1
   
Total
43
51
7

     
   
Flotation test results
     
   
The G&T reports referenced contain detailed descriptions of the sample origins, test procedures and results produced in each of the four programs. Variability in results for any particular composite sample generally reflects the variety of flotation conditions that were routinely addressed in work of this nature. Once standard conditions were established, open circuit cleaner and locked cycle flotation tests were performed to confirm the most probable metallurgical performance, based on the scoping work conducted to date.
     
   
The locked cycle test procedures provide for the re-circulation of test products and, therefore, best represent the conditions that would exist in an operating plant. All locked cycle tests conducted by G&T achieved stability.
     
   
The Galena Hill and Navidad Hill composite samples were typically ground to a nominal sizing of 80% passing 74 µm to 80 µm, prior to flotation. The superior fragmentation characteristics afforded by the Calcite Hill mineralisation allowed flotation feed grind sizing with the range 80% passing 150 µm to 180 µm to be adopted.


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Galena Hill
     
   
The lead contents of all Galena Hill samples justified the sequential production of selective lead and pyrite concentrates. It is evident from the flow sheets that some differences in metallurgical response exist between composite samples. The reasons for these differences have yet to be clearly determined, but could include differences in composite sample grades, mineralogical composition and fragmentation characteristics. Differences in results produced from tests performed on the same composite sample generally reflect differences in flotation test conditions. Silver recoveries to the pyrite concentrate were highly variable, depending to a large extent on the amount of silver recovered to the lead concentrate and to the lead cleaner tailings streams. The columnar chart indicates that the total recovery of silver in the two final concentrates varies generally within the range of 50% to 70%.
     
   
The adopted flow sheet and the results generated by the three locked cycle tests performed on Galena Hill composite samples confirmed the cleaner test results, and reveal the variability in metallurgical response between composite samples. Further, in all cases, the pyrite rougher tail comprises the most significant source of silver loss incurred during processing. The subsequent investigation of pyrite deportment, by species, in the various test products is discussed in Section 16.1.3.
     
   
Samples of concentrates were analysed for minor elements. No deleterious elements were observed in quantities that would seriously constrain product marketability or attract significant penalties in these particular samples.
     
   
Differential flotation was effectively applied to produce selective lead and silver-rich pyrite concentrates from composite  samples of this mineralisation although significant work is needed to increase the silver recovery overall and produce a concentrate that can be sold or re-processed for silver recovery.
     
   
Navidad Hill
     
   
A single bulk concentrate was produced when testing each of the three composites of the Navidad Hill mineralisation.
     
   
In general, the open circuit cleaner test flow sheet and the results achieved when testing composites 8A, 8B, and 9A show a similar pattern, with a 15,000 g/t Ag concentrate grade achieved at a nominal 60% silver recovery. Variability in test data is again largely attributed to differences in test conditions.
     
   
A single locked cycle test was performed on composites 8b and 9a of the Navidad Hill mineralisation. The lead metallurgical performance was adversely affected by relatively high non-sulphide lead components (anglesite and cerussite) of the samples. Almost all the lead contained in the concentrate produced from composite 8b was present as the non-sulphide minerals cerussite and anglesite. It is possible that further test work, based on commercially-proven sulphidisation procedures, might enhance the lead grades and recovery. The concentrate produced from composite 8b contained 972 g/t As, 1,494 g/t Mn and 42 g/t Hg, all of which could attract modest smelter penalties.
     
   
The low lead content of the feed was detrimental to lead performance in composite 9a. Composite 9a yielded better silver and copper results than corresponding values achieved from composite 8b. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis of the composite 9a concentrate indicated that most of the copper was present as malachite. The reasons for differences in silver metallurgy generated by the two tests are not fully understood at this stage. The 9a concentrate contained 1,826 g/t As and 1,539 g/t Mn, both of which could result in some minor smelter penalty.
 
 
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The differential flotation was effectively applied to produce selective lead and silver-rich pyrite concentrates from composite samples of this mineralisation although significant work is needed to increase the silver recovery overall and produce a concentrate that can be sold or re-processed for silver recovery.
     
   
Calcite Hill
     
   
Two composite samples of Calcite Hill mineralisation were examined, designated 10a and 11a. The superior fragmentation characteristics of these samples permitted the primary grind to be adjusted from the normal 75 µm to grinds within the range of 80% passing 150 µm to 180 µm. A single concentrate was produced in each case.  Composite 10a was rich in galena and produced excellent lead metallurgical results.
     
   
Lead concentrate grades approximating 80% Pb at lead recoveries of 90% were achieved. Notwithstanding the relatively low silver content of the 10a composite (72 g/t Ag), the silver minerals were amenable to selective flotation, with silver recoveries exceeding 80% at 500 g/t Ag concentrate grades. Composite 11a, though of low sulphide content, produced a high silver recovery with a 10,500 g/t Ag concentrate grade.
     
   
The lead metallurgy produced in the locked cycle test on the two Calcite Hill composite samples matched that achieved in the open circuit tests. However, the locked cycle silver metallurgy indicated an improvement, when compared to the open circuit results grade of the lead concentrate.
     
   
The concentrates produced from the locked cycle tests were devoid of deleterious elements in amounts that would attract smelter penalties.
     
   
Mr. Chlumsky concluded that a single high grade lead concentrate, containing high silver values, was successfully produced from Calcite Hill composite 10a. From Calcite Hill composite 11a a single bulk concentrate containing high silver values was successfully produced. Mr. Chlumsky also concluded that this type of mineralisation should be further pursued for first development of the Project cash-flow.
     
   
16.1.2     Mineralogy overview
     
   
The minerals of economic interest are those containing lead and silver. The principal sulphide minerals include galena (PbS), pyrite (FeS2), chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) and sphalerite (ZnS). Lead sulphosalts, lead carbonate and other sparsely distributed copper minerals were also present in some samples. The variable mineralogical compositions of the deposits are evidenced in the mineral deportments within the individual composites, as shown in Table 16.3.
     
   
Table 16.3    Mineral composition of composite samples

 
Deposit
Sample
CS
Ga
Sp
Py
Gn
 
Galena Hill
NVGH-5b/6b
0.1
3.2
0.6
5.8
90.3
 
NVGH-7a
0.1
4.2
0.4
213.3
82.0
 
NVGH-7b
0.2
3.7
0.3
7.0
88.8
 
NVGH-12
<0.1
8.1
0.7
12.0
79.1
 
NVGH-13
<>1
4.8
0.3
6.4
88.4
 
NVGH-14
<.1
1.0
0.2
3.3
95.5
 
NVGH-15
<.1
0.3
0.3
3.3
96.1

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Deposit
Sample
CS
Ga
Sp
Py
Gn
 
Navidad Hill
NV04-116
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.3
99.1
 
NV04-116
0.2
0.3
0.1
<0.1
99.4
 
NV04-54,109
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.6
99.0
 
Calcite Hill
NV04-88
-.05
8.4
0.09
0.6
90.9
 
NV04-88
0.16
0.3
0.04
0.5
99.0
 
Cs-copper sulphides, Ga-galena, Sp-sphalerite, Py-pyrite, Gn-non-sulphide gangue

   
Galena Hill mineralogy
     
   
Fine-grained galena and pyrite were the dominant sulphide minerals in the Galena Hill composites. An array of copper sulphides, copper bearing sulphosalts and sphalerite were also detected in trace amounts. The sulphide minerals, which comprised 10% to 20% by weight of the composite samples, were contained in a carbonate rich volcanic host.
     
   
Electron microprobe studies have shown silver to be contained interstitially within the pyrite lattice and to a much lesser extent in the galena lattice. Mineralogical studies at G&T (G&T 2005e and G&T 2005f) have determined that pyrite is present in at least two forms. The dominant form is anhedral pyrite, which includes spongiform pyrite. Subhedral pyrite is present to a lesser extent. Optical microscopy studies were undertaken to assess the influence which differences in pyrite speciation may impart to silver concentrate grades and recoveries in the flotation process.
     
   
Navidad Hill mineralogy
     
   
Sulphide minerals comprised less than 1% of each of the three Navidad Hill composite samples. The sulphides observed included copper sulphides, galena, sphalerite and pyrite, all contained within calcite and quartz hosts. The non-sulphide host rock contained significant amounts of montmorillonite and kaolinite. Microscopic examination of flotation concentrate samples, produced in rougher tests on composites 8A and 9A, revealed the presence of silver-bearing freibergite ((Cu,Fe)12Sb4S13 )) and proustite / pyrargyrite (3Ag2S.As2S3 / 3Ag2S.Sb2S3) minerals.
     
   
The presence of non-sulphide minerals, such as anglesite (PbSO4), cerussite (PbCO3) and malachite (CuCO3.Cu(OH)2) was also reported. These minerals, in conjunction with the low sulphide mineral content ores, would adversely affect flotation performance.
     
   
Calcite Hill mineralogy
     
   
The two Calcite Hill composites, 10a and 11a, differed considerably in their mineralogical compositions. Composite 10a contained almost 10% by weight sulphides, most of which were present as galena. In both composites, approximately half the copper was present as chalcopyrite, one third as covellite (CuS), and the remainder as chalcocite (Cu2S). The mineralisation is coarser than that examined in all other composite samples. Composite 11a contained only 1% by weight sulphide minerals. Silver was present as native silver, as argentite-acanthite (Ag2S), and as stromeyerite (AgCuS).
     
   
In both samples, freibergite accounted for approximately 60% of the silver, while minor amounts of proustite-pyrargyrite were reported. Metallic silver was observed in small amounts.

 
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16.1.3     Modal analyses
     
   
Modal analyses were conducted on most of the composite samples to assess the fragmentation characteristics of the mineralisation. The values shown in Table 16.4 indicate the percentage of each mineral, or mineral suite, which is liberated at the nominal sizing shown.
     
   
Flotation feed grinds within the range of 80% passing 70 µm to 80 µm are commonly applied prior to the differential flotation of polymetallic ores.
     
   
In general, the liberations of most sulphide minerals were quite variable, and commonly less than 50%. However, it is evident that, at the sizings shown, the non-sulphide gangue was well liberated. These conditions are conducive to the physical separation of the gangue from the sulphides in the rougher flotation stage. The data also suggest, however, that regrinding of some rougher/scavenger concentrate may be required to achieve acceptable cleaner circuit grade/recovery performance. The galena in Calcite Hill composite 10a exhibits favourable fragmentation characteristics, being liberated to the extent that a coarser flotation feed grind could be applied.
     
   
Table 16.4      Summary of fragmentation characteristics

 
Deposit
Composite
Size
Mineral liberation in two dimensions-%
 
K80μm
Cs
Ga
Sp
Py
Gn
 
Galena Hill
NVGH-5b/6b
80
58
52
27
39
89
 
NVGH-7a
86
26
44
29
55
90
 
NVGH-7b
80
33
38
21
26
83
 
NVGH-12
74
19
47
18
36
81
 
NVGH-13
74
38
39
24
21
86
 
NVGH-14
71
53
29
9
21
85
 
NVGH-15
76
38
28
12
23
88
 
Navidad Hill
NV04-116
66
38
20
45
68
95
 
NV04-116
65
50
8
48
43
98
 
NV04-54,109
70
10
19
18
62
98
 
Calcite Hill
NV04-88
63
31
79
15
65
98
 
NV04-88
74
21
30
<1
40
99
 
Cs-copper sulphides, Ga-galena, Sp-sphalerite, Py-pyrite, Gn-non-sulphide gangue

   
16.1.4     Sample grindability
     
   
G&T conducted standard Bond Ball Mill Work Index tests on some samples to determine the hardness of the mineral composites (Table 16.5).

 
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Table 16.5     Bond ball mill work indices values

 
Deposit
Composite
Bond ball mill indices
(kWhr/tonne)
 
Galena Hill
NVGH-12
12.5
 
NVGH-13
13.5
 
NVGH-14
11.5
 
NVGH-15
12.8
 
Navidad Hill
NV04-116
10.7
 
NV04-116
Na
 
NV04-54,109
11.9
 
Calcite Hill
NV04-88
13.7*
 
NV04-88
18.9*
 
*These are comparative values based on results from sample 8a, to which a standard Bond test was applied to assess grindability.


   
With the exception of composite NVCH-11a, the samples are considered to be of average to moderate grindability. The values observed for Bond Mill Work Index are typical of those recorded for ores from many polymetallic massive sulphide deposits.
     
 
16.2
Mineral processing and metallurgical test work by Aquiline in 2007
     
   
The following section regarding mineral processing and metallurgical test work by Aquiline in 2007 has been excerpted from Snowden (2007), with the exception of Sections 16.2.5 and Section 16.2.6 which were issued to Aquiline since the Snowden (2007) Technical Report.
     
   
Additional work commenced at G&T Metallurgical Services composites from the Navidad Hill and Calcite Hill deposits in 2007.
     
   
This test work was been undertaken on the Navidad Hill and Calcite Hill portions of the Navidad Hill Project because of the excellent results obtained during the past test work as reported previously in the Navidad Hill and Calcite Hill Test Work sections.  These results indicate that a high grade silver concentrate may be made from each of these separate mineralised areas.  The test work followed the same initial framework as the tests reported previously and was expanded to test the variations in lithology and mineralogy of these areas and to confirm that good recoveries and silver grades could be obtained from the material.
     
   
16.2.1     Navidad Hill
     
   
Four metallurgical samples for Navidad Hill were selected to reflect the spatial variability in grade and metal ratios observed in the mineralisation. A plan of sample locations is shown in Figure 16.1. Two samples (NV01 and NV02) are from the top portion of the hill. Sample NV01 represents higher silver and copper values than does the NV02 sample. Sample NV03 is drawn from holes on the southern flank of the hill where both the silver and copper values are relatively modest. The last sample, NV04 is from the western portion of the deposit and consists of intercepts with both high grade silver and copper values.
 
 
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Figure 16.1
Location plan of Navidad Hill and Connector Zone drill collars of samples selected for metallurgical studies



     
   
The samples can be characterised as:
     
   
NV01: Top of Navidad, Ag with high Cu
       
   
NV02: Top of Navidad, Ag with low Cu
       
   
NV03: South Navidad, lower Ag and low Cu
       
   
NV04: East Navidad, high Ag and high Cu
       
   
Samples NV01 and NV02 are hosted completely within the latites as no sediments overlay the upper portion of the hill. Due to the relatively small amount of mineralisation in this sector of the deposit both sediment and volcanic hosted intervals were combined to achieve the target sample size. The majority of the mineralisation in the area from which the NV04 sample was taken is hosted in breccias located beneath sediments and over the volcanic rocks, although a few of the samples were hosted within the volcanic rocks.
 
 
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16.2.2    Barite Hill
     
   
Mineralisation in this zone is hosted in undifferentiated sediments consisting of intercalated mudstones to sandy conglomerates and volcaniclastic derived from the felsic volcanic rocks. The mineralisation consists of black sulphides and locally as native silver. The native silver although locally spectacular (i.e., drillhole NV07-442) is believed to represent only a minor component of total mineralisation. Because the coarse native silver does not represent a significantly large fraction of the total mineralisation in the zone, it was purposely avoided in the selection of samples.  The majority of the mineralisation occurs as black silver sulphides. These minerals occur as disseminations within the host rocks and as the matrix of crackle breccias. The tenor of the silver mineralisation ranges from low to high grade. In addition to silver, the zone contains only trace amounts of lead and zinc and locally minor mounts of copper. Because of the physical similarities between the two host lithological units, the criteria for sample selection focused upon separating medium to lower grade and higher grade mineralisation. The two samples selected for test work are:
     
   
Sample BH01 - Barite Hill medium grade Ag with low Pb, Zn, and Cu. This sample has an estimated weight of 55.6 kg with a calculated silver grade of 271 g/t Ag. Lead and zinc values are low and copper is calculated at 0.22%.
       
   
Sample BH02 - Barite Hill high grade Ag with low Pb, Zn, and Cu. This sample has an estimated weight of 57.9 kg with a calculated silver grade of 897 g/t Ag. Once again, the Zn and Pb values are low with a calculated copper grade of 0.36%.
     
   
16.2.3     Loma de La Plata
     
   
Mineralisation is hosted by brecciated latite lavas, which are exposed at surface on the top of the ridge, but are covered by sediments both down dip and down slope to the east. Sample selection attempted to separate the more oxidised mineralisation that is exposed at surface from less oxidised mineralisation encountered at depth. The two samples selected for test work were:
     
   
Sample LP01- Loma de La Plata shallow samples high silver with low Cu, Pb, and Zn. This sample has an estimated weight of 56.2 kg and a silver grade of 920 g/t Ag. The Pb, Zn, and As values are low with a weighted average copper grade of 0.13%. The sample consists of near surface mineralisation with an average depth of only 10.1 m. All samples are from less than 21 m depth. The core is logged as oxide rich and some high grade samples close to surface may reflect supergene enrichment.
       
   
Sample LP02 - Loma de La Plata deeper samples high silver with low Cu, Pb, and Zn. This sample has an estimated weight of 57.7 kg and a silver grade of 661.8 g/t Ag. The average depth of the samples in this composite is 54.3 m and all samples are from below 45 m depth. This sample is believed to represent less oxidised mineralisation.
     
   
16.2.4     Galena Hill
     
   
Three samples of pyrite concentrates from the original G&T Metallurgical Services test programme were submitted for additional mineralogical evaluations to Xstrata Process Support (XPS) in Sudbury, Ontario.  The investigation was to determine if additional beneficiation can take place with this concentrate and increase the overall value of the product.
 
 
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16.2.5     Discussion of G&T results
     
   
Results in this section from the flotation test work are excerpted from the G&T report (2008).
     
   
A total of twelve composite samples representing six zones within the Navidad Project were tested in this programme. Ore hardness and mineralogical tests were carried out on a suite of eight samples from the Calcite Hill and Navidad Hill zones. The additional four samples from the Calcite NW, Connector Zone, Barite Hill and Loma de La Plata deposits were subjected to flotation testing. Figure 0.2 shows the location of samples taken from Calcite Hill and Calcite NW.
     
   
Figure 16.2
Location plan of Calcite Hill and Calcite NW drill collars of samples selected for metallurgical studies


   
The average Bond ball mill work index for seven samples from Calcite Hill and Navidad Hill was 14.5 kWh/tonne (test results were unstable for three of the eight samples submitted for Bond Wi testing. One sample could not be tested because the feed was too fine). This level of hardness indicates that the sample suite tested is of medium hardness. The Bond ball mill work indices ranged between about 13 kWh/tonne and 16 kWh/tonne across both the Calcite Hill and Navidad Hill samples.

 
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Modal analyses were carried out on nine samples from Calcite Hill, Navidad Hill and Loma de La Plata. The modal results revealed that the sulphide content ranged from about 0.4% to 22% in these samples. Composite CH-03 contained 20% galena and, as a result, this sample had much higher sulphide content compared to the other samples. Pyrite content ranged from 0.1% to 2.6% and is the dominant sulphide in only the NV-02 composite.
     
   
In general, the copper sulphide minerals are poorly liberated at the target primary grind sizing of about 70μm K80. The majority of the non-liberated copper sulphides are in binary form with non-sulphide gangue. There are also significant quantities of copper sulphide minerals in the multiphase particles.
     
   
By contrast, the galena is relatively well liberated in the Calcite Hill and Navidad Hill samples. With the exception of the NV-02 composite, liberation levels for galena ranged from 52% to 68%. The majority of the non-liberated galena occurs in binary form with non-sulphide gangue.
     
   
SEM-EDX (scanning electron microscope energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy) analysis was carried out on final concentrate from test 90, on the Loma de La Plata composite. Silver bearing minerals present included native silver, argentite, polybasite and iron bearing pearcite. A number of the silver bearing minerals are also arsenic and antimony carriers.
     
   
The twelve composites tested had a highly variable metal content for copper, lead and silver in the feed. This variation in feed metal content impacts significantly on the metallurgical performance.
     
   
Concentrates produced from these composites ranged widely in concentrations of silver, lead and copper. The concentrates can be characterised as copper, lead, bulk copper-lead or silver concentrates. Silver recovery into the final concentrates ranged between 35% and 96%, with an average silver recovery to final concentrate of about 72%. The average silver grade in the final concentrate was about 32,000 g/t. The silver grade in the concentrate tended to increase with increasing silver grade in the feed.
     
   
The Loma de La Plata composite contained low levels of copper and lead in the feed. The silver content in the single composite tested was about 710 g/t, considerably higher than the average resource grade for this zone. Production of a low mass-high grade silver concentrate was readily achievable with this sample. The best test results indicate about 74% of the silver was recovered into a cleaner concentrate containing about 168 kg/t silver.
     
   
Consideration should be given to conducting a metallurgical programme on representative samples from the Loma de La Plata deposit. The copper and lead levels are reported to be uniformly low for this zone. The near absence of copper and lead may facilitate production of a high grade silver concentrate at acceptable silver recovery levels. The Loma de La Plata deposit appears to represent the best target for further metallurgical testing based on the results of this test programme.
     
   
16.2.6     Discussion of XPS results
     
   
Results from the mineralogical test work are excerpted from the XPS report (2007).
     
   
Three Galena Hill pyrite concentrates with different size distributions were submitted for mineralogical evaluation. The main objective of the study was to assess upgrading potential of these concentrates. Modal mineralogy, sulphide and gangue liberation, mineral compositions, and Ag and Pb deportment are quantified.

 
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Results indicate that these concentrates are low grade and contain considerable amounts of liberated non-sulphide gangue, dominated by orthoclase, quartz, kaolinite and barite. Although present in all size fractions, the gangue component is largest in the fine size fractions. These fine particles may have been recovered through entrainment. There is a very good opportunity to upgrade these concentrates by inserting cleaning and entrainment controls into the circuit such as froth washing and column flotation as proposed in the XPS Virtual Flowsheet concept presented in previous reports. In order to simulate cleaning potential of these concentrates, a digital upgrading exercise was performed where all liberated (>90%) non-sulphide gangue was removed from the samples. In such a scenario, pyrite grades would increase from 17.9% to 46.4%. Lead, silver and zinc grades would each increase by a factor of 2.5.
     
   
A deportment analysis of the three concentrates indicates that on average 83% of total Ag is contained within pyrite. Trace amounts of acanthite (Ag2S) were identified and account for 9% to 16% of all Ag in the samples. Where identified, these grains are generally very small and occur locked within quartz. Low levels of Ag are also found in solid solution within sphalerite and account for 2% to 3% of total Ag in the concentrates. Solid solution Ag was not identified in galena. XRD results indicate there are trace amounts of marcasite in the samples but the majority of the Fe sulphide is pyrite.
     
   
Pyrite grains contain variable levels of Pb, Ag, and As in solid solution within the crystal structure. Pb grades in pyrite average 2.75%, whilst Ag grades in pyrite average 0.17%. A small proportion of the pyrite grains contain very high levels of Pb (>8%). High Pb-bearing pyrites (likely marcasite), have a corresponding high level of Ag. In addition to containing 83% of the total Ag in the concentrates, pyrite also contains 17% of the Pb.
     
   
Galena grains are moderately liberated. Fine textures with quartz and pyrite prevent perfect liberation even at a P80 of 16μm. At the same time, there is evidence that soft galena grains have been overground, and as a result have not been recovered in the lead circuit. A total of 25% to 35% of galena is ultra-fine and liberated in all three samples.
     
 
16.3   Mineral processing and metallurgical test work by Aquiline in 2008
     
   
Samples for metallurgical test work on the Loma de La Plata deposit were selected during a site visit by XPS personnel in January 2008.  The location plan of Loma de La Plata samples are shown in Figure 16.3. These samples were sent to both XPS in Sudbury Canada and to G&T Metallurgical Laboratory in Kamloops, Canada.  Subsequent variability metallurgical testing was performed on composites of samples from the same drillhole, which marks a departure from previous test work, where composites comprised samples from a number of drillholes. This test work was carried out during 2008, under the general direction of John Wells, an independent Consulting Metallurgist, working on behalf of Aquiline.  The XPS test work was carried out in two phases, and was completed in February 2009, with the Phase 1 report issued in August 2008 (XPS, 2008) and the Phase 2 report issued in March 2009 (XPS, 2009). The Loma de La Plata test work at G&T was completed in May 2008 and their report issued in June 2008 (G&T, 2008).
     
   
The number of samples taken from Loma de La Plata, and the details of the test work carried out by both G&T and XPS are, in the view of Mr. Wells, sufficient to support a Feasibility Study on this deposit.  The reports, containing all of the test work results are all issued, and will be summarised in this technical report.

 
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Figure 16.3
Location plan of Loma de La Plata drill collars of samples selected for metallurgical studies


     
   
Following completion of the Loma de La Plata work, a limited number of samples were provided to G&T from the Barite Hill and the Valle Esperanza deposits.  The location of the Barite Hill samples is shown in Figure 16.4 and the location of the Valle Esperanza samples is shown in Figure 16.5. This test work was carried out in the first quarter of 2009, and a report issued in April 2009 (G&T, 2009).  This work will also be summarised in this technical report.  The work on these two deposits was more limited then the Loma de La Plata work, and based upon fewer samples. However, Wells regards the work as sufficient to support conceptual studies, and is probably suitable for Prefeasibility Studies.
 
 
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Figure 16.4
Location plan of Barite Hill drill collars of samples selected for metallurgical studies

 
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Figure 16.5
Location plan of Valle Esperanza drill collars of samples selected for metallurgical studies
 

 
     
   
General conclusions and recommendations are provided.  In general the results can be considered as very encouraging, with high silver recoveries and concentrate grades generally achieved.  The flotation concentrates contain some copper and lead, suggesting that the concentrates will find a ready market, probably to copper smelters.  The base metals will be minor contributors to the overall revenue, where by far the largest contribution will be from the silver content.
     
   
Some of the Barite Hill and Valle Esperanza concentrates do contain levels of minor metals, such as arsenic and antimony, which exceed commonly accepted smelter penalty limits.  However, as the tonnage of the high grade silver concentrate is small (relative to, for example, the output from a copper concentrator) the actual quantity of such minor metals will be small, and unlikely, in Mr. Wells’ view, to become a commercial issue.  However, this will require review during the Prefeasibility Study, with at least some preliminary discussions with potential smelters.
     
   
The test work strongly suggests that the mineral processing of Loma de La Plata, Barite Hill, and Valle Esperanza can be carried out in a single, simple, mineral processing facility (crushing, grinding and a single stage of flotation to produce a high grade silver,
 
 
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low copper plus lead, flotation concentrate).  All of this technology is simple and well proven.  The only area identified by the test work as of concern, was the poor liquid/solids separation of the residues from Barite Hill and Valle Esperanza.  Further investigation of this will be necessary.  The samples were typically soft to medium hardness, which will reduce the size and power of the comminution (crushing and grinding) circuit.
     
   
The various test programs at XPS and G&T are summarised in the following sections of this technical report.
     
   
16.3.1     XPS Phase 1 test work on Loma de La Plata samples
     
   
This test work is described in full in XPS (2008) and is summarised in this section.
     
   
XPS carried out metallurgical test work using drill core samples collected on site in January 2008.  The study included mineralogical and metallurgical test work on two geo-metallurgical units, defined as the oxide zone and the sulphide zone.  It is important to note that in both zones, the mineralogy of the silver, copper and lead are all sulphide, the term “oxide” is only a visual definition based on the general appearance of the core. Both zones responded well to standard flotation mineral processing techniques. The geo-metallurgical units are described in Table 16.6.
     
   
Table 16.6     Loma de La Plata geo-metallurgical units

 
Geo-metallurgical Unit
Domain
Characteristics
 
Unit 1
“Sulphide” – high grade
High Ag sulphides, high Pb, low Cu
 
Unit 2
“Sulphide” – low grade
Low Ag sulphides, low Pb, high Cu
 
Unit 3
“Oxide” – high grade
High Ag sulphides, high Pb, low Cu
 
Unit 4
“Oxide” – low grade
Low Ag sulphides, low Pb, high Cu


   
The six holes chosen for the variability composites and the assay grades are shown in Table 16.7.
     
   
Table 16.7    Grades of sample composites used for variability testing

 
Hole number
Ag grade (g/t)
Cu grade (%)
Pb grade (%)
Zn grade (%)
 
NV07-497 (oxide)
726
0.11
0.17
0.01
 
NV07-501 (oxide)
422
0.06
0.16
0.01
 
NV07-543 (oxide)
209
0.03
0.11
0.02
 
NV07-540 (sulphide)
90
0.03
0.12
0.03
 
NV07-526 (sulphide)
341
0.06
0.01
0.01
 
NV07-566 (sulphide)
209
0.10
0.08
0.03

     
   
The test work included quantitative evaluation of materials by scanning electron microscopy (QEMSCAN) and electron probe micro analyser (EPMA) mineralogical

 
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work, together with open circuit rougher flotation test work on all six composites, reagent exploration, bond work index determinations, and preliminary cleaner flotation on two of the composites.  Some cyanidation test work was carried out, as a possible alternative process to flotation.
     
   
The following main observations and conclusions were noted from this Phase 1 work. Mineralogical evaluations identified silver sulphides as the main source of silver, predominantly acanthite and stromeyerite. Both disseminated and coarse grained silver minerals exist.  Average silver mineral grain sizes are in the range of 11 µm to 20 µm, but some acanthite and stromeyerite grains exceeding 300 µm were observed. Relatively low levels of arsenic and antimony occur, generally associated with silver bearing tetrahedrite and tennantite.  The core samples tested indicated that arsenic and antimony will generally be below smelter penalty limits, but that some ore grade control may be required from time to time.
     
   
Exploratory cleaning tests produce high silver concentrate grades ranging between 43 kg and 50 kg of silver per tonne of concentrate.  As no locked cycle tests were carried out in this phase, it was not possible for XPS to make any firm prediction of recovery.  However, the silver recoveries to the rougher concentrates were generally above 85%, and this indicates to Mr. Wells that potential overall silver recoveries would be in excess of 80%. This prediction has been supported by XPS Phase 2 test work and the G&T test work.
     
   
Some cyanide leach test work was carried out as a possible alternative to flotation.  The perceived advantage to a cyanide route would be the production of a final doré product in Argentina.  Recoveries from the cyanide tests were generally comparable to rougher floatation (between 80% and 90%). However this work was not continued into Phase 2 due to the long leach time required (48h) which represents high cost, as well as the high consumption of cyanide.
     
   
The cleaner concentrate grades are summarised in Table 16.8.
     
   
Table 16.8     Cleaner concentrate grades

 
Composite
Ag grade (kg/t)
Cu grade (%)
Pb grade (%)
Zn grade (%)
 
Oxide
50.8
3.1
14.5
0.2
 
Sulphide
43.1
13.1
1.1
1.2

     
   
16.3.2     XPS Phase 2 test work on Loma de La Plata samples
     
   
The test work is described in full in XPS (2009), and is summarised in this section.
     
   
XPS performed an optimisation test work module on samples of the Loma de La Plata deposit. This work covered oxide and sulphide ore types, each at high and low grades. Drill core was used as the sample material. This phase of work was based on recommendations obtained from the first phase of test work that Aquiline developed at XPS.
     
   
Physical composite samples were prepared using External Reference Distributions. This XPS proprietary method allowed a quality check to be performed. The grades of the sample composites are shown in Table 16.9.
     
   
Reagent optimisation was performed in flotation tests arranged in a factorial structure, or design of experiments (DOE). These tests were performed in open cycle and locked cycle format. In a similar manner, the flotation feed grind size and slurry percent solids

 
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were optimised. A preliminary examination of type of pH modifier was also made. Rougher concentrate regrinding was also tested to assess its potential influence on concentrate grade and recovery. Finally, variability analysis was performed on a range of ore samples to determine whether a relationship could be established between silver head grade and recovery.
     
   
Table 16.9      Grades of sample composites used for optimisation test work

Composite description
Ag ppm
Pb%
Cu%
S%
Fe%
Zn%
Au ppm
As%
Sb%
Sulphide low grade
92.6
0.025
0.037
0.230
2.75
0.028
-
0.001
-
Sulphide high grade
348.6
0.068
0.065
0.288
2.95
0.031
-
0.004
0.004
Sulphide composite
159.5
0.034
0.047
0.290
2.70
0.028
-
0.002
-
Oxide low grade
83.8
0.019
0.038
0.290
2.77
0.027
-
0.004
-
Oxide high grade
386.2
0.065
0.067
0.352
2.87
0.030
-
0.004
-
Oxide composite
207.8
0.043
0.040
0.229
2.94
0.018
-
0.003
-


     
   
Grinding Variability
     
   
Variability testing on the sulphide ores, performed at a target grind size P80 of 105 µm, showed that the batch grinding times required to attain this target varied from 6 minutes to 38 minutes. At the same P80, the oxide samples showed less variability with a range of batch grinding times of 18 minutes to 36 minutes. It is a recommendation that Pan American consider the potential influence of this observation in their design of the grinding circuit. A study simulating the grinding circuit responses to this variance is proposed.
     
   
Reagents
     
   
A reagent suite using 42.5 g/t of Aerophone 3418A and 33.8 g/t of Potassium Amyl Xanthate (PAX) is recommended. These collectors were stage added during the flotation protocol and manage to produce significant silver and copper recovery gains by improving silver kinetics. Metallurgical selectivity was maintained in the same silver grade recovery curve. Interpretation of this result into a plant operating strategy is recommended. To fulfil further engineering stage requirements, it is a recommendation that reagents distribution be assessed via pilot plant campaigns as a prerequisite to plant design.
     
   
Flotation Feed Grind Size and Percent Solids
     
   
Grind size and slurry percent solids in flotation feed proved to be key parameters in subsequent flotation performance. It is recommended that the percent solids be kept in the range of 26% to 33% when performing rougher flotation of sulphide and oxide ores. The sulphide ore is much more sensitive than the oxide ore to an increase in the slurry percent solids, which causes a significant decrease in silver concentrate grade.
     
 
 
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The particle size should be kept at a P80 of about 105 μm and 150 μm for the oxide ore and at about 60 μm for the sulphide ore. This will produce silver recoveries ranging from 78% to 80% for oxide ore and silver recoveries ranging from 79% to 89% for sulphide ore, if the slurry percent solids are maintained at indicated values above.
     
   
Flotation Feed Retention Time
     
   
An additional eight minutes of flotation time produced a silver recovery increment of 2.5% when analysing the oxide ore behaviour. It is recommended that retention time in the flotation circuit be studied as a trade-off in the plant design, i.e. the cost of capital to deliver this extra retention time versus the recovery gain.
     
   
pH Modifiers
     
   
Neither soda ash nor lime had a positive impact on metallurgical performance when compared to tests at natural pH. Silver recoveries decreased between 1% and 13% with no clear gains in silver concentrate grade.
     
   
Due to tight economical conditions, it was not possible to assess the metallurgical performance that the different geo-metallurgical units defined in Phase 1 of this test work would have when exposed to the newly defined metallurgical conditions. XPS recommend that this assessment is performed at a later stage of the Project.
     
   
Difference between oxide and sulphide ores
     
   
Significant differences between the oxide and sulphide ores were observed. The sulphide ore produces higher recoveries but lower concentrate grades than the oxide ore. A further module of work testing blends that correspond to the mining plans is recommended.
     
   
The locked cycle tests performed using sulphide ore produced an average final silver recovery of 83.8%, ranging from 81.7% to 88.7%. The silver concentrate grade averaged 44.4 kg/t Ag and ranged from 41.8 kg/t Ag to 46.0 kg/t Ag.
     
   
The locked cycle tests performed using oxide ore produced an average final silver recovery of 72.6%, ranging from 70.2% to 73.7%. The silver concentrate grade averaged 88.9 kg/t Ag and ranged from 87.9 kg/t Ag to 89.3 kg/t Ag. These values exceeded expectations of 50.0 kg/t. The oxide ore silver recovery can be further increased by increasing retention time in the rougher circuit, which would cause the silver concentrate grade to decrease.
     
   
For both ores it was found that recycling the cleaner scavenger tailings to the rougher flotation stage #2 improves concentrate quality while maintaining silver recovery. Under these circumstances, silver recoveries comparable to the open circuit data, together with saleable concentrate at grades at or in excess of 50.0 kg/t Ag, whilst maintaining or improving silver recovery, were achieved.
     
   
Further work can include:
     
   
Including one extra stage of cleaning.
       
   
Mixing the sulphide ore with the oxide ore.
       
   
Regrinding the sulphide ore at a P80 smaller than 20 µm.
       
   
Increasing residence time in rougher flotation to increase silver recovery.
     
   
XPS has developed a good understanding of Loma de La Plata ore metallurgical performance and believes that further gains can be achieved if the recommendations indicated in this report are implemented.
     
 

 
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16.3.3    G&T test work on Loma de La Plata samples
     
   
The test work is described in full in G&T (2008).  G&T had previously carried out work on other samples from Navidad (Snowden, 2007). The 2008 test work on Loma de La Plata used samples from the same January 2008 sample selection programme as were used by XPS.
     
   
The samples received by G&T (166 individual samples, 432 kg total) are listed in detail in G&T (2008).  The samples were used to construct nine variability composites and one master composite.  The master composite was constructed proportionately to the weights of the nine variability composites.
     
   
The grades of the variability samples and the master composite are shown in Table 16.10.
     
   
Table 16.10
Grades and specific gravity of the sample composites used for variability testing

 
Sample number
Cu
grade
(%)
Pb
grade
(%)
Ag
grade
(g/t)
S
grade
(%)
Sb
grade
(g/t)
As
grade
(%)
Specific gravity
 
502
0.05
0.1
415
0.19
104
0.008
2.60
 
504
0.03
0.04
219
0.15
90
0.005
2.59
 
508
0.05
0.01
143
0.14
108
0.003
2.53
 
515
0.05
0.03
250
0.64
125
0.003
2.53
 
555
0.09
0.03
253
0.51
116
0.005
2.51
 
564
0.03
0.04
153
0.21
148
0.002
2.54
 
575
0.08
0.04
243
0.24
158
0.003
2.49
 
602
0.18
0.14
287
0.62
235
0.015
2.42
 
611
0.06
0.37
289
0.40
156
0.002
2.51
 
Master composite
0.07
0.08
259
0.33
146
0.002
2.61


   
The bond mill work index of the master composite was 16.2 kWh/t.  Work indices of the nine variability composites ranged from 12.3 kWh/t to 23.1 kWh/t.
     
   
The nine variability samples and the master composite were subject to open circuit and locked cycle testing.  The master composite was used to carry out preliminary flow sheet development work using rougher and open circuit cleaner tests.  This was followed by two locked cycle tests (test 23 and 26) on the master composite, the results of which are provided in Table 16.11 and Table 16.12.
     
   
Table 16.11      Locked cycle test conditions

 
Stream
Grind P80 (µm)
3418A Reagent Addition g/t
PAX Reagent Addition g/t
pH
 
Rougher
108-148
80
80
8.5
 
Regrind
16-22
-
-
8.5
 
Cleaner
-
50
40-50
8.5
 

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Stream
Grind P80 (µm)
3418A Reagent Addition g/t
PAX Reagent Addition g/t
pH
 
Note: No Regrind was applied in Test 23. The unground rougher concentrate P80 was 16 µm.  The rougher concentrate produced in Test 26 was ground for 2 minutes to a P80 of 22 µm.

   
Table 16.12     Summary of locked cycle test results

Test number
Product
Wt%
Ag
grade
(g/t)
Cu
grade
(%)
Pb
grade
(%)
S
grade
(%)
Ag
recovery
(%)
Cu
recovery
(%)
Pb
recovery
(%)
S
recovery (%)
Test 23, P80 108 µm
Flotation Feed
100.0
285
0.07
0.09
0.3
100
100
100
100
Bulk Concentrate
0.5
49888
7.2
11.9
9.6
83
52
62
16
Bulk 1st Cleaner Tail
3.0
290
0.05
0.17
0.5
3
2
6
5
Bulk Rougher Tail
96.5
40
0.03
0.03
0.2
14
45
32
79
Test 26, P80 148 µm
Flotation feed
100.0
264
0.07
0.09
0.3
100
100
100
100
Bulk Concentrate
0.4
51071
8.1
12.8
10.5
77
48
59
16
Bulk 1st Cleaner Tail
9.6
3.5
0.10
0.14
0.4
11
15
15
15
Bulk Rougher Tail
90.0
33
0.03
0.03
0.2
11
37
26
69
Flotation feed
100.0
264
0.07
0.09
0.3
100
100
100
100
Bulk Concentrate
0.4
51071
8.1
12.8
10.5
77
48
59
16


   
The nine variability composites were subject to batch open circuit cleaner tests.  With the exception of sample 508, silver recoveries ranged from 78% to 90%, with approximately 50 kg/t Ag in the final cleaner concentrates.  Sample 508 yielded a recovery of 58% which may reflect it being the lowest feed grade (143g/t Ag and 0.14% S).
     
   
A silver association model was developed to demonstrate the relationship between silver content, and the copper and lead content in the concentrates.  This model showed an excellent linear correlation between silver, lead and copper in the concentrates, indicating that the silver co-floats with the copper and lead minerals.
     
   
G&T carried out Automated Digital Imaging Scans (ADIS) of the final concentrates and rougher tailings. The silver minerals identified by G&T in the concentrates were principally native silver, proustite, acanthite and polybasite.
     
   
A sample of the final concentrate from Test 23 was sent for grade analysis by ICP at ALS Chemex Lab in Vancouver.  The assays of the most important revenue and penalty elements are shown in Table 16.13.
     
   
Table 16.13     Assay grades of Test 23 locked cycle concentrate

 
Element
Grade
 
Ag (g/t)
> 1,000
 
 
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Element
Grade
 
As (g/t)
1,620
 
Cd (g/t)
130
 
Cu (%)
6.6
 
Pb (%)
>10.0
 
S (%)
9.0
 
Sb (g/t)
1,935
 
Zn (%)
0.4


   
An initial opinion is that this concentrate would be shipped to an offshore copper smelter.  The main component of the revenue (over 95%) would be the silver, with a minor credit for the copper.  Minor penalties for lead, arsenic and antimony might be incurred. The average arsenic and antimony analyses of the variability composites were 2,232 g/t Sb and 1,680 g/t As.  Only one sample was above this (sample 602) indicating some potential attention to ore blending in the mining operation.
     
   
A settling test on the tailings from Test 23 showed a thickener area of about 0.06 m²/t/day would be required, with a flocculant addition of 5 g/t, resulting in a thickened slurry of 48% solids by weight.
     
   
A limited number of tests were carried out to recover silver using gravity and cyanidation techniques (48 hours leach).  The results are summarised in Table 16.14.
     
   
Table 16.14     Gravity and cyanidation test data results

 
Test number
Type
Pan concentrate silver extraction (%)
CN silver extraction (%)
Overall extraction (%)
CN kg/t
Lime kg/t
 
27
Whole ore CN
-
75
75
1.0
0.7
 
25
Gravity
18
-
-
-
-
 
28
Gravity Tail CN
-
69
-
1.3
1.1
 
25 + 28
Gravity + CN
18
57
75
-
-

     
   
Both the whole ore and gravity plus cyanidation flow sheets produced silver recoveries of about 75%. Inclusion of a gravity step did not increase overall silver recovery (based upon this single test). It would therefore appear that about 75% of the silver contained in the master composite can be recovered using cyanidation techniques or gravity plus cyanidation.  This compares to 80% to 85% silver recovery to a flotation concentrate. The cyanide consumption in these tests is significantly lower than the XPS test.  This would require confirmation if this line of test work is pursued in future.
     

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16.3.4     G&T test work on Barite Hill samples
     
   
The test work is described in detail in G&T (2009). In a similar method as developed for the Loma samples, nine variability samples and a master composite were prepared from the core samples.  A detailed sample inventory is provided in G&T (2009).  However, the amount of work conducted on Barite Hill was more limited than the Loma de La Plata programme.
     
   
The grades of the Barite Hill sample composites are shown in Table 16.15.
     
   
Table 16.15     Grades of Barite Hill sample composites

 
Sample
number
Cu
grade
(%)
Pb
grade
(%)
Zn
grade
(%)
Fe
grade
(%)
Ag
grade
(g/t)
S
grade
(%)
Sb
grade
(g/t)
As
grade
(%)
 
1
0.03
0.28
0.054
2.4
64
0.61
19
99
 
2
0.03
0.08
0.061
2.3
50
0.87
11
97
 
3
0.25
0.03
0.029
2.3
169
0.62
11
412
 
4
0.07
0.34
0.057
2.7
254
0.25
5
252
 
5
0.14
0.70
0.084
1.9
548
1.12
27
519
 
6
0.31
0.03
0.033
2.4
691
0.72
18
826
 
7
0.01
0.04
0.012
3.1
71
0.17
2
43
 
8
0.13
0.02
0.018
3.1
162
1.56
6
110
 
9
0.14
0.20
0.016
2.2
306
0.79
4
172
 
Master
0.17
0.20
0.050
2.6
190
0.75
14
257


   
The samples received at G&T were in the form of sample assay coarse rejects, and therefore too fine sized to carry out standard Bond ball mill work index tests.  However it was possible to calculate a comparative work index using grind calibration data and the Bond Wi data from Loma de La Plata.  Based on this, the Barite Hill material is classified as soft, with an average work index of 8.1 Kwh/t.
     
   
Rougher flotation test recoveries of about 90%, at a mass recovery of 6% to 8% were achieved.  The recovery appeared to be relatively insensitive to primary grind P80s between 85 µm and 140 µm.
     
   
Batch open circuit cleaner tests were carried out on the master composite.  Silver recoveries and grades of about 80% and 20 kg/t Ag respectively were achieved.
     
   
The results of two locked cycle tests on the master composite are summarised in Table 16.16 and Table 16.17.
     
   
Table 16.16     Locked cycle test conditions

 
Stream
Grind P80 (µm)
3418A Reagent Addition g/t
PE26 Reagent Addition g/t
pH
 
Rougher
84-140
30
50
8.2
 
Regrind
12-20
-
-
8.0
 

 
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Stream
Grind P80 (µm)
3418A Reagent Addition g/t
PE26 Reagent Addition g/t
pH
 
Cleaner
-
30-50
200
8.2


     
   
Table 16.17    Summary of locked cycle test results

Test number
Product
Wt%
Ag
grade
(g/t)
Cu
grade
(%)
Pb
grade
(%)
S
grade
(%)
Ag
recovery
(%)
Cu
recovery
(%)
Pb
recovery
(%)
S recovery (%)
Test 10, P 80 140 µm
Flotation feed
100.0
194
0.11
0.17
0.5
100
100
100
100
Bulk concentrate
0.6
24,401
11.8
22.7
13.6
81
71
84
19
Bulk 1st cleaner tail
4.0
344
0.27
0.52
1.2
7
10
12
10
Bulk rougher tail
95.4
25
0.02
0.01
0.4
12
19
4
72
Test 11 P80 84 µm
Flotation feed
100.0
222
0.12
0.17
0.6
100
100
100
100
Bulk concentrate
0.7
24,343
11.5
18.3
13.3
76
65
73
17
Bulk 1st cleaner tail
5.2
580
0.37
0.63
1.3
13
16
19
12
Bulk rougher tail
94.1
24
0.02
0.02
0.4
10
19
8
71


   
Nine variability samples from Barite Hill were tested, with feed grades varying widely from 60 g/t Ag to 700 g/t Ag, at a P80 grind of about 100 µm. The flotation results varied from 65% to 85% Ag recovery, for silver concentrate grades of 25 kg/t Ag. There is a close correlation between the silver grade and the combined lead and copper grade in the concentrate.  For 25 kg/t Ag concentrates, the combined lead plus copper grade is 30% to 35%. Acanthite/argentite are the dominant silver minerals in the concentrate. Thus in general, Barite Hill gave flotation results similar to Loma de La Plata, but with lower silver concentrate grades. This concentrate should be of interest to copper smelters.
     
   
The settling test on tailings from the locked cycle tests indicate Barite Hill does not settle well with low projected thicker underflow density and high calculated areas. Further more detailed work is required to investigate this.
     
   
Final bulk concentrates samples were analysed using Standard Assay Protocol, the key revenue and potential penalty elements are shown in Table 0.18, which provides comparative data for Barite Hill, Valle Esperanza, and Loma de La Plata. Preliminary discussions indicate that these concentrates would be best sold to copper smelters. More detailed discussions should be held during the Feasibility Study. Attention is drawn to the higher arsenic content of Barite Hill and the higher arsenic and antimony levels in Valle Esperanza. Due to the small volume (tonnage) of the concentrates and high value, they would be shipped from site in sealed containers minimising in-transit loses and any environmental concerns. The actual mass of antimony and arsenic is small, and should not present a significant problem to smelters. However some penalties will be incurred and this issue requires further evaluation.
 
 
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Table 16.18     Barite Hill, Valle Esperanza, and Loma de La Plata concentrate grades

 
Element
Valle Esperanza grades
Barite Hill grades
Loma de La Plata grades
 
Sb g/t
14,090
986
1,935
 
As g/t
14,400
22,130
1,620
 
Cd g/t
380
1,250
130
 
Cu%
14.8
11.9
6.6
 
F g/t
118
257
n.a.
 
Fe%
8.2
3.7
8.3
 
Pb%
23.2
22.7
10.0 +
 
Hg g/t
262
38
n.a.
 
Ag g/t
63,584
24,421
50,000 +
 
S%
18.1
13.6
9.0
 
Zn%
21.8
19.5
4.5

     
   
16.3.5     G&T test work on Valle Esperanza samples
     
   
This test work is described in detail in G&T (2009). A similar programme was followed as for Barite Hill, with nine variability samples and a composite, as shown in Table 16.19.
     
   
Table 16.19    Grades of Valle Esperanza sample composites

 
Sample number
Cu
grade
(%)
Pb
grade
(%)
Zn
grade
(%)
Fe
grade
(%)
Ag
grade
(g/t)
S
grade
(%)
Sb
grade
(g/t)
As
grade
(%)
 
1
0.01
0.14
0.028
3.4
39
0.058
15
18
 
2
0.03
0.13
0.023
3.6
52
0.08
27
26
 
3
0.11
0.01
0.031
2.5
71
0.503
98
133
 
4
0.06
0.35
0.018
3.5
243
0.54
33
37
 
5
0.07
0.13
0.020
3.5
217
0.78
47
60
 
6
0.09
0.55
0.210
2.7
318
1.14
21
16
 
7
0.10
0.15
0.049
3.1
486
0.64
82
85
 
8
0.08
0.03
0.040
2.2
419
1.06
26
108
 
9
0.14
0.30
0.060
2.0
827
0.61
75
46
 
Master
0.08
0.12
0.047
3.0
268
0.50
62
70


   
As with Barite Hill, the samples received were sample assay coarse rejects, which therefore precluded standard Bond mill tests. Comparative work index data shows the samples to be of medium hardness with an average of 14.6 kWh/t.   Rougher flotation test silver recoveries were over 90% at primary grind P80’s between 90 µm and 165 µm.  Batch open circuit cleaner test yielded what can be viewed as excellent silver recoveries (over 90%) and final bulk concentrates assaying between 60 kg Ag and 65 kg of silver per tonne.
 
 
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Three locked cycle tests were carried out on the Valle Esperanza master composite and the results are summarised in Table 16.20 and Table 16.21.
     
   
Table 16.20     Locked cycle test conditions

 
Stream
Grind P80 (µm)
3418A Reagent Addition g/t
MIBC Reagent Addition g/t
pH
 
Rougher
89-166
30
60
8.5
 
Regrind
19-23
-
-
8.5
 
Cleaner
-
20
60
8.5


   
Table 16.21    Summary of locked cycle test results

Test number
Product
Wt%
Ag
grade
(g/t)
Cu
grade
(%)
Pb
grade
(%)
S
grade
(%)
Ag
recovery
(%)
Cu
recovery
(%)
Pb recovery (%)
S
recovery (%)
Test 10, P 80 166 µm
Flotation feed
100.0
276
0.08
0.12
0.3
100
100
100
100
Bulk concentrate
0.4
65,461
14.5
23.1
17.9
92
71
74
20
Bulk 1st cleaner tail
1.7
598
0.37
0.59
0.9
4
8
8
5
Bulk rougher tail
97.9
12
0.02
0.02
0.3
4
21
17
75
Test 11 P80 89 µm
Flotation feed
100.0
320
0.08
0.19
0.4
100
100
100
100
Bulk concentrate
0.5
60,324
11.7
29.1
17.2
92
73
75
20
Bulk 1st cleaner tail
1.5
954
0.46
1.19
1.4
4
9
9
5
Bulk rougher tail
98.0
12
0.01
0.03
0.3
4
18
15
75
Test 21 P80 89 µm
Flotation feed
100.0
272
0.07
0.18
0.4
100
100
100
100
Bulk concentrate
0.5
52,555
12.0
28.6
10.0
91
76
73
13
Bulk 1st cleaner tail
1.1
1118
0.41
1.02
1.2
5
6
6
4
Bulk rougher tail
98.4
12
0.01
0.04
0.3
4
18
20
83


   
The silver recoveries and concentrate grades achieved in the locked cycle test were better than either Loma de La Plata or Barite Hill and can be considered very satisfactory.
     
   
Nine variability samples from Valle Esperanza were tested, with feed grades varying from 50 g/t Ag to 800 g/t Ag, at a P80 of 150 µm. The majority of the samples gave silver recoveries of 88% to 90%, with 50 kg/t Ag in the final concentrate. As with Loma de La Plata and Barite Hill, there was a close correlation between silver and copper plus lead in the concentrates.
     
   
Acanthite/argentite accounts for 90% of the silver in the concentrates, 2% as native silver and the balance as unidentified silver minerals.
     
   
As with Barite Hill, the tailings from the flotation tests showed poor settling (liquids-solids separation) characteristics and this will require more detailed investigation.
 
 
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The chemical analysis of the concentrate is shown in Table 0.18, and the same comments apply as for Barite Hill.
     
   
16.3.6     Conclusions and recommendations
     
   
The test work on Loma de La Plata undertaken by the metallurgical laboratories has confirmed that the material tested responds well to flotation, with high recoveries and concentrate grades. A simple crushing, grinding and single product flotation concentrator is suggested.
     
   
The concentrates produced in the test work contained high silver values (around 50 kg/t Ag), with a combined base metals (copper plus lead) content of 15% to 25%. Preliminary discussion suggests that this should be readily saleable to base metals smelters.
     
   
The work on Loma de La Plata involving a number of composites prepared from fresh drill core is probably sufficient to support a Feasibility Study. A large quantity of core has been kept in sealed bags and is sufficient for a pilot plant test should this be considered necessary.
     
   
The test work on Barite Hill and Valle Esperanza has generally yielded satisfactory results, and as with Loma de La Plata, silver recoveries of 80% or better appear likely. The concentrate grades from Valle Esperanza are particularly high (over 50 kg/t Ag to 60 kg/t Ag), while those from Barite Hill are also satisfactory containing 20 kg/t Ag to 25 kg/t Ag.
     
   
Mr. Wells believes that Loma de La Plata, Barite Hill, and Valle Esperanza can all be treated in that same, simple, one product concentrator.
     
   
However it should be noted that the test work on Barite Hill and Valle Esperanza was much more limited than the Loma de La Plata test work programme, and did not use fresh drill core samples, but sample assay crushed rejects. Thus, more test work with new samples is essential to take Barite Hill and Valle Esperanza to Feasibility Study level.  During this future work, more tailings samples should be taken for detailed solids liquids separation test work, probably requiring specialist laboratories with equipment vendors.  Furthermore, concentrate samples should be taken to review the arsenic and antimony contents, as well as any other potential penalty elements. A more detailed evaluation of the market for silver/copper concentrates is required during the Prefeasibility Study.
 

 
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17     Mineral Resource and Mineral Reserve estimates
     
   
Information in this section has been sourced from Snowden (2009).
     
  17.1   Disclosure
 
     
   
Mineral Resources reported in Section 17 were prepared by Ms. P. De Mark, a Senior Consultant of Snowden and a Qualified Person as defined under NI 43-101. Documentation of the work was reviewed by Mr. I. Jones, Senior Principal Consultant for Snowden’s Perth office.
     
   
Snowden is independent of Pan American.
     
   
Mineral Resources that are not Mineral Reserves do not have demonstrated economic viability. No Mineral Reserves are reported in this Technical Report.
     
   
This report uses definitions from and follows the guidelines of the CIM Definition Standards for Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves and NI 43-101 Form F1. The Project has no mine design or defined economic parameters at this stage.
     
   
17.1.1   Known issues that materially affect the Mineral Resources
 
   
In 2006 the government of Chubut Province decreed a three year moratorium on all mining activities, including exploration, in the western part of the Province. This moratorium is due to expire on 29 June 2009, and the government of Chubut has publicly declared that it intends to extend the moratorium for another three years. The government asserts this is to enable the completion of a province-wide map of the mineral potential. The Navidad Property lies outside of and to the east of these “no-mining” zones. The government of Chubut Province has also decreed a Province-wide ban on the use of cyanide for mining purposes and the development of open pit mines. The law states that the government of Chubut Province will accept and review mining proposals, including open pit and cyanide based mining operations, on a case by case basis and determine at that point whether permits may be issued.
     
   
The Supreme Court of British Columbia awarded ownership of the Navidad Project to Minera Aquiline on 14 July 2006 following a court case with IMA Exploration Inc. (IMA) where IMA was found to have breached a Confidentiality Agreement with Minera Normandy Argentina S.A. (Minera Normandy), then a subsidiary of Newmont Mining Corporation. Minera Normandy was subsequently acquired by Aquiline and its name was changed to Minera Aquiline. IMA appealed the trial court decision to the Appeal Court of British Columbia which denied the appeal in reasons for judgment dated 7 June 2007.  In September 2007 IMA submitted an Application for Leave to Appeal to the Supreme Court of Canada. Sole ownership rights were granted to Aquiline by the Supreme Court of Canada on 20 December 2007, subject to Aquiline making payment to IMA which would reimburse the latter for its accrued exploration expenditures up to the July 2006 court decision. Aquiline’s final payment to IMA was made on 8 February 2008 giving Aquiline full ownership of the Project.
     
   
Snowden is unaware of any other issues that may materially affect the Mineral Resources in a detrimental sense. These conclusions are based on the following:
     
   
The Pan American exploration license has an approved environmental operating license.
       

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Pan American has represented that the material mineral and surface rights have secure title.
       
   
There are no known marketing, political, or taxation issues.
       
   
Pan American has represented that the Project has local community support.
       
   
There are no known infrastructure issues.
 
 
17.2
Assumptions, methods and parameters – 2009 Mineral Resource estimates
 
   
Mineral Resource estimates were prepared in the following steps:
     
   
Data validation was undertaken by Aquiline and reviewed by Snowden.
       
   
Data preparation, including importation to various software packages.
       
   
Analysis of the QAQC data.
       
   
Geological interpretation and modelling of lithological and mineralisation domains was by Snowden based on interpretations provided by Aquiline.
       
   
Coding of drillhole data within mineralised grade estimation domains.
       
   
Samples were composited to 3 m lengths.
       
   
Exploratory data analysis of silver and lead grades based on mineralised domains, and also of copper at Loma de La Plata.
       
   
Indicator variogram analysis and modelling.
       
   
Derivation of kriging plan and boundary conditions.
       
   
Creation of block models and application of density values by domain.
       
   
Grade estimation of Ag and Pb (and Cu at Loma de La Plata) into blocks using multiple indicator kriging (MIK).
       
   
Grade estimation of Ag and Pb (and Cu at Loma de La Plata) into blocks using ordinary kriging (OK) and nearest neighbour (NN) for MIK estimation validation.
       
   
Validation of estimated block grades against input sample composite grades.
       
   
Confidence classification of estimates with respect to CIM guidelines.
       
   
Resource tabulation and Resource reporting.
 
  17.3    Supplied data, data preparation, data transformations, and data validation
 
   
17.3.1     Supplied data
     
   
Aquiline provided raw drillhole data in Access database format, geological and mineralisation models and surface topography data in AutoCAD DXF format, specific gravity measurements in Microsoft Excel format, and relevant technical documentation.
     
   
17.3.2     Data preparation
     
   
Snowden prepared desurveyed drillholes from collar, survey, lithology, and assay data provided by Aquiline. A location map showing drillholes available for the April 2009 Mineral Resource estimate is shown in Figure 17.1. The number of drillholes used in the
 
 
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Navidad April 2009 Mineral Resource estimate is shown in Table 17.1. A list of the collar locations is given in Appendix A.
     
   
Figure 17.1
Location map of drillholes available in the April 2009 Navidad database



   
Table 17.1
Number of drillholes used in the Navidad 2009 Mineral Resource estimates

 
Area
Number of drillholes
Metres of drilling
 
Calcite NW
111
16,440
 
Calcite Hill
81
14,973
 
Navidad Hill
105
12,394
 
Connector Zone
75
12,394
 
Galena Hill
92
17,221
 
Barite Hill
56
12,832
 
Loma de La Plata
210
45,918
 
Valle Esperanza
70
23,702
 
Total
800
155,872

 
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17.3.3     Data transformations
     
   
The drilling pattern is oriented to the northeast-southwest on the Gauss Kruger Zone 2 projection, relative to the Campo Inchauspe datum, except at Loma de La Plata, where the drilling pattern is oriented to the east-west. Aquiline applied a correction to the magnetic value recorded in downhole surveys to convert from magnetic to the Gauss Kruger grid and provided Snowden with the final azimuth data. Snowden converted the downhole dip to conform to Datamine convention (downward direction holes are indicated with a positive dip sign).
     
   
Snowden assigned values of half the detection limit of assays for Ag, Pb, and Cu to unsampled drillhole intervals (usually at the drill collar), to prevent smearing of sampled grades into unsampled intervals. The values applied to the unsampled intervals were 0.5 g/t Ag, 0.005% Pb, and 0.005% Cu.
     
   
No other transformations or rotations have been performed by Snowden on the data or models.
     
   
17.3.4     Data validation
     
   
Validation checks in Datamine mining software included searches for overlaps or gaps in sample and geology intervals, inconsistent drillhole identifiers, and missing data. No errors were noted.
     
   
Aquiline also provided Snowden with sample assay quality assurance/quality control (QAQC) data for review. Analysis of QAQC data is used to assess the reliability of sample assay data and the confidence in the data used for the resource estimation. The results of the QAQC analyses are discussed in Section 13.2.
     
 
17.4   Geological interpretation, modelling, and domaining
     
   
17.4.1     Geological interpretation and modelling
     
   
Snowden updated the 2007 geological interpretation to include recent drilling information, based on geological wireframes provided by Aquiline. Snowden created new digitised geological interpretations for Valle Esperanza, which had no previous geological interpretation, also based on geological wireframes provided by Aquiline.  Three wireframes of north-northwest trending faults were provided by Aquiline, which were used to truncate mineralisation to the west of Galena Hill. Snowden recommends that Pan American continue with modelling fault interpretations, for use in future resource estimations.
     
   
The geological interpretations were digitised on section and wireframed into lithological domains representing mudstone/limestone, conglomerate, latite, and volcaniclastic contacts. Mineralised domains were digitised around continuous areas of mineralisation generally greater than 25 g/t Ag and/or 1% Pb.
     
   
No model of the oxidation surface has yet been prepared, as generally there is no well developed oxidation zone present in the respective deposits except for a mixed zone comprised mostly of sulphides with oxidation along fractures. Recent metallurgical test work has suggested that oxidation may play a more important role in mineral processing than previously known. Staff geologists will be undertaking a more diligent study of the differences between the oxide and sulphide zones for modelling in future resource estimations.
 
 
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17.4.2     Definition of grade estimation domains
     
   
Grade estimation domains, which are subdivisions of the geological model and represented by subsets of the sample data, ensure that samples used for estimating a block grade are from the same population as the point of estimation. A grade population may be defined by attributes such as spatial location, lithology, mineralisation style, and structural boundaries.
     
   
The Navidad Mineral Resources have been estimated and reported individually for each deposit, including Calcite NW, Calcite Hill, Navidad Hill, Connector Zone, Galena Hill, Barite Hill, Loma de La Plata, and Valle Esperanza.
     
   
Data for each deposit has been further divided into sub-domains according to lithological unit (mudstone/limestone, latite, conglomerate, and volcaniclastic units) and strength of mineralisation (high or low). An example of the estimation domains at Loma de La Plata is shown in Table 17.2. The estimation domains for the remaining deposits are shown in Appendix B.
     
   
Table 17.2    Loma de La Plata estimation domains

 
Deposit
Lithology
Mineralisation
Domain code
 
Loma de La Plata
Conglomerate
Low grade
715
 
Mudstone
Low grade
725
 
Mudstone
High grade
726
 
Latite
Low grade
735
 
Latite
High grade
736


 
17.5   Sample statistics
     
   
17.5.1     Sample compositing
     
   
Sample lengths were composited to ensure that the samples used in statistical analyses and estimations have similar support (i.e., length). Aquiline sampled drillholes at various interval lengths depending on the length of intersected geological features, and in geologically similar units, select samples at 3 m lengths. Sample lengths were examined for each deposit and composited to 3 m according to the most frequently sampled length interval (3 m). The composited and raw sample data were compared to ensure no sample length loss or metal loss had occurred.
     
   
The Datamine COMPDH downhole compositing process was used to composite the samples within the estimation domains (i.e., composites do not cross over the mineralised domain boundaries). The COMPDH parameter MODE was set to a value of 1 to allow adjusting of the composite length while keeping it as close as possible to the composite interval (3 m); this is done to minimise sample loss, and to ensure equal sample support.
     
   
17.5.2     Extreme value treatment
     
   
No top cuts of extreme values were applied to the input samples used in the MIK estimation, as the extreme values in the high grade mineralised domains are well supported by other extreme values, and are not the sole cause of the grade variability in the domain population. An example log histogram of input sample composites from the high grade latite estimation domain at Loma de La Plata is shown in Figure 17.2, log histograms of input sample composites for the high grade estimation domains at the
 
 
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remaining deposits are shown in Appendix C. Extreme grade values are treated in the estimate using multiple indicator kriging.
     
     
     
     
   
Figure 17.2
Log histogram of Loma de La Plata undeclustered sample composites in Domain 736


 
   
17.5.3     Data declustering
     
   
Descriptive statistics of sample populations within a domain may be biased by clustering of sample data in particular areas of the domain. At the Navidad deposits, because of the orientation and spacing of the drillholes oblique to the Project coordinates (on the Gauss Kruger projection, Zone 2, relative to the Campo Inchauspe

 
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datum), the input sample data statistics are strongly influenced by the dimensions of the orthogonal declustering grid. To reduce any bias caused by clustering of sample data, Snowden declustered the input sample data by making a nearest neighbour estimate into the MIK block model. Declustered data statistics are considered during the selection of the grade interpolation method and used when comparing estimated grades and input sample grades during model validation.
     
   
17.5.4     Input sample statistics
     
   
Declustered statistics for sample composites in each of the domains within the classified resource area are shown for Ag in Appendix D and for Pb in Appendix E. Example statistics for Loma de La Plata are shown Table 17.3 for Ag, Table 17.4 for Pb, and Table 17.5 for Cu. Mineralisation is associated with the mudstone and latite domains although minor occurrences of mineralised conglomerate and volcaniclastic rocks are present. High CV values and examination of the sample histogram suggest mixed populations within most domains. Grade estimation domains may be refined after collection of additional drillhole samples and analysis of grade distributions.
     
   
Table 17.3
Declustered composite sample input statistics for Ag at Loma de La Plata

Deposit
Domain
Number of composites
Min (g/t)
Max (g/t)
Mean (g/t)
CV
Loma de La Plata
715
1,504
0.5
23
1
1.5
725
5,585
0.5
66
1
1.9
726
238
0.5
213
23
1.1
735
4,916
0.5
84
2
1.9
736
1,802
0.5
5,407
125
2.7


   
Table 17.4
Declustered composite sample input statistics for Pb at Loma de La Plata

Deposit
Domain
Number of composites
Min (%)
Max (%)
Mean (%)
CV
Loma de La Plata
715
1,504
0.01
1.69
1.69
2.6
725
5,585
0.01
1.74
1.74
2.1
726
238
0.01
3.23
3.23
1.1
735
4,916
0.01
2.28
2.28
3.3
736
1,802
0.01
3.54
3.54
2.8

   
Table 17.5
Declustered composite sample input statistics for Cu at Loma de La Plata

Deposit
Domain
Number of composites
Min (%)
Max (%)
Mean (%)
CV
Loma de La Plata
715
1,504
0.01
0.04
0.01
0.5
725
5,585
0.01
0.18
0.01
1.0
726
238
0.01
0.24
0.02
1.8
 
 
 
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Deposit
Domain
Number of composites
Min (%)
Max (%)
Mean (%)
CV
 
735
4,916
0.01
0.28
0.01
1.2
 
736
1,802
0.01
1.30
0.05
1.8
 
 

 
17.6   Variography
     
   
Variography was undertaken by grade estimation domain for each deposit. To improve variogram quality in the grade estimation domains at the Navidad Trend (Calcite NW, Calcite Hill, Navidad Hill, Connector Zone, Galena Hill, and Barite Hill), sample composites of the grade estimation domain for the deposit under consideration were combined with sample composites from corresponding grade estimation domains from the two deposits lying immediately to the northwest and southeast. For example, sample composites for the high grade latite estimation domain for Galena Hill were combined with high grade latite sample composites from Connector Zone to the northwest and Barite Hill to the southeast.
     
   
17.6.1     Continuity analysis
     
   
Continuity analysis refers to the analysis of the spatial correlation of a grade value between sample pairs to determine the major axis of spatial continuity. As the mineralised domain has a long, wide, and relatively flat shape oriented to the northwest, only orientations close to the plane of the domain were considered.
     
   
Indicator variograms were defined at percentile intervals chosen by grade estimation domain to best represent the grade distribution. Horizontal, across strike, and dip plane continuity directions for each domain were chosen by examining indicator variogram maps and their underlying variograms for Ag and Pb, and Cu at Loma de La Plata, rotated onto the plane of the mineralised domain.
     
   
17.6.2     Variogram modelling
     
   
Directional variograms were modelled for the three principal directions for Ag and Pb, and Cu at Loma de La Plata, based on the directions chosen from the variogram fans.
     
   
Variogram parameters at the 95th decile are detailed in Table 17.6 for Ag, Table 17.7 for Pb, and Table 17.8 for Cu.
 

 
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Table 17.6       95th decile variogram model parameters for Ag

Domain
Rotation 1
(Z axis)
Rotation 2
(X axis)
Rotation 3
(Z axis)
C0§
C1§
Ranges (m)†
C2§
Ranges (m)†
C3§
Ranges (m)†
Navidad Trend 15
210
15
0
0.37
0.17
120,90,40
0.46
130,120,55
-
-
Navidad Trend 25
210
15
0
0.47
0.14
100,40,19
0.19
190,60,20
0.2
200,80,30
Navidad Trend 26
210
15
0
0.45
0.2
30,30,5
0.35
50,50,10
-
-
Navidad Trend 35
210
15
0
0.5
0.2
20,30,16
0.18
30,40,32
0.12
120,50,33
Navidad Trend 36
210
15
0
0.4
0.1
10,20,7
0.22
20,30,45
0.28
40,35,50
Navidad Trend 45
210
15
0
0.42
0.58
70,65,35
-
-
-
-
715
80
20
0
0.72
0.17
110,50,14
0.11
120,100,15
-
-
725
60
30
90
0.4
0.6
450,220,30
-
-
-
-
726
60
30
70
0.6
0.4
50,50,6
-
-
-
-
735
80
20
80
0.4
0.3
40,110,7
0.3
50,115,45
-
-
736
80
20
80
0.6
0.16
30,30,10
0.24
50,50,11
-
-
815
30
10
0
0.42
0.58
270,180,54
-
-
-
-
825
50
20
20
0.47
0.53
200,200,40
-
-
-
-
835
10
20
0
0.47
0.26
90,125,11
0.27
140,150,30
-
-
836
10
30
0
0.5
0.14
50,80,16
0.36
100,120,17
-
-
 
Note: § variances have been normalised to a total of one; ranges for major, semi-major, and minor axes, respectively; structures two and three are modelled with a spherical model


   
Table 17.7                          95th decile variogram model parameters for Pb
 
 
Domain
Rotation 1
(Z axis)
Rotation 2
(X axis)
Rotation 3
(Z axis)
C0§
C1§
Ranges (m)†
C2§
Ranges (m)†
Navidad Trend 15
210
15
0
0.27
0.33
165,210,12
0.4
170,240,18
Navidad Trend 25
210
15
0
0.46
0.13
110,50,15
0.41
150,80,17
 
 
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Domain
Rotation 1
(Z axis)
Rotation 2
(X axis)
Rotation 3
(Z axis)
C0§
C1§
Ranges (m)†
C2§
Ranges (m)†
Navidad Trend 26
210
15
0
0.55
0.45
50,40,10
-
-
Navidad Trend 35
210
15
0
0.4
0.18
140,180,7
0.42
190,250,50
Navidad Trend 36
210
15
0
0.3
0.2
40,50,4
0.5
140,70,14
Navidad Trend 45
210
15
0
0.2
0.8
110,75,18
-
-
715
50
20
30
0.5
0.2
120,220,8
0.3
150,250,14
725
70
20
60
0.3
0.06
90,60,18
0.34
130,180,300
726
60
30
50
0.54
0.46
75,80,12
-
-
735
70
20
80
0.32
0.29
400,63,7
0.39
460,370,15
736
40
20
70
0.4
0.33
360,340,10
0.27
400,350,20
815
30
15
0
0.26
0.26
100,50,3
0.48
350,260,34
825
40
15
0
0.38
0.08
10,40,9
0.2
150,175,16
835
30
10
40
0.35
0.09
50,50,2
0.05
80,120,10
836
40
50
140
0.46
0.24
40,40,8
0.3
80,110,13
 
Note: § variances have been normalised to a total of one; ranges for major, semi-major, and minor axes, respectively; structures two and three are modelled with a spherical model


   
Table 17.8      95th decile variogram model parameters for Cu

Domain
Rotation 1
(Z axis)
Rotation 2
(X axis)
Rotation 3
(Z axis)
C0§
C1§
Ranges (m)†
C2§
Ranges (m)†
715
40
20
90
0.45
0.3
60,110,8
0.25
80,120,13
725
60
20
100
0.5
0.26
90,90,15
0.24
100,150,20
726
70
20
80
0.45
0.55
100,50,8
-
-
735
70
20
60
0.32
0.21
180,240,6
0.1
250,250,38
736
80
20
40
0.36
0.19
40,30,6
0.45
80,70,10
 
Note: § variances have been normalised to a total of one; ranges for major, semi-major, and minor axes, respectively; structures two and three are modelled with a spherical model
 
 
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17.7   Estimation parameters
     
   
17.7.1     Kriging parameters
     
   
A kriging neighbourhood analysis (KNA) was performed to determine the optimum kriging parameters. KNA is the process of undertaking multiple ordinary kriged estimates using a variety of block sizes and search neighbourhood parameters (such as minimum and maximum sample numbers) and comparing the slope of regression, kriging efficiency, and kriging variance values produced from the estimates1. Kriging parameters were selected through examination of the results of the estimates in terms of slope of regression, kriging efficiency, kriging variance, and Snowden’s experience with similar deposits.
     
   
17.7.2     Block size selection
     
   
Block sizes were selected according to the average drillhole spacing, the results of the KNA and the dimensions of the mineralised envelopes. Snowden created block models with dimensions of 12.5 m Easting, 12.5 m Northing, and 5 m Elevation, except at Barite Hill, where the block models had blocks with dimensions of 25 m Easting, 25 m Northing, and 5 m Elevation, based on the wider spacing of drillholes at Barite Hill.
     
   
17.7.3     Sample search parameters
     
   
The following search strategy was selected based on the results of the KNA:
     
   
Search range equal to the maximum variogram range.
       
   
A minimum of 10 samples per estimate.
       
   
A maximum of 32 samples per estimate.
       
   
Maximum of three samples per borehole.
     
   
Three search ellipses were employed. A second search equal to 1.5 times the maximum variogram range was used wherever the first search did not encounter enough samples to perform an estimate, if enough samples were still not encountered, a third search equal to two times the maximum variogram range was used. If the minimum number of samples required were not encountered in the third search, no estimate was made.
     
   
17.7.4     Block model set up
     
   
Table 17.9 gives the block model parameters for the Navidad Mineral Resource models.
     
   
Table 17.9     Navidad block model parameters

 
Deposit
Direction
Minimum
Maximum
Increment (m)
 
Calcite NW
Easting
2,512,100
2,514,100
12.5
 
Northing
5,304,600
5,306,100
12.5
 
Elevation
800
1,300
5

   
______________________
   
1 Krige (1996) considers that kriging efficiency (KE) and regression slope (R) can be used to establish confidence in block estimates. KE=(BV-KV)/BV and R=(BV-KV)+ │µ│)/(BV-KV+│2µ│), where BV = the theoretical variance of blocks within the domain (block variance), KV = the variance between the kriged grade and the true (unknown) grade (kriging variance), and µ​ = LaGrange multiplier obtained from kriging. A perfect estimation would return KV=0, KE=100%, and R=1.
 
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Deposit
Direction
Minimum
Maximum
Increment (m)
 
Calcite Hill
Easting
2,513,800
2,514,700
12.5
 
Northing
5,304,400
5,305,200
12.5
 
Elevation
900
1,250
5
 
Navidad Hill
Easting
2,514,200
2,515,000
12.5
 
Northing
5,304,100
5,304,900
12.5
 
Elevation
900
1,250
5
 
Connector Zone
Easting
2,514,600
2,516,000
12.5
 
Northing
5,303,900
5,304,525
12.5
 
Elevation
700
1,250
5
 
Galena Hill
Easting
2,515,200
2,516,300
12.5
 
Northing
5,303,000
5,304,300
12.5
 
Elevation
700
1,200
5
 
Barite  Hill
Easting
2,516,000
2,517,200
25
 
Northing
5,302,300
5,303,400
25
 
Elevation
700
1,200
5
 
Loma de La Plata
Easting
2,509,700
2,512,700
12.5
 
Northing
5,302,600
5,303,900
12.5
 
Elevation
700
1,700
5
 
Valle Esperanza
Easting
2,513,000
2,516,300
12.5
 
Northing
5,302,000
5,304,900
12.5
 
Elevation
500
1,300
5

   
17.7.5     Grade interpolation and boundary conditions
     
   
Grade interpolation was undertaken in the selected grade percentile bins for each grade estimation domain using MIK. This interpolation method was selected in preference to ordinary kriging to represent the mixed populations in the grade estimation domains and to restrict the effect of extreme grade values, while honouring the extreme grade values present due to the style of mineralisation.  Domain boundaries were treated as hard boundaries, so that samples lying in one domain were not used in the estimation of another, to prevent the smearing of grades from one domain to another.
     
   
Ordinary kriged estimates were also performed to assist with optimising the grade estimation parameters and to assist with resource confidence classification by writing the kriging efficiency, kriging variance, and regression slope to the OK model. A nearest neighbour estimate was also undertaken to assist with estimation validation.
     
 
17.8   Specific gravity
     
   
Specific gravity values were applied by domain to the block model. Table 0.10 gives statistics of the density determinations for each of the domains, and the mean value assigned to the block models.

 
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Table 17.10     Navidad block model densities

 
Description
Domain
Count
Min
Max
Mean
CV
 
Unmineralised
conglomerate
115
27
2.18
2.66
2.45
0.07
 
215
4
2.43
2.56
2.49
0.03
 
315
28
2.21
3.46
2.48
0.09
 
615
149
2.03
2.58
2.32
0.04
 
715
352
2.13
2.85
2.59
0.04
 
815
196
2.22
2.70
2.46
0.04
 
Unmineralised
mudstone/limestone
125
547
1.03
4.02
2.47
0.08
 
225
123
2.07
3.18
2.46
0.07
 
325
151
2.05
3.32
2.44
0.07
 
425
56
1.98
2.65
2.36
0.06
 
525
505
1.89
2.78
2.29
0.05
 
625
648
1.10
3.59
2.28
0.08
 
725
802
2.08
3.00
2.56
0.05
 
825
182
1.76
2.96
2.46
0.06
 
Mineralised
mudstone/limestone
126
163
2.04
3.67
2.50
0.08
 
226
62
1.94
3.17
2.50
0.10
 
326
65
2.12
2.78
2.44
0.05
 
426
106
1.95
2.99
2.42
0.07
 
526
184
1.87
3.04
2.41
0.07
 
626
499
1.56
2.95
2.28
0.06
 
726
104
1.87
4.18
2.62
0.09
 
Unmineralised latite
135
202
1.03
4.02
2.52
0.09
 
235
148
2.11
3.19
2.43
0.06
 
335
205
1.91
2.76
2.41
0.05
 
435
211
2.15
2.93
2.51
0.05
 
535
424
2.13
4.25
2.53
0.07
 
635
304
2.00
2.88
2.38
0.06
 
735
1,564
1.88
4.28
2.61
0.06
 
835
777
2.18
3.99
2.55
0.05
 
Mineralised latite
136
105
2.04
3.45
2.52
0.08
 
236
1,587
1.94
3.86
2.53
0.09
 
336
352
1.95
3.34
2.39
0.06
 
436
769
1.97
3.90
2.59
0.08
 
536
1,204
1.88
3.92
2.58
0.06
 
636
69
2.23
2.69
2.39
0.04
 
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Description
Domain
Count
Min
Max
Mean
CV
   
736
970
1.79
3.86
2.61
0.06
 
836
172
2.32
3.71
2.56
0.06
 
Unmineralised
volcaniclastic
145
26
2.36
3.83
2.61
0.11
 
245
44
1.90
2.58
2.38
0.05
 
345
19
2.30
2.77
2.48
0.06
 
445
41
2.23
3.20
2.46
0.06
 
545
137
1.98
2.70
2.43
0.06
 
645
23
2.37
2.63
2.48
0.03
 
 
 
17.9   Estimation validation
     
   
Snowden validated the Navidad models using four techniques:
     
   
Comparison of global mean declustered sample statistics with the mean estimated grade by domain.
 
       
   
Visual inspection of block and sample composite grades in section, plan, and in three dimensions.
       
   
Generation of slice validation plots of declustered sample composite grades with estimated block grades by domain, to compare sample and estimated grade trends.
       
   
Comparison to previous estimates, where possible.
       
   
17.9.1     Domain statistics and visual validation
     
   
Snowden validated the Navidad models by comparing the estimated grades by domain for each deposit with the declustered input samples. Snowden used a nearest neighbour estimate, which does a basic decluster of the input data into a grid defined by the block model, to make a direct comparison between the estimated mean grade values and the sample input data. Examples of the comparison between estimated and input data grades for Loma de La Plata are shown in Table 0.11 for Ag, Table 0.12 for Pb, and Table 0.13 for Cu. The comparisons for the other deposits are shown in Appendix F for Ag and in Appendix G for Pb.
     
   
Global grade comparisons are within acceptable tolerances for most mineralised domains; for low grade and poorly sampled domains the percentage difference between input samples and estimated grades may be high. Because the nearest neighbour estimate uses a single sample to return a grade value to the block cell, global grade differences between the nearest neighbour and the MIK model, which uses between 10 and 32 samples to estimate block grades, may also be high. The global grade difference may be particularly high if the composite closest to the block cell happens to have an extreme grade value.
     
   
Areas with poor comparisons between estimated and input grades were examined again in detail in section and three dimensions. Snowden found that the distribution of estimated grades corresponds to the distribution of grades in the input data, and the grades are continuously distributed. The largest differences also appeared to be related to the sample support for the estimates and the declustering and location of the data.

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Table 17.11     Comparison of estimated and input data Ag grades by domain

 
Deposit
Domain
Estimated grade (Ag g/t)
Declustered input grade (Ag g/t)
% difference
 
Loma de La Plata
715
1
1
0
 
725
1
1
0
 
726
21
23
-8
 
735
2
2
0
 
736
126
125
0

   
Table 17.12     Comparison of estimated and input data Pb grades by domain

 
Deposit
Domain
Estimated grade (Pb%)
Declustered input grade (Pb%)
% difference
 
Loma de La Plata
715
0.03
0.03
0
 
725
0.03
0.03
0
 
726
0.33
0.35
5
 
735
0.03
0.04
-14
 
736
0.10
0.12
-15


   
Table 17.13     Comparison of estimated and input data Cu grades by domain

 
Deposit
Domain
Estimated grade (Cu%)
Declustered input grade (Cu%)
% difference
 
Loma de La Plata
715
0.01
0.01
0
 
725
0.01
0.01
0
 
726
0.02
0.02
0
 
735
0.01
0.01
0
 
736
0.05
0.05
0

   
17.9.2     Slice validation plots
     
   
Validation plots of estimated block grades and input sample data were made for all domains for Ag and Pb (and for Cu at Loma de La Plata) on easting, northing, and elevation. Estimated block grades generally correspond to input sample grades with the expected degree of smoothing from the kriging interpolation.
     
   
17.9.3     Comparison with previous estimates
     
   
Mineral Resources at Navidad have been previously reported (Snowden 2006a, Snowden 2006b, and Snowden 2007) for Calcite NW, Calcite Hill, Navidad Hill, Connector Zone, Galena Hill, Barite Hill, and Loma de La Plata. Mineral Resources have not been previously reported for Valle Esperanza. New drillhole information available since reporting of the November 2007 Mineral Resource estimates is shown in Table 0.14.
 
 
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Table 17.14
Additional drilling information since the November 2007 Mineral Resource estimates

Deposit
Number of drillholes available in the November 2007 estimates
Number of new holes available in the April 2008 estimates
% new drillholes
Calcite NW
100
16
15
Calcite Hill
75
6
7
Navidad Hill
104
0
0
Connector Zone
51
22
30
Galena Hill
85
17
18
Barite Hill
51
5
9
Loma de La Plata
53
150
72
Valle Esperanza
0
75
100

   
The additional drilling since the November 2007 Mineral Resource estimates has resulted in the following changes to the April 2009 estimate:
     
   
Updated geological and mineralised envelope interpretation, including the introduction of a new lithological domain (conglomerate/greywacke Domain 15).
       
   
Top cuts previously applied to extreme grade values in the input sample data for some grade estimation domains have been removed, as additional drillhole sample data have supported the existing extreme grade values.
       
   
Variography has been reinterpreted with the updated drilling, with an increased nugget and ranges remaining similar to previous estimates.
       
   
Density values have been updated with additional specific gravity information.
       
   
Application of a new AgPb equivalence formula (AgEQ = Ag + (Pb*10,000/365) ) based on updated silver and lead prices using three year rolling average prices for silver ($12.52 per oz) and an approximate ten year rolling average for lead ($0.50 per lb).
       
   
An increase in Mineral Resource tonnes and, in places, shifting of tonnage from the Inferred Resource classification to the Indicated Resource classification. The shift in tonnes from one category to the next has resulted in a corresponding shift of grades, usually manifested in a shift of higher grades to a higher level of confidence, and vice versa.
     
   
The superseded November 2007 Mineral Resource estimates above a 50 g/t Ag equivalent value using the new AgPb equivalence formula (AgEQ (g/t) = Ag (g/t) + (Pb(%)*10,000/365)) are shown in Table 0.15.

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Table 17.15
Superseded November 2007 Mineral Resource estimates reported above a 50 g/t Ag equivalent cut-off (AgEQ = Ag + (Pb*10,000/365))

Deposit
Classification
Tonnes
(Mt)
AgEQ g/t
Ag g/t
Pb%
Contained Ag (Moz)
Contained Pb (Mlb)
Calcite Hill NW
Measured
-
-
-
-
-
-
Indicated
11.8
107
92
0.56
35
146
Meas. + Ind.
11.8
107
92
0.56
35
146
Inferred
6.7
72
51
0.78
11
115
Calcite Hill
Measured
-
-
-
-
-
-
Indicated
13.9
126
106
0.72
47
221
Meas. + Ind.
13.9
126
106
0.72
47
221
Inferred
3.8
86
78
0.30
9
25
Navidad Hill
Measured
8.1
136
122
0.52
32
92
Indicated
5.5
95
89
0.23
16
28
Meas. + Ind.
13.5
120
109
0.40
47
119
Inferred
2.6
91
81
0.36
7
21
Connector Zone
Measured
-
-
-
-
-
-
Indicated
7.5
108
98
0.39
24
66
Meas. + Ind.
7.5
108
98
0.39
24
66
Inferred
3.1
115
105
0.34
11
24
Galena Hill
Measured
7.0
275
196
2.90
44
445
Indicated
40.1
159
109
1.83
140
1619
Meas. + Ind.
47.0
176
121
1.99
184
2064
Inferred
6.0
135
102
1.20
20
160
Barite Hill
Measured
-
-
-
-
-
-
Indicated
6.2
194
184
0.37
36
50
Meas. + Ind.
6.2
194
184
0.37
36
50
Inferred
0.4
80
44
1.29
1
11
Loma de La Plata
Measured
-
-
-
-
-
-
Indicated
9.0
230
227
0.09
66
18
Meas. + Ind.
9.0
230
227
0.09
66
18
Inferred
17.2
163
160
0.11
88
42
Total
Measured
15.0
201
156
1.62
76
537
Indicated
94.0
149
120
1.04
364
2148
Meas. + Ind.
109.0
156
125
19.37
439
2685
Inferred
39.9
127
114
0.45
146
398

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17.10   Mineral Resource classification
     
   
Resource confidence classification considers a number of aspects affecting confidence in the Resource estimation, such as:
     
   
Geological continuity (including geological understanding and complexity)
       
   
Data density and orientation
       
   
Data accuracy and precision
       
   
Grade continuity (including spatial continuity of mineralisation)
       
   
Estimation quality
     
   
17.10.1     Geological continuity and understanding
     
   
Staff geologists log drill core in detail including textural, alteration, structural, mineralisation, and lithological properties, and continue to develop a good understanding of the geological controls on mineralisation. Confidence in geological continuity is good in most cases and could be increased by creating a geological interpretation incorporating all available geological information, including surface mapping, geophysical information, and core logging detail in digital, three dimensional format.
     
   
17.10.2     Data density and orientation
     
   
Aquiline drilled the Navidad deposits on a pattern roughly 50 m along strike, with closer spaced drilling in the Galena Hill and Navidad Hill areas. Geological confidence and estimation quality are closely related to data density and this is reflected in the classification of Resource confidence categories.
     
   
17.10.3     Data accuracy and precision
     
   
Classification of Resource confidence categories are also influenced by the accuracy and precision of the available data. The accuracy and the precision of the data may be determined through QAQC programs and through an analysis of the methods used to measure the data.
     
   
At Navidad, as in most deposits, two important items to consider regarding data accuracy are the quality of the assay values and the specific gravity determinations. Field duplicate results indicate a level of precision that is within a normal range for such a deposit. Potential errors with the specific gravity determination methods in use at the Navidad Project have been discussed in Snowden (2007) and in Section 12.3 of this Technical Report, and are being addressed by Pan American.
     
   
It is Snowden’s opinion that the accuracy and precision of the assay and specific gravity data, as defined by the QAQC and analysis of the methods used to measure the data, is acceptable for use in resource estimation. The confidence in the data is sufficient to support the assigned classifications of the Navidad resources.
     
   
17.10.4     Spatial grade continuity
     
   
Spatial grade continuity, as indicated by the variogram, is an important consideration when assigning Resource confidence classification. Variogram characteristics strongly influence estimation quality parameters such as kriging efficiency and regression slope.
     
   
The nugget effect and short range variance characteristics of the variogram are the most important measures of continuity. At the Navidad deposits the variogram nugget effect for both Ag and Pb is on average a high proportion of the total population variance. In some cases, due to the characteristics of the data, confidence in the model of spatial
 
 
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continuity may be low. In some grade estimation domains, it was not possible to calculate reliable variograms, and variogram models from similar domains were “borrowed” for these domains. These factors have been considered while assigning Resource confidence classification categories.
     
   
17.10.5     Estimation quality
     
   
Estimation quality is influenced by the variogram, the scale of the estimation, and the data configuration. Estimations of small volumes have poorer quality than estimations of large volumes. Measures such as kriging efficiency, kriging variance, and regression slope quantify the quality of local estimations.
     
   
Snowden used these estimation quality measures to aid in assignment of Resource confidence classifications. The classification strategy has resulted in the expected progression from lower to higher quality estimates when going from Inferred to Indicated.
     
   
17.10.6     Classification process
     
   
The Mineral Resource confidence classification of the Navidad Mineral Resource models incorporated the confidence in the drillhole data, the geological interpretation, geological continuity, data density and orientation, spatial grade continuity, and estimation quality. The Resource models were coded for Inferred, Indicated, and Measured categories according to CIM Standards. The process for classification is as follows:
     
   
A three dimensional perimeter around three dimensionally continuous blocks containing estimates created during the first search ellipse was created, and the blocks within the perimeter coded as Inferred.
       
   
A three dimensional perimeter around three dimensionally continuous blocks containing kriging efficiencies greater than 40 were coded as Indicated.
       
   
A three dimensional perimeter around three dimensionally continuous blocks containing kriging efficiencies greater than 60 were coded as Measured. Not all deposits have Measured Mineral Resources.
       
   
A surface representing the base of drilling was created, and all blocks below this base were coded as unclassified.
       
   
A perimeter representing the lateral extent of the drilling was created, and expanded by 25 m and 50 m. Any blocks outside of the 50 m perimeter were coded as unclassified. Any blocks outside of the 25 m perimeter were coded as Inferred. The effect of this process is to restrict the confidence classification in the dip direction, which has a less regular pattern of drilling and often does not define the down dip boundary of mineralisation (in other words, mineralisation remains open, and Mineral Resources may be increased through additional drilling).
     
 
17.11   Mineral Resource reporting
     
   
Mineral Resource estimates are reported for the Calcite NW, Calcite Hill, Navidad Hill, Connector Zone, Galena Hill, Barite Hill, Loma de La Plata, and Valle Esperanza deposits at the Navidad Property (Table 0.16). Tonnes and grades have been reported above a cut-off grade of 50 g/t silver equivalent. To date, no analysis has been made to determine the economic cut-off grade that will ultimately be applied to the Navidad Project. Silver equivalence was calculated using three year rolling average prices for

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silver ($12.52 per oz) and an approximate ten year rolling average price for lead ($0.50 per lb). The following formula, which does not include any other factors such as variable metal recoveries, was applied to reach the silver equivalent value:
     
   
AgEQ (g/t) = Ag (g/t) + (Pb (%) × 10,000/365)
     
   
No Mineral Reserves have been estimated at this time. Additional studies will be required to determine technical, economic, legal, environmental, socio-economic, and governmental factors. These modifying factors are normally included in a mining feasibility study and are a pre-requisite for conversion of Mineral Resources to, and reporting of, Mineral Reserves. The CIM Standards (CIM, 2005) describe completion of a Preliminary Feasibility Study as the minimum prerequisite for the conversion of Mineral Resources to Mineral Reserves.
     
   
The Navidad April 2009 resources are shown above a cut-off grade of 50 g/t silver equivalent using the silver equivalent formula utilised for reporting the November 2007 resource estimates in Appendix H. The silver equivalence was calculated using a silver price of US$10.00/oz and a lead price of US$0.70/lb to derive an equivalence formula of AgEQ (g/t) = Ag (g/t) + (Pb (%) × 10,000/208).
     
   
Tabulations of the April 2009 Mineral Resources above a 1 oz Ag per tonne cut-off are shown in Appendix I, and above a 50 g/t Ag cut-off in Appendix J.
     
   
Grade-tonnage curves of the Navidad April 2009 Mineral Resources above a range of silver equivalent values (AgEQ (g/t) = Ag (g/t) + (Pb (%) × 10,000/365)) are shown in Appendix K.

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Table 17.16
Navidad April 2009 Mineral Resources reported above a cut-off grade of 50 g/t AgEQ

Deposit
Classification
Tonnes (Mt)
AgEQ g/t
Ag g/t
Pb%
Cu%
Contained Ag (Moz)
Contained Pb (Mlb)
Contained Cu (Mlb)
Calcite Hill NW
Measured
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Indicated
14.8
94
78
0.59
-
37
194
-
Meas. + Ind.
14.8
94
78
0.59
-
37
194
-
Inferred
14.6
74
52
0.82
-
24
265
-
Calcite Hill
Measured
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Indicated
17.5
115
100
0.55
-
56
212
-
Meas. + Ind.
17.5
115
100
0.55
-
56
212
-
Inferred
4.9
106
96
0.36
-
15
39
-
Navidad Hill
Measured
8.4
122
109
0.46
-
29
85
-
Indicated
5.6
96
90
0.24
-
16
29
-
Meas. + Ind.
14
112
101
0.37
-
45
114
-
Inferred
1.8
81
70
0.41
-
4
16
-
Connector Zone
Measured
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Indicated
8.2
102
91
0.41
-
24
74
-
Meas. + Ind.
8.2
102
91
0.41
-
24
74
-
Inferred
9.9
88
74
0.49
-
24
107
-
Galena Hill
Measured
7
242
170
2.62
-
38
404
-
Indicated
44.7
166
117
1.78
-
168
1,754
-
Meas. + Ind.
51.7
176
124
1.89
-
206
2,158
-
Inferred
1.7
116
80
1.35
-
4
50
-
 
 
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Deposit
Classification
Tonnes (Mt)
AgEQ g/t
Ag g/t
Pb%
Cu%
Contained Ag (Moz)
Contained Pb (Mlb)
Contained Cu (Mlb)
Barite Hill
Measured
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Indicated
7.7
161
153
0.28
-
38
48
-
Meas. + Ind.
7.7
161
153
0.28
-
38
48
-
Inferred
0.9
100
81
0.69
-
2
13
-
Loma de La Plata
Measured
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Indicated
29.1
172
169
0.09
0.05
158
58
33
Meas. + Ind.
29.1
172
169
0.09
0.05
158
58
33
Inferred
1.3
82
76
0.21
0.05
3
6
1
Valle Esperanza
Measured
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Indicated
12.2
178
172
0.21
-
68
56
-
Meas. + Ind.
12.2
178
172
0.21
-
68
56
-
Inferred
10.8
133
123
0.35
-
43
84
-
Total
Measured
15.4
177
137
1.44
-
67
489
-
Indicated
139.8
147
126
0.79
0.05
565
2,425
33
Meas. + Ind.
155.2
150
127
0.85
0.05
632
2,914
33
Inferred
45.9
97
81
0.57
0.05
119
580
1
Notes:
The most likely cut-off grade for these deposits is not known at this time and must be confirmed by the appropriate economic studies.
Silver equivalent grade values are calculated without consideration of variable metal recoveries for silver and lead. A silver price of US$12.52/oz and lead price of US$0.50/lb was used to derive an equivalence formula of AgEQ (g/t) = Ag (g/t) + (Pb (%) × 10,000 / 365). Silver prices are based on a three-year rolling average and lead prices are based on an approximate ten year rolling average.
The estimated metal content does not include any consideration of mining, mineral processing, or metallurgical recoveries.
Tonnes, ounces, and pounds have been rounded and this may have resulted in minor discrepancies in the totals.
Mineral Resources that are not Mineral Reserves do not have demonstrated economic viability. No Mineral Reserves have been estimated.
The estimate of Mineral Resources may be materially affected by environmental, permitting, legal, title, taxation, socio-political, marketing, or other relevant issues.
 
 
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18   Other relevant data and information
     
   
Information in this section has been sourced from Snowden (2009).
     
   
For a detailed history of the ownership of the Navidad properties, the reader is referred to the Pan American website at www.panamericansilver.com, where documents may be downloaded pertaining to the decision handed down by the Supreme Court of British Columbia as well as the subsequent ruling made by the British Columbia Court of Appeal.
     
     
   
In October 2008, Aquiline filed a Preliminary Economic Assessment (PEA) of Loma de La Plata on SEDAR (Snowden, 2008). That assessment was based on the resource estimate produced in 2007, although copper and other minor elements were modelled as part of the PEA. No mining reserve was calculated for Loma at that time.
     
   
Based on a production rate of 10,000 tpd of ore, a silver price of $12.52/oz and a copper price of $3.23/lb (three year average prices), the study determined the Loma de La Plata Project has a net present value (NPV) pre-tax at 7.5% of US$135.6 million, an internal rate of return (IRR) of 22% and a 25 month payback period. The mine would produce on average 15 million ounces of silver per annum for 6.6 years at an average operating cash cost of $5.22/oz Ag, with peak production in the first year of up to 23 million ounces of silver.
     
   
Ore production from the first of two stages accounts for the first three years of production, at an average grade of 231 g/t Ag before declining to an average grade of 140 g/t Ag in the second stage mined from Year 4 onward. The stripping ratio for the first stage pit is less than 1:1. During the first stage, mining and processing costs are $4.75/oz Ag, increasing as the second stage is mined due to a higher strip ratio and lower grade.
     
   
Pre-production capital expenditures are estimated at $272.6 million, most of which supports a processing plant handling throughput of 10,000 tpd (3.65 Mtpa) capable of being expanded to 30,000 tpd at some later stage. Conventional flotation of Loma de La Plata ore is expected to achieve a recovery of 80% of Ag to produce a concentrate grading 50 kilograms silver per tonne of concentrate. An estimated 450 personnel will be required during mine construction and up to 342 during mine operations.
     
   
Snowden is not aware of any other relevant data or information concerning the Navidad properties to report.
 
 
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19   Interpretation and conclusions
     
   
Information in this section has been sourced and updated from Snowden (2009).
     
   
On 14 October 2009, Pan American announced a friendly offer to acquire all of the issued and outstanding securities of Aquiline. On 7 December 2009, Pan American acquired approximately 85% of the issued and outstanding shares of Aquiline and extended its bid to 22 December 2009, and on that latter date, Pan American took up an additional approximately 7% of the issued and outstanding shares in the capital of Aquiline. Since the offer to acquire the Aquiline shares was accepted by holders of more than 90% of the Aquiline shares, on 23 December 2009, Pan American provided notice to the remaining shareholders of its intention to exercise its right to acquire the remaining issued and outstanding Aquiline shares pursuant to the compulsory acquisition provisions of the Business Corporation Act (Ontario). Pursuant to the compulsory acquisition, Pan American has been deemed to have acquired the balance of the Aquiline shares not already owned by it on or about 22 January 2010.
     
   
As a result of its acquisition of Aquiline, Pan American is required to file a technical report on the Navidad Project pursuant to NI 43-101. This Technical Report is prepared to fulfil this requirement and is based on information disclosed in the Technical Report filed on SEDAR by Aquiline on 2 June 2009, and dated May 2009, amended June 2009 (Snowden, 2009). There are no other material changes to the Navidad Project to report aside from the acquisition of Aquiline by Pan American.
     
   
The Navidad Project is an advanced stage silver-lead mineral exploration project located in Chubut Province, Argentina, and is owned by Pan American through its subsidiary, Aquiline, who in turn operates in Argentine through its Argentine entity Minera Argenta S. A.
     
   
The deposit areas at Navidad occur within a sedimentary package known as the Cañadón Asfalto Formation hosting an intermediate volcanic rock identified as trachyandesite, referred to locally as latite. Lithologies described as the Cañadón Asfalto may occur both above and below the intercalated bodies of latite. The entire sequence is interpreted to have been deposited within a lacustrine basin environment.
     
   
A group of eight individual deposits and six prospects have been identified at the project and seven of these have been the subject of previous Mineral Resource estimates (Snowden 2006a, Snowden 2006b, and Snowden, 2007). All of these deposits are either hosted in the latite unit itself or in the sedimentary sequence proximal to the latite. Base metals, principally lead and to a lesser extent copper, are typically present but are largely not significant in quantity except at Galena Hill. There has been virtually no gold detected to date.
     
   
Between the filing of the November 2007 Technical Report and the June 2009 Technical Report, additional geochemical and geophysical surveys plus 367 diamond drillholes totalling 92,540 m have been done on the Project. The geophysical surveys over the core area of the property have included gravity, deep-array pole-dipole IP, CSAMT, and a high definition ground magnetometer survey. At Navidad only the latter technique has shown some continued promise as an exploration guide through the interpretation of the detailed structural setting in the district.
     
   
The drilling programme continued to yield significant results during the 18 months prior to the June 2009 Technical Report, and of particular significance is the discovery of the Valle Esperanza deposit which in this estimate contains in the Indicated category
 
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12.2 Mt at a grade of 172 g/t Ag, above a cut-off grade of 50 g/t AgEQ. In the Inferred category, the deposit contains 10.8 Mt at a grade of 123 g/t Ag above the same cut-off grade. The grade, geometry, and depth of this deposit are such that underground mining is a potential option.
     
   
Early metallurgical testing of Galena Hill has proved that differential flotation was effective in producing a lead concentrate and silver-rich concentrate, although it was recommended significant work was required to increase overall silver recovery and improve the quality of the concentrate for sale. Subsequent analysis of the pyrite concentrate mineralogy (XPS, 2007) identified the potential to upgrade the concentrate by inserting cleaning and entrainment controls into the circuit such as froth washing and column flotation, that improve concentrate grades by a factor of 2.5.
     
   
Initial metallurgical testing of Loma de La Plata proved highly successful especially as recovery of silver exceeded 80% and the concentrate was high in silver (around 50 kg/t Ag), but low in lead with a combined base metal (copper plus lead) content of 15% to 25%. Subsequent efforts were directed at testing the variability of the deposit in support of a Preliminary Economic Assessment of Loma de La Plata only. The test work at both G&T and XPS concluded that Loma de La Plata ore responds well to flotation, with high recoveries and concentrate grades. A simple crushing, grinding, and single product flotation concentrator was proposed for the PEA, and the concentrate sold to an offshore copper smelter with minor penalties for lead.
     
   
With the discovery of Valle Esperanza and its similarity in mineralisation style to Loma de La Plata, metallurgical testing was expanded to incorporate deposits likely to produce a high-value silver concentrate with low lead content. Testing of Valle Esperanza and Barite Hill samples yielded satisfactory results, and as with Loma de La Plata, silver recoveries of 80% or better appear likely. The concentrate grades from Valle Esperanza are particularly high (over 50 kg/t Ag to 60 kg/t Ag), while those from Barite Hill are also satisfactory containing 20 kg/t Ag to 25 kg/t Ag. However, the individual concentrates contain high levels of penalty elements such as arsenic and antimony. Mr. Wells believes that Loma de La Plata, Barite Hill, and Valle Esperanza can all be treated in the same, simple, one-product concentrator.
     
   
The testing of Loma de La Plata is likely to be sufficient to support a Feasibility Study. A large quantity of core has been kept in sealed bags and is sufficient for a pilot plant test should this be considered necessary.
     
   
The Preliminary Economic Assessment of Loma de La Plata (Snowden, 2008), concluded the development of Loma de La Plata would deliver a pre-tax NPV at 7.5% of US$135.6 million, and internal rate of return (IRR) of 22%, and a 25 month payback period.
     
   
The June 2009 Technical Report (Snowden, 2009) disclosed recently updated Mineral Resources at the Calcite NW, Calcite Hill, Navidad Hill, Connector Zone, Galena Hill, Barite Hill, and Loma de La Plata deposits and disclosed the first Mineral Resource for Valle Esperanza at the Navidad Project.
     
   
Mineral Resource estimates were reported at the Navidad Property (Table 0.16). Tonnes and grades have been reported above a cut-off of 50 g/t silver equivalent. To date, no analysis has been made to determine the economic cut-off grade that will ultimately be applied to the Navidad Project. Silver equivalence was calculated using three year rolling average prices for silver ($12.52 per oz) and an approximate ten year rolling average price for lead ($0.50 per lb) values. The following formula, which does

 
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not include any other factors such as variable metal recoveries, was applied to reach the silver equivalent value: AgEQ (g/t) = Ag (g/t) + (Pb (%) × 10,000/365).
     
   
Measured and Indicated Mineral Resources silver ounces have increased by 40% since the November 2007 Mineral Resource estimate. This increase is mainly contributed by the upgrade of Inferred resources to Indicated resources, defined during infill drilling at Loma de La Plata. Valle Esperanza is now estimated to contain the largest Inferred resource of the Project.  With additional infill drilling on 50 m sections at Valle Esperanza, the conversion rate of Inferred resources to Indicated resources is anticipated to be as high as that experienced at the other deposits at the Project.
 
 
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20    Recommendations
     
   
Information in this section has been sourced from Snowden (2009).
     
   
The following recommendations are made for the further advancement of the Project:
     
   
Continue metallurgical definition of the deposits with particular emphasis on Galena Hill, which hosts 30% of the Indicated Resource silver ounces as well as 2,158 Mlb of lead in the Measured and Indicated categories.
       
   
Using the Loma de La Plata Preliminary Economic Assessment study as a model, develop an expanded model to include Valle Esperanza and Barite Hill as sources of high-grade silver concentrates with relatively low base metal content.
       
   
Develop a global Preliminary Economic Assessment that takes all deposits into consideration with emphasis on an optimum extended mine life.
       
   
Continue selective exploration of the best targets in the core project area that have Loma de La Plata or Valle Esperanza type potential. The continued exploration in the extended Valle Esperanza Valley is one of the highest priority areas.
       
   
Continue to evaluate and prioritise the various mining concessions that Pan American controls along the Gastre Fault structural trend.
       
   
Continue to advance the Navidad environmental base line studies in anticipation of an eventual filing of the appropriate environmental impact statement (EIS). In the short term Pan American plans to engage an international-level consultant to conduct a baseline review and plan the outstanding baseline work to complete the environmental impact assessment (EIA) for the proposed mine. This consultant would conduct an independent evaluation and consult with the Chubut Provincial authorities. The consultant would then assist with baseline studies and ultimately be responsible for preparation of the mine EIA.
       
   
Pan American should increase its efforts to explain and present the Navidad Project to the authorities in the Chubut Provincial government, especially stressing the benefits in employment, infrastructure, and tax revenue that would accrue to the community if the authorities were to rescind legislation that currently prohibits open pit mining.
     
   
Pan American should continue to implement proposed continuous improvement practices on diamond drilling, QAQC, sampling, density determinations, and resource modelling aspects at the Project, including:
     
   
Survey all drillholes regardless of their orientation, with the first measurement taken at the collar of the drillhole, to ensure that the spatial location of mineralisation is well defined.
       
   
Continue to refine the effectiveness of the QAQC database through more accurate documentation of the QAQC sample type and the analytical method, and by following the recommendations made by Smee (2008). Pan American is in the process of implementing these recommendations.
       
   
Determine the density of drill core prior to splitting with a diamond saw to reduce the error in the calculation introduced by a small sample size. Samples should be

 
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coated with a material such as wax or varnish to prevent water retention in the sample from influencing the calculated specific gravity value. Samples should be selected according to a representative suite of lithologies, mineralisation, and alteration types, through spatially representative locations throughout the area covered by drilling. The representativity can be confirmed by consulting the number of density determinations tabulated by grade estimation domain for each deposit in Table 0.10, and increasing the number of density samples in domains with low sample numbers relative to the number of sample assays in the domain. Spatial representativity can be confirmed by plotting the location of specific gravity samples on the drillhole trace in plan and in section.
       
   
Further refine the geological interpretation to incorporate all available geological information, including surface mapping (including the position of outcropping mineralisation), geophysical information, structural information, and core logging detail in digital, three dimensional format.
       
   
Continue the modelling of fault interpretations for use in future resource estimations.
       
   
Undertake a study of the differences between the oxide and sulphide zones for modelling in future resource estimations.
     
   
Snowden further recommends that Pan American undertake a drillhole spacing study at Loma de La Plata using conditional simulation to quantify the optimal drillhole spacing required to achieve a range of estimation qualities. Some close-spaced drilling should be performed in a representative mineralised domain to characterise the short-range behaviour of the mineralisation. Aquiline has already drilled 23 holes at Loma de La Plata in anticipation of such a drillhole spacing study. The outcome of this approach would be an understanding of the degree of grade estimation error associated with particular volumes of mineralisation for a range of drillhole spacing patterns. The grade estimation error and other important aspects of the project data, described in Section 17.10, are considered while assigning Mineral Resource confidence categories.
     
   
Pan American plans to proceed to an expanded Preliminary Economic Assessment of the Navidad Project, using the Loma de La Plata PEA study published in October 2008 as a basis (Snowden, 2008), focussing on deposits that are likely to produce a high-value silver concentrate with low lead content and maximise the operational mine life. The study will utilise the updated resource models produced as part of this report, in addition to the metallurgical testing of Valle Esperanza and Barite Hill. A more detailed evaluation of the market for silver/copper concentrates is also required. In addition to examining open pit mining methods, those deposits with likely high strip ratio cutbacks such as Valle Esperanza, Loma de La Plata, and Barite Hill will be evaluated for extraction by underground methods.
     
   
More test work with fresh core samples is essential to take Barite Hill and Valle Esperanza to Feasibility Study level to enable Bond Mill work indices to be determined, further tailings settling tests and potential penalty elements including arsenic and antimony.
     
   
Further studies of Galena Hill will focus on developing a programme to test the metallurgical variability of the deposit including initial modelling of the geo-metallurgical domains and designing the drill programme for fresh samples. The design

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of the metallurgical test programme should incorporate opportunities for improving concentrate quality already identified.
     
   
Continued exploration in the company’s land package in the Navidad district will be directed towards additional Jurassic-age basins in the Gastre structural corridor with Cañadón Asfalto lithologies. Geochemical sampling techniques should be effective tools to efficiently explore these basins. The distribution of associated potassic-style alteration such as adularia within the regional basins may be detected through the interpretation of the 2008 airborne radiometric survey.
 
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21    References

 
Author
Title
 
Allo, W., Paolini, M. Williams, D., 2009
Internal reports prepared by Aquiline Resources Inc., April, 2009.
 
Andolino, A., Lizuain, A., Solani, F., and Pezzuchi, H., 1999
Preliminary Gan Gan Geology Map, SEGEMAR 4369-II, 1:250,000.
 
CIM, 2003
CIM Estimation of Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves Best Practice Guidelines, adopted by CIM Council on November 23, 2003.
 
CIM, 2005
CIM DEFINITION STANDARDS - For Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves.  Prepared by the CIM Standing Committee on Reserve Definitions.  Adopted by CIM Council on December 11, 2005.
 
Chulick, J., 2007
Internal reports prepared by Aquiline Resources Inc., October 2007.
 
Corbett, G., 2004
Epithermal Au-Ag: The Magmatic Connection Comparisons Between East and West Pacific Rim, Ishihara symposium, Geoscience Australia.
 
Cuburu, C., 2007
Internal report prepared by Aquiline Resources Inc., October 2007.
 
G&T Metallurgical Services, 2005a
Phase 1 G&T Metallurgical Test Program Project. Internal report prepared by G&T Metallurgical Services Ltd for IMA Exploration Inc., March 2005, project number KM1574.
 
G&T Metallurgical Services, 2005b
Preliminary Assessment of Response of Navidad Hill Composite. Internal report prepared by G&T Metallurgical Services Ltd for IMA Exploration Inc., June 2005, project number KM1624.
 
G&T Metallurgical Services, 2005c
Preliminary Assessment of Response of calcite Hill Composite Samples. Internal report prepared by G&T Metallurgical Services Ltd for IMA Exploration Inc., June 2005, project number KM1632.
 
G&T Metallurgical Services, 2005d
The Flotation Response of Galena Hill Mineralization. Internal report prepared by G&T Metallurgical Services Ltd for IMA Exploration Inc., October 2005.
 
G&T Metallurgical Services, 2005e
Textural Analysis of Pyrite Particles. Internal report prepared by G&T Metallurgical Services Ltd for IMA Exploration Inc., November 2005.
 
G&T Metallurgical Services, 2005f
Additional Textural Analysis of Galena Hill Pyrite Particles. Internal report prepared by G&T Metallurgical Services Ltd for IMA Exploration Inc., November 2005.
 
G&T Metallurgical Services, 2008
Preliminary Metallurgical Assessment Loma de La Plata Project. Report prepared by G&T Metallurgical Services Ltd. for Aquiline Resources Inc., 13 June 2008, project number KM2202.
 
G&T Metallurgical Services, 2009
Preliminary Metallurgical Assessment Valle Esperanza and Barite Hill Deposits. Report prepared by G&T Metallurgical Services Ltd. for Aquiline Resources Inc., 1 April 2009, project number KM2353/KM2354.
 
JORC, 2004
The Australasian Code for Reporting of Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves.  Prepared by the Joint Ore Reserves Committee of The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Australian Institute of Geoscientists and Minerals Council of Australia (JORC).
 
Kain, S. 2007
Internal reports prepared by Aquiline Resources Inc., October 2007.

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Author
Title
 
Lang, J. R., 2003
Petrographic descriptions and SEM analyses of 11 samples from the Navidad Property, Argentina. Internal report prepared for IMA Exploration Inc., by Lang Geoscience Inc, 6 March 2003.
 
Lhotka, P. G., 2003
Exploration of the Navidad Silver-copper-lead property, December 2003 to May 2003, Chubut Province, Argentina, on behalf of IMA Exploration Inc. Internal report prepared for IMA, 2 September 2003.
 
Lhotka, P. G., 2004
Diamond drilling of the Navidad silver-copper-lead project, November 2003 to March 2004, Chubut Province, Argentina, on behalf of IMA Exploration Inc. Internal report prepared for IMA, 12 May 2004.
 
  Lortie, R.B., Clark, A. H., 1987
Strata-bound cupriferous sulphide mineralization associated with continental rhyolite volcanic rocks, northern Chile; I, The Jardin copper-silver deposit, Economic Geology, May 1987;v.82;no.3;p.546-570;DOI:10.2113/gsecongeo.82.3.546.
 
Rapela, C.W, Pankhurst, R.J., 1992
The Granites of Northern Patagonia and the Gastre Fault System in Relation to the Break-up of Gondwana, from Storey, B.C., Alabaster, T. & Pankhurst, R.J. (eds). Magmatism and the Causes of Continental Break-up, Geological Society Special Publication No. 68, pp. 209-220.
 
Sillitoe, R., 2007
Geologic model and exploration potential of the Navidad silver-lead deposit, Chubut Province, Argentina, December 2005. Internal report prepared for Aquiline Resources.
 
Smee, B. W., 2003
Results of an Audit of Alex Stewart and ALS Chemex Laboratories Argentina and Chile. Report prepared by Smee, June, 2003.
 
Smee, B.W., 2005a
A Review of Field and Laboratory Quality Control Data, Navidad Project, Chubut Province, Argentina. Internal report for IMA Exploration prepared by Smee for Aquiline, April 2005. 39 p.
 
Smee, B.W., 2005b
A Review of Field and Laboratory Quality Control Data, Navidad Project, Chubut Province, Argentina. Report prepared by Smee for Aquiline, December, 2005. 36 p.
 
Smee and Associates, 2007
Results of Laboratory Audits: Peru, Chile and Argentina, South America. Report prepared by Smee and Associates Consulting Ltd. November 2007.
 
Smee and Associates, 2008
A Review of Quality Control Methods, Quality Control Data, Drill Core Sampling Protocol and Geochemistry, Navidad Silver Project, Chubut Province, Argentina. Report prepared by Smee and Associates Ltd. for Aquiline, March, 2008.
 
Snowden, 2004
Technical Report Connector Zone and Navidad Hill, Navidad Project, Chubut Province, Argentina. Report prepared by Snowden for IMA Exploration Inc, December 2004.
 
Snowden, 2005
Technical Report Calcite Hill, Navidad Project, Chubut Province, Argentina. Technical report prepared by Snowden for IMA Exploration Inc., July 2005.
 
Snowden, 2006a
Mineral Resource Estimate, Navidad Project, Chubut Province, Argentina. Technical report prepared by Snowden for IMA Exploration Inc., February 2006, amended May 2006.
 
Snowden, 2006b
Resource Estimate and Drill Spacing Study, Galena Hill Project, Chubut Province, Argentina. Report prepared By Snowden for IMA Exploration Inc., September 2006.

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Author
Title
 
Snowden, 2007
Technical Report Navidad Project, Chubut Province, Argentina. Report prepared by Snowden for Aquiline Resources Inc., November, 2007
 
Snowden, 2008
Preliminary Economic Assessment of Loma de La Plata. Report prepared by Snowden for Aquiline Resources Inc., October 2008, amended 16 October 2008.
 
Snowden, 2009
Technical Report Navidad Project, Chubut Province, Argentina. Report prepared by Snowden for Aquiline Resources Inc., May 2009, amended June 2009.
 
Von Gosen, W., Loske, W., 2004
Tectonic history of the Calcatapul Formation, Chubut Province, Argentina, and the “Gastre fault system”, Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 18 (2004), 73-88.
 
Williams, D., 2007
Internal reports prepared by Aquiline Resources Inc., October 2007.
 
Xstrata Process Support, 2007
Aquiline Resources – Galena Hill Mineralogy. Report prepared by Xstrata Process Support – A Business Unit of Xstrata Canada Corporation for Aquiline Resources Inc., 5 October 2007.
 
Xstrata Process Support, 2008
Aquiline Resources – Navidad Project, Loma de La Plata Ore Deposit – Phase 1 Report. Report prepared by Xstrata Process Support – A Business Unit of Xstrata Canada Corporation for Aquiline Resources Inc. 6 August 2008.
 
Xstrata Process Support, 2009
Aquiline Resources - Navidad Project, Loma de La Plata Ore Deposit – Phase 2 Report. Report prepared by Xstrata Process Support – A Business Unit of Xstrata Canada Corporation for Aquiline Resources Inc., 20 March 2009.

 
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22    Date and signatures
   
  Technical Report
   
  Pan American Silver Corp.: Navidad Project, Chubut Province, Argentina
   
  February 2010
   
  Issued by:
   
  Pan American Silver Corp.
   
   
 
 
Pamela De Mark
04 February 2010
 
[signed]
Date
     
     
 
John J. Chulick
04 February 2010
 
[signed]
Date
     
     
 
Dean K. Williams
04 February 2010
 
[signed]
Date
     
     
 
John A. Wells
04 February 2010
 
[signed]
Date
     
     
 
Damian Spring
04 February 2010
 
[signed]
 

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23    Certificates
   
 
CERTIFICATE of QUALIFIED PERSON
   
 
(a)
I, Pamela L. De Mark, Senior Consultant of Snowden Mining Industry Consultants Inc., 600-1090 W. Pender St, Vancouver, BC, V6E 2N7 Canada; do hereby certify that:
 
(b)
 
   
I am the co-author of the technical report titled “Pan American Silver Corp.: Navidad Project, Chubut Province, Argentina”, dated 4 February 2010 (the “Technical Report”).
     
 
(c)
I graduated with a Bachelor of Applied Science (Honours) Degree in Applied Geology from the University of Technology, Sydney (Australia) in 1994.  I am a Member of the Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy and am a member of The Association of Professional Engineers and Geoscientists of the Province of British Columbia (License #33050).  I have worked as a mining and Mineral Resource geologist for a total of 15 years since my graduation from university.
     
 
(d)
I have read the definition of ‘qualified person’ set out in National Instrument 43-101 (“the “Instrument”) and certify that by reason of my education, affiliation with a professional association and past relevant work experience, I fulfil the requirements of a ‘qualified person’ for the purposes of the Instrument.  I have been involved in mining and Resource evaluation consulting practice for 3 years.  During my working career I have been involved in mining and resource evaluation.
     
 
(e)
I am responsible for the preparation of the sections of the Technical Report as detailed in Table 2.1.
     
 
(f)
I am independent of the issuer as defined in section 1.4 of the Instrument.
     
 
(g)
I have had prior involvement with the Property that is the subject of the Technical Report; I was the co-author of the technical report titled “Aquiline Resources Inc.: Navidad Project, Chubut Province, Argentina” and dated November 2007 and co-author of the amended technical report titled “Aquiline Resources Inc.: Navidad Project, Chubut Province, Argentina” and dated May 2009 and amended June 2009.  I also conducted two site visits: (i) from September 10 to September 13, 2007; and (ii) from April 28 to April 30, 2009.
     
 
(h)
I have read the Instrument and Form 43-101F1, and the Technical Report has been prepared in compliance with that instrument and form.
     
 
(i)
As of the date of this certificate, to the best of my knowledge, information and belief, the Technical Report contains all the scientific and technical information that is required to be disclosed to make the Technical report not misleading.
     
   
 
Dated at Vancouver, British Columbia, this 4th day of February, 2010.
   
 
[signed]
   
 
Pamela L. De Mark, P. Geo., BSc(App Geo), MAusIMM
 
 
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CERTIFICATE of QUALIFIED PERSON
   
 
(a)
I, John J. Chulick, Licensed Professional Geologist #3945 State of California, of Puerto Varas, Chile; do hereby certify that:
     
 
(b)
I am a co-author of the technical report titled “Pan American Silver Corp.: Navidad Project, Chubut Province, Argentina” and dated 4 February 2010 (the “Technical Report”) under the supervision of Snowden Mining Industry Consultants Inc.
     
 
(c)
I graduated with the Geological Engineer (Honours) Degree from the Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, in 1968, and with the degree Masters Business Administration in Finance, 1987, from golden Gate University, San Francisco.  I am a Member of the Society of Economic Geologists since 1998 and am a Licensed Professional Geologist (Certificate #3945) in the State of California.  I have worked as an Exploration and Economic Geologist for a total of 36 years since my graduation from university.
     
 
(d)
I have read the definition of ‘qualified person’ set out in National Instrument 43-101 (the “Instrument”) and certify that by reason of my education, affiliation with a professional association and past relevant work experience, I fulfil the requirements of a ‘qualified person’ for the purposes of the Instrument.
     
 
(e)
I am responsible for the preparation of the sections of the Technical Report as detailed in Table 2.1.
     
 
(f)
I am independent of the issuer as defined in section 1.4 of the Instrument.
     
 
(g)
I have had prior involvement with the Property that is the subject of the Technical Report; I was the co-author of the amended technical report titled “Aquiline Resources Inc.: Navidad Project, Chubut Province, Argentina” and dated May 2009 and amended June 2009.
     
 
(h)
I have read the Instrument and Form 43-101F1, and the Technical Report has been prepared in compliance with that instrument and form.
     
 
(i)
As of the date of this certificate, to the best of my knowledge, information and belief, the Technical Report contains all scientific and technical information that is required to be disclosed to make the Technical report not misleading.
     
 
Dated at Puerto Varas, this 4th day of February, 2010.
   
 
[signed]
   
   
 
John J. Chulick
   
 
Licensed Professional Geologist #3945 State of California
 
 
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CERTIFICATE of QUALIFIED PERSON
   
 
(j)
I, Dean K. Williams, B.Sc., LPG, MBA, of Montevideo, Uruguay; do hereby certify that:
     
 
(k)
I am a co-author of the technical report titled “Pan American Silver Corp.: Navidad Project, Chubut Province, Argentina” and dated 4 February 2010 (the “Technical Report”).
     
 
(l)
I graduated with a Bachelor of Science (Honours) Degree in Geology from Oregon State University (1979) and a Master of Business Administration from the University of Oregon (Beta Gamma Sigma) in 1988.
     
   
I am a Licensed Professional Geologist as recognised by the National Association of State Boards of Geology (ASBOG), as a Licensed Professional Geologist in the State of Utah No. 5338683, and a Fellow of the Society of Economic Geologists since 1993.  I have worked as an exploration geologist for a total of 26 years since my graduation from university.
     
 
(m)
I have read the definition of ‘qualified person’ set out in National Instrument 43-101 (the “Instrument”) and certify that by reason of my education, affiliation with a professional association and past relevant work experience, I fulfil the requirements of a ‘qualified person’ for the purposes of the Instrument.
     
 
(n)
I am responsible for the preparation of the sections of the Technical Report as detailed in Table 2.1.
     
 
(o)
I am independent of the issuer as defined in section 1.4 of the Instrument.
     
 
(p)
I have had prior involvement with the Property that is the subject of the Technical Report; I was the co-author of the amended technical report titled “Aquiline Resources Inc.: Navidad Project, Chubut Province, Argentina” and dated May 2009 and amended June 2009.
     
 
(q)
I have read the Instrument and Form 43-101F1, and the Technical Report has been prepared in compliance with that instrument and form.
     
 
(r)
As of the date of this certificate, to the best of my knowledge, information and belief, the Technical Report contains all scientific and technical information that is required to be disclosed to make the Technical report not misleading.
   
 
Dated at Montevideo, Uruguay, this 4th day of February, 2010.
   
 
[signed]
   
 
Dean K. Williams, B.Sc., LPG, MBA
 

 
February 2010  176 of 249

 
Pan American Silver Corp:

 

 
CERTIFICATE of QUALIFIED PERSON
   
 
(a)
I, Damian Spring, B.E. (Mining), MAusIMM, of Puerto Madryn, Argentina; do hereby certify that:
     
 
(b)
I am a co-author of the technical report titled “Pan American Silver Corp.: Navidad Project, Chubut Province, Argentina” and dated 4 February 2010 (the “Technical Report”).
     
 
(c)
I graduated with a Bachelor of Engineering (Mining) Degree from the University of Auckland in 1993.
     
   
I am a Member of the Australian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy.  I have worked as a mining engineer for a total of 15 years since my graduation from university.
     
 
(d)
I have read the definition of ‘qualified person’ set out in National Instrument 43-101 (the “Instrument”) and certify that by reason of my education, affiliation with a professional association and past relevant work experience, I fulfil the requirements of a ‘qualified person’ for the purposes of the Instrument.
     
 
(e)
I am responsible for the preparation of the sections of the Technical Report as detailed in Table 2.1.
     
 
(f)
I am independent of the issuer as defined in section 1.4 of the Instrument.
     
 
(g)
I have had prior involvement with the Property that is the subject of the Technical Report; I was the co-author of the amended technical report titled “Aquiline Resources Inc.: Navidad Project, Chubut Province, Argentina” and dated May 2009 and amended June 2009.
     
 
(h)
I have read the Instrument and Form 43-101F1, and the Technical Report has been prepared in compliance with that instrument and form.
     
 
(i)
As of the date of this certificate, to the best of my knowledge, information and belief, the Technical Report contains all scientific and technical information that is required to be disclosed to make the Technical report not misleading.
     
   
 
Dated at Puerto Madryn, Argentina, this 4th day of February, 2010.
   
 
[signed]
   
 
Damian Spring, B. E. (Mining), MAusIMM
 
 
February 2010  177 of 249

 
Pan American Silver Corp:


 
CERTIFICATE OF QUALIFIED PERSON
   
 
(a)
I, John A. Wells, Metallurgical Consultant of Vernon, British Columbia, do hereby certify that:
     
 
(b)
I am a co-author of the technical report titled “Pan American Silver Corp.: Navidad Project, Chubut Province, Argentina” and dated 4 February 2010 (the “Technical Report”).
     
 
(c)
I graduated with the degree of Bachelor of Engineering, Mineral Technology, Honours from the Royal School of Mines, London, England in 1967.  I am a Fellow of the South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy. I have worked as a metallurgical engineer in operational, managerial, technical and consulting roles for 40 years since my graduation from university.
     
 
(d)
I have read the definition of ‘qualified person’ set out in National Instrument 43-101 (the “Instrument”) and certify that by reason of my education, affiliation with a professional association and past relevant work experience, I fulfil the requirements of a ‘qualified person’ for the purposes of the Instrument.
     
 
(e)
I am responsible for the preparation of the sections of the Technical Report as detailed in Table 2.1 of such report.
     
 
(f)
I am independent of the issuer as defined in section 1.4 of the Instrument.
     
 
(g)
I have had prior involvement with the Property that is the subject of the Technical Report; I was the co-author of the amended technical report titled “Aquiline Resources Inc.: Navidad Project, Chubut Province, Argentina” and dated May 2009 and amended June 2009.
     
 
(h)
I have read the Instrument and Form 43-101F1, and the Technical Report has been prepared in compliance with that instrument and form.
     
 
(i)
As of the date of this certificate, to the best of my knowledge, information and belief, the Technical Report contains all scientific and technical Information that is required to be disclosed to make the Technical report not misleading.
     
   
 
Dated at Vernon, British Columbia, this 4th day of February, 2010
   
 
[signed]
   
 
John A. Wells
 
B.Sc (Hons), MBA, MCIMM, FSAIMM
 
 
February 2010  178 of 249

 
Pan American Silver Corp:

 

A
Collar locations of drillholes available in the Navidad 2009 Mineral Resource estimates
 
 
 
 
February 2010  179 of 249

 
Pan American Silver Corp:


Deposit
Hole number
Collar Easting
Collar Northing
Collar Elevation
Depth
New or existing hole to Resource estimates
Barite Hill
NV04-058
2516311.400
5303248.930
1156.790
173.1
Existing
Barite Hill
NV04-059
2516267.780
5303169.230
1141.820
191.1
Existing
Barite Hill
NV04-060
2516209.480
5303266.940
1144.830
131.1
Existing
Barite Hill
NV04-074
2516391.130
5303188.640
1165.290
158
Existing
Barite Hill
NV04-075
2516556.680
5303073.050
1162.850
158
Existing
Barite Hill
NV04-076
2516734.980
5302976.190
1170.550
152
Existing
Barite Hill
NV04-091
2516673.380
5302980.430
1164.970
187.5
Existing
Barite Hill
NV04-092
2516831.530
5302677.100
1141.970
163.9
Existing
Barite Hill
NV07-395
2516735.260
5302975.410
1170.720
183.5
Existing
Barite Hill
NV07-396
2516685.890
5302893.590
1151.390
234.8
Existing
Barite Hill
NV07-397
2516635.220
5302804.160
1146.930
238
Existing
Barite Hill
NV07-398
2516828.690
5302933.620
1168.100
204.1
Existing
Barite Hill
NV07-399
2516827.720
5302931.970
1168.060
202
Existing
Barite Hill
NV07-400
2516823.120
5302730.340
1150.950
235.3
Existing
Barite Hill
NV07-401
2517028.600
5302683.110
1130.160
211.2
Existing
Barite Hill
NV07-402
2516875.550
5302422.840
1116.830
277.3
Existing
Barite Hill
NV07-403
2516579.830
5302703.860
1123.840
214.3
Existing
Barite Hill
NV07-441
2516520.180
5302598.740
1122.990
40
Existing
Barite Hill
NV07-442
2516519.430
5302597.440
1123.000
297
Existing
Barite Hill
NV07-443
2516477.440
5302731.230
1122.840
237.5
Existing
Barite Hill
NV07-444
2516590.900
5302623.200
1121.280
253
Existing
Barite Hill
NV07-445
2516540.530
5302836.200
1136.940
229
Existing
Barite Hill
NV07-446
2516584.120
5302915.420
1147.900
220
Existing
Barite Hill
NV07-447
2516707.240
5302821.830
1141.820
238
Existing
Barite Hill
NV07-448
2516649.890
5302724.650
1131.390
226.5
Existing
Barite Hill
NV07-449
2516612.750
5302561.390
1121.040
232
Existing
Barite Hill
NV07-450
2516667.520
5302656.700
1123.120
232
Existing
Barite Hill
NV07-451
2516508.410
5302676.700
1123.430
229
Existing
Barite Hill
NV07-452
2516561.840
5302764.450
1130.220
157
Existing
Barite Hill
NV07-457
2516550.390
5302650.530
1122.150
240.2
Existing
 
 
February 2010  180 of 249

 
Pan American Silver Corp:


Deposit
Hole number
Collar Easting
Collar Northing
Collar Elevation
Depth
New or existing hole to Resource estimates
Barite Hill
NV07-458
2516567.730
5302582.120
1122.090
240.2
Existing
Barite Hill
NV07-459
2516621.820
5302678.920
1123.040
238
Existing
Barite Hill
NV07-460
2516634.570
5302601.880
1120.640
259
Existing
Barite Hill
NV07-461
2516490.170
5302557.230
1123.900
292
Existing
Barite Hill
NV07-462
2516583.600
5302514.580
1123.060
256
Existing
Barite Hill
NV07-463
2516667.490
5302563.420
1119.900
256
Existing
Barite Hill
NV07-464
2516641.200
5302513.710
1120.110
289
Existing
Barite Hill
NV07-465
2516695.890
5302613.300
1121.750
247
Existing
Barite Hill
NV07-466
2516722.730
5302659.170
1125.490
247
Existing
Barite Hill
NV07-467
2516730.460
5302562.170
1119.780
268
Existing
Barite Hill
NV07-468
2516750.300
5302605.460
1125.030
262
Existing
Barite Hill
NV07-469
2516696.980
5302509.780
1119.090
277
Existing
Barite Hill
NV07-470
2516693.150
5302701.280
1127.890
253
Existing
Barite Hill
NV07-471
2516635.210
5302804.190
1146.800
217
Existing
Barite Hill
NV07-472
2516673.470
5302772.610
1140.030
223
Existing
Barite Hill
NV07-473
2516720.460
5302748.950
1133.580
235
Existing
Barite Hill
NV07-474
2516322.050
5302860.910
1124.450
274
Existing
Barite Hill
NV07-475
2516374.750
5302956.610
1131.180
229
Existing
Barite Hill
NV07-476
2516430.560
5303048.590
1144.230
232
Existing
Barite Hill
NV07-477
2516473.300
5303125.640
1164.600
201.5
Existing
Barite Hill
NV07-478
2516164.540
5302985.900
1125.600
259.2
Existing
Barite Hill
NV07-603
2516641.540
5302413.780
1122.730
388.6
New
Barite Hill
NV07-606
2516479.110
5302637.110
1123.570
273.4
New
Barite Hill
NV07-608
2516496.310
5302866.550
1132.910
222
New
Barite Hill
NV07-610
2516733.220
5302875.520
1151.500
240
New
Barite Hill
NV08-698
2516113.620
5302899.120
1125.180
307
New
Calcite Hill
NV04-088
2514048.420
5304731.070
1223.640
192.3
Existing
Calcite Hill
NV04-121
2514191.120
5304568.760
1202.760
149.1
Existing
Calcite Hill
NV04-122
2514148.420
5304649.380
1210.560
253.45
Existing
Calcite Hill
NV04-123
2514144.630
5304642.940
1210.280
199.88
Existing
Calcite Hill
NV04-124
2514075.000
5304772.820
1227.400
209.27
Existing
Calcite Hill
NV04-125
2514022.520
5304685.500
1219.740
167.1
Existing
Calcite Hill
NV04-126
2514059.790
5304648.470
1214.600
283.5
Existing
Calcite Hill
NV05-134
2514129.910
5304759.720
1222.360
281
Existing
 

 
February 2010  181 of 249

 
Pan American Silver Corp:
 


Deposit
Hole number
Collar Easting
Collar Northing
Collar Elevation
Depth
New or existing hole to Resource estimates
Calcite Hill
NV05-135
2514160.100
5304818.020
1223.940
266
Existing
Calcite Hill
NV05-136
2514210.370
5304912.550
1227.580
251
Existing
Calcite Hill
NV05-137
2514101.660
5304817.410
1229.040
262
Existing
Calcite Hill
NV05-138
2514157.890
5304814.350
1223.910
250
Existing
Calcite Hill
NV05-143
2514236.870
5304809.940
1216.840
268.8
Existing
Calcite Hill
NV05-144
2514274.730
5304712.210
1210.030
260.1
Existing
Calcite Hill
NV05-145
2514249.310
5304669.110
1208.110
250.7
Existing
Calcite Hill
NV05-146
2514301.250
5304563.610
1198.680
199.8
Existing
Calcite Hill
NV05-147
2514285.140
5304539.560
1194.180
191.1
Existing
Calcite Hill
NV05-148
2514015.770
5304767.970
1229.460
170.1
Existing
Calcite Hill
NV05-149
2514038.450
5304811.510
1233.670
221.1
Existing
Calcite Hill
NV05-150
2513959.620
5304767.660
1230.020
188.1
Existing
Calcite Hill
NV05-151
2513984.280
5304811.650
1233.570
176.1
Existing
Calcite Hill
NV05-152
2514009.510
5304856.380
1238.990
221.1
Existing
Calcite Hill
NV05-162
2514269.230
5304787.710
1214.370
274.8
Existing
Calcite Hill
NV05-163
2514258.590
5304582.720
1196.650
215.1
Existing
Calcite Hill
NV05-164
2514334.970
5304523.970
1193.810
195.6
Existing
Calcite Hill
NV05-165
2514361.200
5304570.920
1201.730
170.1
Existing
Calcite Hill
NV05-166
2514344.520
5304631.900
1206.500
146.1
Existing
Calcite Hill
NV05-167
2514009.730
5304857.460
1239.010
158.1
Existing
Calcite Hill
NV05-168
2514040.920
5304911.010
1235.750
167.1
Existing
Calcite Hill
NV05-169
2513936.160
5304833.120
1234.420
129
Existing
Calcite Hill
NV05-170
2513963.870
5304875.930
1237.230
143.4
Existing
Calcite Hill
NV05-171
2513985.090
5304909.070
1237.940
134.1
Existing
Calcite Hill
NV05-172
2514159.030
5304674.170
1211.880
281.1
Existing
Calcite Hill
NV05-173
2514183.790
5304788.090
1221.240
248.4
Existing
Calcite Hill
NV05-174
2514244.660
5304741.740
1214.010
263.1
Existing
Calcite Hill
NV05-176
2513985.080
5304909.110
1238.000
233.1
Existing
Calcite Hill
NV05-177
2514034.470
5304901.210
1236.130
239.1
Existing
Calcite Hill
NV05-180
2513902.830
5304876.270
1233.840
131.4
Existing
Calcite Hill
NV05-181
2513928.760
5304924.450
1237.230
161.2
Existing
Calcite Hill
NV05-182
2513952.000
5304968.020
1239.630
218.2
Existing
Calcite Hill
NV05-183
2514064.230
5304854.050
1234.440
257.2
Existing
Calcite Hill
NV05-184
2514108.500
5304732.490
1220.530
209.2
Existing
 
 
February 2010  182 of 249

 
Pan American Silver Corp:


Deposit
Hole number
Collar Easting
Collar Northing
Collar Elevation
Depth
New or existing hole to Resource estimates
Calcite Hill
NV05-185
2514314.090
5304685.050
1209.530
164
Existing
Calcite Hill
NV05-186
2514367.520
5304678.240
1210.550
119
Existing
Calcite Hill
NV05-187
2514060.410
5304646.210
1214.370
185
Existing
Calcite Hill
NV05-188
2514269.170
5304787.590
1214.250
236
Existing
Calcite Hill
NV05-205
2514333.440
5304721.200
1210.700
163.5
Existing
Calcite Hill
NV05-206
2514351.590
5304748.160
1207.220
190
Existing
Calcite Hill
NV05-207
2514389.920
5304719.810
1208.790
166
Existing
Calcite Hill
NV05-208
2514396.720
5304618.630
1205.310
125
Existing
Calcite Hill
NV05-209
2514289.330
5304737.650
1211.560
227
Existing
Calcite Hill
NV05-210
2514426.910
5304677.820
1210.240
209
Existing
Calcite Hill
NV05-211
2514160.420
5304748.420
1219.290
233
Existing
Calcite Hill
NV05-212
2514140.510
5304711.940
1216.800
212
Existing
Calcite Hill
NV05-239
2514442.580
5304707.270
1209.480
103
Existing
Calcite Hill
NV05-240
2514434.760
5304691.690
1210.430
90
Existing
Calcite Hill
NV05-246
2514286.750
5304732.030
1211.130
209.5
Existing
Calcite Hill
NV05-247
2514291.670
5304742.050
1211.910
173.4
Existing
Calcite Hill
NV06-270
2514436.090
5304792.770
1189.950
68
Existing
Calcite Hill
NV06-271
2514403.860
5304799.550
1190.000
101.2
Existing
Calcite Hill
NV06-316
2514133.980
5304825.150
1226.770
233
Existing
Calcite Hill
NV06-317
2514121.590
5304803.300
1226.560
215
Existing
Calcite Hill
NV06-318
2514109.640
5304781.420
1226.960
206
Existing
Calcite Hill
NV06-324
2514096.980
5304758.750
1224.330
200
Existing
Calcite Hill
NV06-325
2514082.590
5304734.210
1223.210
178
Existing
Calcite Hill
NV06-326
2514085.060
5304864.540
1232.870
218
Existing
Calcite Hill
NV06-327
2514072.760
5304841.370
1233.130
194
Existing
Calcite Hill
NV06-328
2514059.450
5304819.050
1232.800
179
Existing
Calcite Hill
NV06-329
2514046.730
5304795.290
1231.560
166.5
Existing
Calcite Hill
NV06-330
2514033.310
5304773.450
1229.180
152
Existing
Calcite Hill
NV06-331
2514020.950
5304751.340
1227.840
146
Existing
Calcite Hill
NV07-482
2514462.700
5304888.910
1178.540
189.4
Existing
Calcite Hill
NV07-483
2514456.720
5305066.780
1167.330
48.4
Existing
Calcite Hill
NV07-484
2514394.060
5305034.240
1182.130
57.6
Existing
Calcite Hill
NV07-485
2514347.140
5305058.300
1179.900
66.1
Existing
Calcite Hill
NV07-612
2514370.960
5304982.830
1194.700
131
New
 
 
February 2010  183 of 249

 
Pan American Silver Corp:


Deposit
Hole number
Collar Easting
Collar Northing
Collar Elevation
Depth
New or existing hole to Resource estimates
Calcite Hill
NV07-613
2514321.270
5305014.270
1190.480
120.6
New
Calcite Hill
NV07-614
2514329.510
5305113.110
1178.680
79.8
New
Calcite Hill
NV07-615
2514308.540
5305065.350
1182.090
121.3
New
Calcite Hill
NV07-617
2514450.860
5305018.780
1180.020
91.5
New
Calcite Hill
NV07-618
2514417.680
5304959.260
1194.560
117.8
New
Calcite NW
NV05-178
2513464.660
5305117.510
1222.640
302
Existing
Calcite NW
NV05-179
2513419.980
5305032.070
1207.990
212.1
Existing
Calcite NW
NV05-189
2513458.150
5305302.250
1181.490
211.5
Existing
Calcite NW
NV05-190
2513497.490
5305375.350
1174.780
158
Existing
Calcite NW
NV05-191
2512985.560
5305686.600
1167.190
197
Existing
Calcite NW
NV05-192
2512944.290
5305608.880
1167.880
209
Existing
Calcite NW
NV05-198
2513829.120
5305018.130
1238.470
221.3
Existing
Calcite NW
NV05-199
2513834.280
5305027.500
1238.410
170.1
Existing
Calcite NW
NV05-200
2513548.840
5305059.450
1221.380
275.1
Existing
Calcite NW
NV05-201
2513549.250
5305060.340
1221.420
200
Existing
Calcite NW
NV05-202
2513502.260
5304969.080
1214.530
149.1
Existing
Calcite NW
NV05-203
2513359.650
5305149.100
1210.660
324.75
Existing
Calcite NW
NV05-204
2513360.110
5305150.080
1210.590
161
Existing
Calcite NW
NV05-213
2513913.970
5304983.940
1238.440
263
Existing
Calcite NW
NV05-214
2513135.040
5305543.430
1172.770
254
Existing
Calcite NW
NV05-215
2513283.970
5305398.620
1176.240
254
Existing
Calcite NW
NV05-216
2513117.800
5305113.600
1197.770
200
Existing
Calcite NW
NV05-222
2513272.250
5305178.100
1199.130
239
Existing
Calcite NW
NV05-223
2513272.680
5305178.990
1199.200
181.5
Existing
Calcite NW
NV05-224
2513471.940
5304924.770
1220.350
152
Existing
Calcite NW
NV05-225
2513395.550
5304994.280
1212.450
146
Existing
Calcite NW
NV05-226
2513334.500
5305087.970
1201.780
140
Existing
Calcite NW
NV05-227
2513581.090
5304909.780
1220.070
251
Existing
Calcite NW
NV06-255
2513634.350
5304802.630
1222.710
131
Existing
Calcite NW
NV06-256
2513714.130
5304749.280
1220.660
185
Existing
Calcite NW
NV06-257
2513801.020
5304602.590
1206.830
140
Existing
Calcite NW
NV06-258
2513689.900
5304704.300
1218.000
100.8
Existing
Calcite NW
NV06-259
2513739.970
5304791.400
1223.840
122
Existing
Calcite NW
NV06-260
2513658.350
5304847.600
1226.470
131
Existing
 
 
February 2010  184 of 249

 
Pan American Silver Corp:


Deposit
Hole number
Collar Easting
Collar Northing
Collar Elevation
Depth
New or existing hole to Resource estimates
Calcite NW
NV06-261
2513553.240
5304865.980
1220.750
131.5
Existing
Calcite NW
NV06-262
2513468.430
5305020.010
1211.140
122
Existing
Calcite NW
NV06-263
2513493.450
5305058.950
1219.290
131
Existing
Calcite NW
NV06-264
2513417.810
5305129.340
1218.530
134
Existing
Calcite NW
NV06-265
2513327.000
5305172.950
1205.650
137.1
Existing
Calcite NW
NV06-267
2513311.450
5305350.690
1178.660
149.2
Existing
Calcite NW
NV06-268
2513298.270
5305324.740
1180.870
143.4
Existing
Calcite NW
NV06-269
2513184.660
5305428.570
1178.130
161
Existing
Calcite NW
NV06-308
2513460.580
5305110.260
1222.240
134
Existing
Calcite NW
NV06-309
2513420.770
5305134.250
1218.370
139.5
Existing
Calcite NW
NV06-310
2513420.350
5305133.430
1218.440
140
Existing
Calcite NW
NV06-311
2513327.160
5305173.910
1205.600
160.5
Existing
Calcite NW
NV06-312
2513226.350
5305201.890
1197.460
101
Existing
Calcite NW
NV06-313
2513379.100
5305064.650
1205.250
110
Existing
Calcite NW
NV06-314
2513442.180
5304973.320
1216.180
122
Existing
Calcite NW
NV06-315
2513522.780
5305214.220
1196.320
91
Existing
Calcite NW
NV07-411
2513209.640
5304864.680
1211.760
349
New
Calcite NW
NV07-412
2512565.850
5305752.780
1165.120
301.2
Existing
Calcite NW
NV07-413
2513210.890
5305473.890
1176.030
109.3
Existing
Calcite NW
NV07-414
2513163.480
5305392.120
1180.290
106.3
Existing
Calcite NW
NV07-415
2513308.290
5305445.210
1174.430
151.2
Existing
Calcite NW
NV07-416
2513263.750
5305364.790
1178.610
151
Existing
Calcite NW
NV07-417
2513335.680
5305396.070
1175.150
121.2
Existing
Calcite NW
NV07-418
2513352.260
5305314.930
1181.470
121
Existing
Calcite NW
NV07-419
2513485.910
5305249.410
1189.900
91.2
Existing
Calcite NW
NV07-420
2513358.610
5305030.340
1206.310
94
Existing
Calcite NW
NV07-421
2513390.740
5304987.180
1213.380
91
Existing
Calcite NW
NV07-422
2513420.750
5304931.490
1216.680
100
Existing
Calcite NW
NV07-423
2513505.230
5304905.880
1218.600
115
Existing
Calcite NW
NV07-424
2513536.070
5304931.240
1216.920
118.2
Existing
Calcite NW
NV07-425
2513557.810
5304977.470
1219.650
112
Existing
Calcite NW
NV07-426
2513592.430
5305021.170
1224.520
121
Existing
Calcite NW
NV07-427
2513593.520
5305023.030
1224.480
123.6
Existing
Calcite NW
NV07-428
2513614.820
5304999.760
1226.500
121
Existing
 
 
February 2010  185 of 249

 
Pan American Silver Corp:


Deposit
Hole number
Collar Easting
Collar Northing
Collar Elevation
Depth
New or existing hole to Resource estimates
Calcite NW
NV07-429
2513616.060
5305001.720
1226.540
132.6
Existing
Calcite NW
NV07-430
2513592.430
5304952.220
1221.700
127
Existing
Calcite NW
NV07-514
2512714.900
5305612.360
1166.340
145.1
Existing
Calcite NW
NV07-516
2512767.460
5305696.020
1163.140
146.1
Existing
Calcite NW
NV07-518
2512813.600
5305788.290
1160.630
107.1
Existing
Calcite NW
NV07-520
2512519.390
5305670.690
1170.830
131.1
Existing
Calcite NW
NV07-521
2512541.360
5305709.470
1167.550
113.1
Existing
Calcite NW
NV07-523
2512616.000
5305840.470
1162.920
104.1
Existing
Calcite NW
NV07-524
2512639.090
5305886.510
1164.150
113.1
Existing
Calcite NW
NV07-525
2513010.340
5305729.760
1167.640
82.8
Existing
Calcite NW
NV07-527
2512911.010
5305556.710
1167.340
128.1
Existing
Calcite NW
NV07-528
2513160.690
5305588.280
1171.310
149
Existing
Calcite NW
NV07-530
2513113.850
5305503.670
1177.780
152.1
Existing
Calcite NW
NV07-531
2513089.960
5305464.910
1177.450
113.1
Existing
Calcite NW
NV07-533
2513187.220
5305634.330
1172.930
128
Existing
Calcite NW
NV07-534
2513137.780
5305351.930
1181.300
101.1
Existing
Calcite NW
NV07-536
2513236.980
5305514.750
1176.270
116.1
Existing
Calcite NW
NV07-538
2513264.260
5305560.250
1173.540
101.1
Existing
Calcite NW
NV07-539
2512838.830
5305828.870
1160.110
107.1
Existing
Calcite NW
NV07-541
2513000.300
5305504.610
1172.480
107.1
Existing
Calcite NW
NV07-542
2512527.410
5305892.240
1164.640
89.1
Existing
Calcite NW
NV07-544
2512479.690
5305805.580
1165.260
110.1
Existing
Calcite NW
NV07-545
2512667.090
5305926.680
1165.070
83.1
Existing
Calcite NW
NV07-565
2513861.620
5304901.130
1233.140
158.1
Existing
Calcite NW
NV07-567
2513871.560
5305001.500
1238.020
154.4
Existing
Calcite NW
NV07-568
2513821.840
5304932.130
1232.180
161.1
Existing
Calcite NW
NV07-570
2513769.400
5304938.130
1231.250
158.1
Existing
Calcite NW
NV07-572
2513792.820
5304982.710
1234.910
146.1
Existing
Calcite NW
NV07-573
2513741.120
5304986.040
1234.910
172.3
Existing
Calcite NW
NV07-574
2513735.610
5304977.720
1234.530
155
Existing
Calcite NW
NV07-576
2513677.860
5304974.830
1233.990
208.3
New
Calcite NW
NV07-577
2513678.810
5304976.160
1234.080
167
New
Calcite NW
NV07-578
2513624.340
5304888.840
1225.950
179.1
New
Calcite NW
NV07-580
2513600.150
5304849.200
1224.200
161
New
 
 
February 2010  186 of 249

 
Pan American Silver Corp:


Deposit
Hole number
Collar Easting
Collar Northing
Collar Elevation
Depth
New or existing hole to Resource estimates
Calcite NW
NV07-582
2512400.190
5305691.150
1175.410
161
New
Calcite NW
NV07-583
2512299.000
5305659.310
1185.560
110.1
New
Calcite NW
NV07-584
2512471.580
5305996.370
1173.430
76.6
New
Calcite NW
NV07-585
2513532.440
5304822.730
1221.730
69.4
New
Calcite NW
NV07-587
2513492.170
5304856.780
1220.270
101.4
New
Calcite NW
NV07-589
2513453.750
5304894.870
1219.950
104.1
New
Calcite NW
NV07-590
2513395.100
5304890.060
1220.900
107
New
Calcite NW
NV07-638
2513691.100
5305102.400
1206.420
223
New
Calcite NW
NV07-639
2513743.100
5305191.900
1206.240
220
New
Calcite NW
NV07-641
2513830.560
5305142.440
1210.520
163
New
Calcite NW
NV07-642
2513950.640
5305155.540
1211.890
160
New
Calcite NW
NV07-645
2513622.460
5305188.580
1190.810
271
New
Calcite NW
NV08-913
2513553.440
5304763.640
1221.860
100.5
New
Calcite NW
NV08-914
2513441.840
5304770.330
1220.530
85.7
New
Calcite NW
NV08-915
2513314.440
5304945.190
1218.860
97.5
New
Calcite NW
NV08-916
2513227.420
5305095.980
1199.300
85.5
New
Connector Zone
NV04-027
2514763.200
5304161.110
1163.980
181.5
Existing
Connector Zone
NV04-032
2515378.850
5304232.780
1154.650
154.5
Existing
Connector Zone
NV04-033
2515342.990
5304169.820
1154.800
149
Existing
Connector Zone
NV04-034
2514950.940
5304325.760
1180.000
228.2
Existing
Connector Zone
NV04-039
2515154.550
5304239.870
1157.090
215
Existing
Connector Zone
NV04-040
2515212.180
5304340.550
1155.900
127.2
Existing
Connector Zone
NV04-066
2514861.460
5304332.580
1183.940
181.5
Existing
Connector Zone
NV04-067
2514998.140
5304275.730
1170.750
226.5
Existing
Connector Zone
NV04-068
2515162.290
5304352.700
1163.740
178.5
Existing
Connector Zone
NV04-086
2515348.390
5304285.920
1148.210
169.5
Existing
Connector Zone
NV04-087
2515406.500
5304174.580
1160.180
159.5
Existing
Connector Zone
NV04-094
2515178.000
5304280.500
1156.860
172.5
Existing
Connector Zone
NV04-095
2514980.170
5304237.840
1166.900
100.5
Existing
Connector Zone
NV04-096
2514818.590
5304260.000
1174.150
100.5
Existing
Connector Zone
NV04-105
2515132.310
5304401.870
1175.990
82.7
Existing
Connector Zone
NV04-106
2515093.720
5304333.380
1170.570
88.7
Existing
Connector Zone
NV04-107
2515289.470
5304323.460
1147.650
118.1
Existing
Connector Zone
NV04-108
2515378.590
5304230.250
1154.550
145.5
Existing
 
 
February 2010  187 of 249

 
Pan American Silver Corp:


Deposit
Hole number
Collar Easting
Collar Northing
Collar Elevation
Depth
New or existing hole to Resource estimates
Connector Zone
NV04-127
2515265.620
5304291.120
1149.550
137.1
Existing
Connector Zone
NV04-128
2515265.540
5304336.390
1149.920
109.6
Existing
Connector Zone
NV04-129
2515309.070
5304307.370
1146.420
28.8
Existing
Connector Zone
NV04-130
2515307.870
5304305.070
1146.460
106.8
Existing
Connector Zone
NV04-131
2515371.800
5304259.800
1152.040
130.8
Existing
Connector Zone
NV05-153
2515447.370
5304354.790
1143.380
163.8
Existing
Connector Zone
NV05-154
2515453.330
5304354.350
1143.210
190.8
Existing
Connector Zone
NV05-155
2515474.090
5304273.250
1149.470
88.8
Existing
Connector Zone
NV05-156
2515379.440
5304305.290
1148.830
110.1
Existing
Connector Zone
NV05-228
2515147.950
5304430.180
1178.550
61.5
Existing
Connector Zone
NV05-229
2515398.630
5304153.110
1159.120
79.5
Existing
Connector Zone
NV05-230
2515242.800
5304392.370
1155.610
82.3
Existing
Connector Zone
NV05-231
2515422.170
5304351.680
1145.020
80
Existing
Connector Zone
NV05-232
2515423.230
5304351.750
1145.020
67.3
Existing
Connector Zone
NV05-233
2515408.470
5304300.930
1150.700
100.3
Existing
Connector Zone
NV05-234
2515422.580
5304250.790
1155.320
70.1
Existing
Connector Zone
NV05-235
2515344.790
5304250.430
1150.550
143
Existing
Connector Zone
NV05-236
2515375.170
5304200.830
1157.210
100.4
Existing
Connector Zone
NV05-237
2515450.570
5304303.480
1149.690
82.2
Existing
Connector Zone
NV06-376
2515149.100
5304330.070
1163.700
145.1
Existing
Connector Zone
NV06-377
2515127.640
5304293.240
1163.040
135.8
Existing
Connector Zone
NV06-378
2515066.500
5304287.990
1167.820
109.5
Existing
Connector Zone
NV06-379
2515036.930
5304335.060
1177.440
69.8
Existing
Connector Zone
NV06-380
2514954.530
5304194.050
1163.750
84.8
Existing
Connector Zone
NV06-381
2514943.540
5304275.030
1172.520
81.9
Existing
Connector Zone
NV06-390
2515037.590
5304237.820
1165.190
106.1
Existing
Connector Zone
NV06-391
2515102.480
5304249.460
1161.840
153.9
Existing
Connector Zone
NV07-556
2514996.150
5304366.230
1186.680
79.7
Existing
Connector Zone
NV07-558
2514920.480
5304230.710
1168.060
172.7
Existing
Connector Zone
NV07-560
2515061.950
5304381.730
1183.780
70.7
Existing
Connector Zone
NV07-561
2515113.750
5304366.930
1173.130
76.7
Existing
Connector Zone
NV07-562
2515189.800
5304400.150
1165.510
112.6
Existing
Connector Zone
NV07-563
2515010.700
5304191.430
1161.630
127.7
Existing
Connector Zone
NV08-673
2515284.410
5304060.370
1151.730
292.3
New
 
 
February 2010  188 of 249

 
Pan American Silver Corp:


Deposit
Hole number
Collar Easting
Collar Northing
Collar Elevation
Depth
New or existing hole to Resource estimates
Connector Zone
NV08-675
2515177.120
5304077.090
1150.110
280.1
New
Connector Zone
NV08-677
2515237.150
5304185.670
1152.040
208
New
Connector Zone
NV08-679
2515231.560
5303973.520
1148.840
313.4
New
Connector Zone
NV08-680
2515295.640
5303887.940
1150.420
295.1
New
Connector Zone
NV08-682
2515349.660
5303979.710
1154.600
274.15
New
Connector Zone
NV08-683
2515401.550
5304065.010
1159.080
226
New
Connector Zone
NV08-717
2515202.590
5304121.570
1151.280
250
New
Connector Zone
NV08-719
2515152.340
5304033.130
1148.790
310
New
Connector Zone
NV08-721
2515121.070
5304076.020
1150.820
304
New
Connector Zone
NV08-723
2515145.650
5304121.300
1152.120
301
New
Connector Zone
NV08-726
2515231.000
5304067.660
1150.250
268
New
Connector Zone
NV08-727
2515208.760
5304022.650
1148.860
298
New
Connector Zone
NV08-867
2515158.900
5303946.640
1146.540
334
New
Connector Zone
NV08-896
2515102.040
5303945.390
1147.030
352.5
New
Connector Zone
NV08-897
2515281.240
5304156.490
1153.050
205
New
Connector Zone
NV08-898
2515330.670
5304243.060
1151.110
142
New
Connector Zone
NV08-899
2515197.870
5304208.030
1153.650
211.5
New
Connector Zone
NV08-900
2515064.340
5304178.850
1158.250
160
New
Connector Zone
NV08-901
2514967.510
5304120.200
1157.520
151.5
New
Connector Zone
NV08-902
2514910.000
5304121.000
1159.000
130.5
New
Connector Zone
NV08-903
2514876.140
5304155.400
1161.860
154
New
Galena Hill
NV03-003
2515651.550
5303580.250
1178.410
178.5
Existing
Galena Hill
NV03-004
2515655.940
5303588.630
1178.560
284.98
Existing
Galena Hill
NV03-005
2515722.190
5303703.340
1176.620
217.7
Existing
Galena Hill
NV04-012
2515610.530
5303508.960
1155.400
220
Existing
Galena Hill
NV04-013
2515583.070
5304029.530
1179.400
142.7
Existing
Galena Hill
NV04-014
2515636.300
5303879.560
1178.050
158
Existing
Galena Hill
NV04-015
2515776.140
5303797.360
1167.040
139.55
Existing
Galena Hill
NV04-016
2515547.640
5303399.230
1138.270
250.5
Existing
Galena Hill
NV04-017
2515488.650
5303621.440
1156.680
164.2
Existing
Galena Hill
NV04-018
2515365.900
5303403.790
1137.100
274.7
Existing
Galena Hill
NV04-019
2515597.250
5303803.360
1181.710
188.1
Existing
Galena Hill
NV04-020
2515459.490
5303965.350
1162.970
70.9
Existing
Galena Hill
NV04-021
2515654.740
5303911.410
1174.210
198.1
Existing
 
 
February 2010  189 of 249

 
Pan American Silver Corp:


Deposit
Hole number
Collar Easting
Collar Northing
Collar Elevation
Depth
New or existing hole to Resource estimates
Galena Hill
NV04-022
2515670.170
5303936.430
1171.940
193.75
Existing
Galena Hill
NV04-023
2515539.960
5303706.400
1177.310
191.1
Existing
Galena Hill
NV04-024
2515524.920
5304072.420
1173.770
145.6
Existing
Galena Hill
NV04-026
2515375.610
5303818.940
1153.530
134
Existing
Galena Hill
NV04-028
2515757.600
5303755.760
1170.640
158
Existing
Galena Hill
NV04-029
2515865.360
5303673.310
1157.590
158
Existing
Galena Hill
NV04-030
2515825.520
5303601.740
1159.770
209
Existing
Galena Hill
NV04-031
2515655.100
5303585.940
1178.490
296
Existing
Galena Hill
NV04-035
2515480.850
5303206.530
1134.200
293
Existing
Galena Hill
NV04-036
2515588.310
5303995.310
1176.540
77
Existing
Galena Hill
NV04-037
2515553.220
5303930.970
1173.840
102.5
Existing
Galena Hill
NV04-038
2515503.350
5303850.010
1164.380
107
Existing
Galena Hill
NV04-041
2515724.240
5303865.370
1174.950
145.2
Existing
Galena Hill
NV04-042
2515721.530
5303861.620
1174.530
187.9
Existing
Galena Hill
NV04-043
2515678.740
5303787.430
1180.330
230.6
Existing
Galena Hill
NV04-044
2515626.320
5303698.870
1188.150
232.9
Existing
Galena Hill
NV04-045
2515813.050
5303719.060
1163.980
167
Existing
Galena Hill
NV04-046
2515763.810
5303630.940
1168.580
239
Existing
Galena Hill
NV04-047
2515728.050
5303560.160
1176.620
242
Existing
Galena Hill
NV04-048
2515934.790
5303787.090
1147.180
67.5
Existing
Galena Hill
NV04-049
2515900.820
5303730.850
1150.500
82.8
Existing
Galena Hill
NV04-050
2515798.470
5303835.790
1165.660
113
Existing
Galena Hill
NV04-051
2515806.250
5303850.900
1165.500
100.5
Existing
Galena Hill
NV04-052
2515566.700
5303962.090
1173.440
100.5
Existing
Galena Hill
NV04-053
2515483.920
5304017.140
1169.230
97.5
Existing
Galena Hill
NV04-056
2515633.610
5303983.940
1178.090
142.5
Existing
Galena Hill
NV04-057
2515690.960
5303733.140
1180.570
245.1
Existing
Galena Hill
NV04-093
2515993.770
5303285.470
1133.570
200
New
Galena Hill
NV05-175
2515629.030
5303700.960
1187.900
516.12
Existing
Galena Hill
NV05-197
2515698.280
5303820.670
1177.360
441.05
Existing
Galena Hill
NV06-272
2515595.260
5303768.100
1180.710
175.7
Existing
Galena Hill
NV06-273
2515582.800
5303747.520
1183.110
185
Existing
Galena Hill
NV06-274
2515571.160
5303725.490
1186.680
197
Existing
Galena Hill
NV06-275
2515608.240
5303792.360
1181.900
161
Existing
 
 
February 2010  190 of 249

 
Pan American Silver Corp:


Deposit
Hole number
Collar Easting
Collar Northing
Collar Elevation
Depth
New or existing hole to Resource estimates
Galena Hill
NV06-276
2515619.820
5303813.350
1184.620
197
Existing
Galena Hill
NV06-277
2515591.020
5303712.780
1187.470
212.2
Existing
Galena Hill
NV06-278
2515603.230
5303733.280
1186.790
212
Existing
Galena Hill
NV06-279
2515615.780
5303755.590
1183.550
206
Existing
Galena Hill
NV06-280
2515628.260
5303776.500
1184.050
218.4
Existing
Galena Hill
NV06-281
2515641.200
5303798.000
1182.990
212
Existing
Galena Hill
NV06-282
2515612.580
5303699.120
1188.080
227.3
Existing
Galena Hill
NV06-283
2515625.230
5303721.680
1186.980
227
Existing
Galena Hill
NV06-284
2515636.720
5303741.630
1184.670
230.2
Existing
Galena Hill
NV06-285
2515649.710
5303762.960
1183.040
224
Existing
Galena Hill
NV06-286
2515662.210
5303784.880
1181.470
206
Existing
Galena Hill
NV06-295
2515607.100
5303763.730
1182.130
206
Existing
Galena Hill
NV06-296
2515665.000
5303813.680
1181.360
215
Existing
Galena Hill
NV06-302
2515643.130
5303825.430
1181.920
224
Existing
Galena Hill
NV06-303
2515631.150
5303804.960
1183.790
200
Existing
Galena Hill
NV06-304
2515618.480
5303784.140
1183.270
199.7
Existing
Galena Hill
NV06-305
2515651.730
5303791.900
1182.260
206
Existing
Galena Hill
NV06-306
2515639.140
5303770.340
1183.740
209
Existing
Galena Hill
NV06-307
2515626.160
5303748.760
1184.390
207.66
Existing
Galena Hill
NV06-366
2515702.680
5303527.390
1170.110
253.6
Existing
Galena Hill
NV06-367
2515820.910
5303735.260
1162.890
127.2
Existing
Galena Hill
NV06-368
2515850.120
5303787.560
1156.390
90.1
Existing
Galena Hill
NV06-369
2515602.170
5303654.840
1180.140
234
Existing
Galena Hill
NV06-370
2515626.510
5303957.190
1175.810
139.3
Existing
Galena Hill
NV06-371
2515599.760
5303910.100
1177.180
150.8
Existing
Galena Hill
NV06-372
2515574.680
5303866.350
1178.180
150.2
Existing
Galena Hill
NV06-373
2515548.600
5303819.010
1170.260
130.1
Existing
Galena Hill
NV06-374
2515482.820
5303805.520
1165.720
109.1
Existing
Galena Hill
NV06-375
2515455.390
5303760.240
1163.990
97
Existing
Galena Hill
NV07-392
2516027.070
5303349.660
1138.710
142
Existing
Galena Hill
NV07-393
2516081.260
5303443.190
1141.750
94.1
Existing
Galena Hill
NV07-394
2516138.070
5303545.720
1136.100
49
Existing
Galena Hill
NV07-548
2515949.200
5303513.180
1150.820
181.7
Existing
Galena Hill
NV07-551
2516000.080
5303606.220
1142.960
85.7
Existing
 
 
February 2010  191 of 249

 
Pan American Silver Corp:


Deposit
Hole number
Collar Easting
Collar Northing
Collar Elevation
Depth
New or existing hole to Resource estimates
Galena Hill
NV07-552
2516048.060
5303688.100
1137.350
61.7
Existing
Galena Hill
NV07-553
2515956.950
5303679.950
1145.320
87.2
Existing
Galena Hill
NV07-554
2515906.850
5303596.960
1150.720
133.7
Existing
Galena Hill
NV08-658
2515672.930
5303479.560
1153.620
166
New
Galena Hill
NV08-660
2515739.990
5303450.940
1150.980
178
New
Galena Hill
NV08-661
2515625.150
5303397.350
1139.720
322.1
New
Galena Hill
NV08-663
2515691.610
5303373.380
1138.160
292
New
Galena Hill
NV08-666
2515857.890
5303455.940
1149.820
220
New
Galena Hill
NV08-667
2515806.350
5303366.290
1138.130
232.1
New
Galena Hill
NV08-668
2515756.210
5303277.810
1131.670
277.1
New
Galena Hill
NV08-671
2515707.690
5303195.650
1131.600
355
New
Ginger Hill
NV07-405
2515091.180
5300526.890
1224.170
268.3
New
Ginger Hill
NV07-406
2514969.480
5300317.160
1246.380
352.1
New
Ginger Hill
NV07-407
2514715.320
5300697.540
1262.800
211.2
New
Ginger Hill
NV07-408
2514625.080
5300526.450
1259.200
202
New
Ginger Hill
NV07-409
2514361.260
5300861.610
1293.740
226.3
New
Ginger Hill
NV07-410
2515134.250
5300627.090
1214.320
160.1
New
Loma de La Plata
NV05-193
2512425.340
5303512.370
1243.550
299
New
Loma de La Plata
NV05-241
2511456.430
5303007.690
1363.450
118.5
Existing
Loma de La Plata
NV05-242
2511478.570
5303026.180
1358.410
70.5
Existing
Loma de La Plata
NV05-243
2511500.000
5303007.700
1353.900
95
Existing
Loma de La Plata
NV05-244
2511490.030
5302981.080
1355.030
71
Existing
Loma de La Plata
NV05-245
2511545.880
5303011.680
1342.280
89
Existing
Loma de La Plata
NV06-252
2511768.840
5303682.640
1263.450
407.21
New
Loma de La Plata
NV06-319
2511457.710
5302987.110
1363.340
62
Existing
Loma de La Plata
NV06-320
2511539.460
5303043.180
1346.360
113.5
Existing
Loma de La Plata
NV06-321
2511528.090
5303092.450
1343.430
82
Existing
Loma de La Plata
NV06-322
2511542.010
5303070.940
1344.000
89
Existing
Loma de La Plata
NV06-323
2511504.120
5303053.950
1351.990
118.5
Existing
Loma de La Plata
NV07-431
2511472.610
5303566.110
1274.000
256.5
New
Loma de La Plata
NV07-432
2511498.830
5303607.200
1270.430
166.2
New
Loma de La Plata
NV07-433
2511384.520
5303609.190
1276.890
222.8
New
Loma de La Plata
NV07-434
2511370.030
5303523.960
1285.440
188
New
Loma de La Plata
NV07-496
2511567.220
5303103.320
1335.770
65.8
Existing
 
 
February 2010  192 of 249

 
Pan American Silver Corp:


Deposit
Hole number
Collar Easting
Collar Northing
Collar Elevation
Depth
New or existing hole to Resource estimates
Loma de La Plata
NV07-497
2511591.000
5303077.990
1332.290
81.7
Existing
Loma de La Plata
NV07-498
2511610.990
5303150.220
1320.270
81.2
Existing
Loma de La Plata
NV07-499
2511631.530
5303100.230
1320.600
100.5
Existing
Loma de La Plata
NV07-500
2511678.120
5303096.310
1307.030
111.8
Existing
Loma de La Plata
NV07-501
2511663.130
5303147.090
1308.570
100.7
Existing
Loma de La Plata
NV07-502
2511623.600
5303197.840
1310.290
121.3
Existing
Loma de La Plata
NV07-503
2511671.070
5303204.580
1302.600
132.9
Existing
Loma de La Plata
NV07-504
2511655.030
5303246.610
1301.350
138.5
Existing
Loma de La Plata
NV07-505
2511695.240
5303250.820
1293.170
159.8
Existing
Loma de La Plata
NV07-506
2511597.240
5303253.360
1296.950
142.6
Existing
Loma de La Plata
NV07-507
2511543.240
5303253.960
1298.060
129.2
Existing
Loma de La Plata
NV07-508
2511552.930
5303300.330
1296.720
117.7
Existing
Loma de La Plata
NV07-509
2511486.570
5303197.320
1311.600
72.1
Existing
Loma de La Plata
NV07-510
2511467.130
5303353.510
1309.140
114.5
Existing
Loma de La Plata
NV07-511
2511480.350
5303449.180
1292.790
135.2
Existing
Loma de La Plata
NV07-512
2511577.380
5303450.770
1288.100
117.9
Existing
Loma de La Plata
NV07-513
2511725.820
5303095.030
1299.700
135.8
Existing
Loma de La Plata
NV07-515
2511693.280
5303047.760
1312.300
123.8
Existing
Loma de La Plata
NV07-517
2511704.170
5303152.360
1302.270
129.8
Existing
Loma de La Plata
NV07-519
2511713.170
5303201.400
1295.940
145
Existing
Loma de La Plata
NV07-522
2511651.700
5303303.320
1287.780
162.5
Existing
Loma de La Plata
NV07-526
2511601.280
5303303.130
1290.040
150.4
Existing
Loma de La Plata
NV07-529
2511711.960
5303295.450
1289.850
156.7
Existing
Loma de La Plata
NV07-532
2511745.140
5303248.310
1287.290
146.9
Existing
Loma de La Plata
NV07-535
2511796.750
5303251.170
1281.620
170.8
Existing
Loma de La Plata
NV07-537
2511761.150
5303148.590
1292.700
130.2
Existing
Loma de La Plata
NV07-540
2511802.900
5303149.690
1287.110
156
Existing
Loma de La Plata
NV07-543
2511739.070
5303052.860
1304.170
98.8
Existing
Loma de La Plata
NV07-546
2511789.020
5303051.110
1297.060
177.7
Existing
Loma de La Plata
NV07-547
2511616.860
5302949.090
1321.690
90.35
Existing
Loma de La Plata
NV07-549
2511702.480
5302949.410
1308.740
93.8
Existing
Loma de La Plata
NV07-550
2511890.960
5303251.450
1273.230
230.95
Existing
Loma de La Plata
NV07-555
2511571.520
5303349.900
1298.240
122.9
Existing
Loma de La Plata
NV07-557
2511670.910
5303352.000
1281.860
143.1
Existing
 
 
February 2010  193 of 249

 
Pan American Silver Corp:


Deposit
Hole number
Collar Easting
Collar Northing
Collar Elevation
Depth
New or existing hole to Resource estimates
Loma de La Plata
NV07-559
2511764.870
5303347.310
1278.190
185.5
Existing
Loma de La Plata
NV07-564
2511866.250
5303350.500
1271.220
188.3
Existing
Loma de La Plata
NV07-566
2511981.950
5303351.330
1261.740
235
Existing
Loma de La Plata
NV07-569
2511906.630
5303148.310
1278.020
185.2
Existing
Loma de La Plata
NV07-571
2511926.070
5303447.490
1262.370
234.5
Existing
Loma de La Plata
NV07-575
2512044.000
5303454.960
1252.850
277
Existing
Loma de La Plata
NV07-579
2511832.070
5303449.620
1266.520
210.3
Existing
Loma de La Plata
NV07-581
2512131.960
5303448.420
1255.050
316
Existing
Loma de La Plata
NV07-586
2511550.440
5302903.230
1334.190
85
New
Loma de La Plata
NV07-588
2511520.150
5303642.760
1266.400
247
New
Loma de La Plata
NV07-591
2511545.160
5303688.960
1260.400
274
New
Loma de La Plata
NV07-592
2511459.320
5303735.380
1258.490
250
New
Loma de La Plata
NV07-594
2511433.440
5303693.520
1264.910
229
New
Loma de La Plata
NV07-597
2511805.740
5303301.800
1278.330
185.7
New
Loma de La Plata
NV07-598
2511905.400
5303296.750
1269.200
202
New
Loma de La Plata
NV07-601
2511517.850
5303400.870
1297.110
127
New
Loma de La Plata
NV07-602
2511617.550
5303399.750
1288.550
121.4
New
Loma de La Plata
NV07-604
2511719.900
5303399.270
1275.710
172
New
Loma de La Plata
NV07-605
2511820.050
5303400.010
1271.680
199
New
Loma de La Plata
NV07-607
2511922.910
5303400.060
1264.850
233.7
New
Loma de La Plata
NV07-609
2512014.410
5303403.920
1257.210
268
New
Loma de La Plata
NV07-611
2512115.710
5303398.350
1256.780
289
New
Loma de La Plata
NV07-616
2511650.310
5303304.720
1287.590
270.4
New
Loma de La Plata
NV07-620
2511651.170
5303301.720
1287.710
109
New
Loma de La Plata
NV07-621
2511669.060
5303354.770
1281.790
169
New
Loma de La Plata
NV07-622
2512231.930
5303452.330
1258.880
333.3
New
Loma de La Plata
NV07-625
2512279.570
5303549.890
1257.070
337.05
New
Loma de La Plata
NV07-626
2512179.810
5303552.970
1255.480
331.9
New
Loma de La Plata
NV07-627
2512083.480
5303552.750
1247.410
317
New
Loma de La Plata
NV07-630
2511981.470
5303550.700
1252.210
289.9
New
Loma de La Plata
NV07-631
2511873.420
5303550.280
1258.760
298.75
New
Loma de La Plata
NV07-633
2512030.270
5303653.640
1246.430
348.2
New
Loma de La Plata
NV07-637
2512128.780
5303653.590
1242.910
425.5
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-654
2512073.420
5303351.630
1261.280
305
New
 
 
February 2010  194 of 249

 
Pan American Silver Corp:

Deposit
Hole number
Collar Easting
Collar Northing
Collar Elevation
Depth
New or existing hole to Resource estimates
Loma de La Plata
NV08-656
2512329.160
5303453.910
1250.350
341.7
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-676
2511995.410
5303251.310
1267.970
242
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-678
2512145.390
5303252.100
1268.840
329
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-681
2512103.990
5303151.500
1273.640
254
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-684
2512270.070
5303351.630
1252.370
357.2
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-687
2512303.780
5303149.910
1254.770
372.9
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-689
2512037.180
5303048.470
1274.440
203.1
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-691
2512104.620
5302950.360
1273.720
288.5
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-693
2512305.050
5302952.640
1277.570
334.6
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-704
2511836.690
5303051.640
1290.670
131
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-705
2511884.860
5303050.760
1285.530
260
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-707
2511806.410
5302951.240
1298.090
149.5
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-708
2511991.320
5303153.530
1274.840
251.2
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-710
2512002.060
5303302.420
1264.540
309
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-711
2511814.750
5303203.290
1283.720
221
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-713
2511913.590
5303199.370
1274.760
238.9
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-714
2512015.340
5303201.090
1273.790
314.5
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-716
2511782.620
5303443.540
1268.880
302
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-718
2511770.810
5303549.170
1266.500
316.7
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-720
2511682.400
5303447.470
1279.150
263
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-722
2511569.910
5303549.710
1277.240
263
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-724
2511671.590
5303547.620
1276.930
280.5
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-725
2512217.650
5303397.840
1255.690
340.8
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-728
2511567.730
5302947.550
1333.530
109.7
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-729
2511451.950
5302898.450
1345.400
161
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-731
2511499.480
5302898.960
1343.030
368.1
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-732
2511601.710
5303000.850
1330.850
160.5
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-733
2511515.620
5302951.890
1348.220
202.2
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-735
2512131.330
5303653.110
1242.980
457
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-737
2511699.980
5302998.860
1313.880
433.9
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-739
2512031.900
5303702.890
1244.640
433.7
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-741
2511600.470
5302898.580
1324.160
230
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-743
2512132.100
5303700.850
1240.300
97
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-744
2511381.740
5303099.340
1330.830
181.7
New
 
 
February 2010  195 of 249

 
Pan American Silver Corp:


Deposit
Hole number
Collar Easting
Collar Northing
Collar Elevation
Depth
New or existing hole to Resource estimates
Loma de La Plata
NV08-747
2512118.900
5303699.310
1240.800
425
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-748
2511378.950
5303099.320
1330.820
230
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-749
2511365.380
5303151.060
1331.260
200
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-750
2511460.720
5303149.930
1319.270
353.5
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-754
2511407.690
5303150.790
1322.620
198
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-755
2511929.630
5303650.240
1251.540
428
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-756
2511429.180
5303100.010
1335.180
66.16
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-757
2511427.690
5303100.160
1335.160
172.7
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-759
2511478.700
5303100.180
1333.830
208.7
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-761
2511774.030
5303600.520
1263.700
391
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-762
2511449.340
5303046.670
1356.400
181.8
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-764
2511403.030
5303049.650
1348.550
140.3
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-765
2511873.490
5303599.630
1256.310
374.5
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-766
2511348.520
5303051.290
1340.510
145.9
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-769
2511398.080
5302999.570
1359.520
139.9
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-770
2511974.510
5303599.980
1251.260
404
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-771
2511350.150
5302999.370
1354.740
139.6
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-772
2511297.920
5303001.550
1354.640
182.8
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-774
2511515.330
5303151.870
1328.880
190.8
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-775
2512083.630
5303599.270
1245.390
445
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-777
2511557.870
5303150.670
1329.250
280.8
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-779
2511531.330
5303200.170
1317.090
190.9
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-781
2511596.340
5303049.880
1332.820
160.2
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-782
2511521.010
5303348.840
1303.790
132.6
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-784
2511363.390
5302951.280
1361.100
204.8
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-785
2511495.210
5303296.850
1314.470
131.1
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-786
2511649.820
5303000.640
1320.990
60
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-788
2511670.400
5303400.640
1281.260
160
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-789
2511773.370
5303098.260
1294.860
182.1
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-792
2511645.710
5303048.960
1322.170
143.1
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-793
2511523.890
5303450.270
1290.420
146.1
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-794
2511570.830
5303199.510
1316.090
155.1
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-797
2511960.720
5303199.280
1272.130
37
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-798
2511762.090
5303200.760
1289.390
183.7
New
 
 
February 2010  196 of 249

 
Pan American Silver Corp:

Deposit
Hole number
Collar Easting
Collar Northing
Collar Elevation
Depth
New or existing hole to Resource estimates
Loma de La Plata
NV08-799
2511958.010
5303199.290
1272.230
252.6
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-801
2511855.790
5303148.060
1281.710
120.2
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-803
2511776.270
5303100.070
1294.730
140.2
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-804
2511847.270
5303250.310
1276.440
176.1
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-805
2512051.160
5303301.050
1268.200
139.9
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-807
2511758.440
5303299.800
1283.470
182.1
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-808
2512149.790
5303301.290
1264.660
81.5
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-809
2512168.340
5303499.380
1258.260
90
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-811
2511922.400
5303348.070
1266.590
228.6
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-812
2511984.310
5303450.570
1257.000
200
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-814
2511963.640
5303402.650
1262.150
251.1
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-815
2511875.390
5303449.940
1264.870
244
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-817
2511714.090
5303349.940
1279.580
197
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-820
2511925.390
5303651.020
1251.540
111.2
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-821
2511670.300
5303401.490
1281.260
165.5
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-822
2511774.890
5303601.390
1265.680
120.8
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-823
2511716.810
5303548.480
1273.050
255.5
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-826
2511924.340
5303097.260
1280.460
280.7
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-828
2511649.730
5302999.740
1321.030
146
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-830
2511333.610
5303201.230
1342.970
166.5
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-831
2512065.570
5303399.000
1255.750
284.4
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-833
2511346.160
5303299.850
1328.020
149.6
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-834
2511954.070
5303300.260
1265.940
211.6
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-835
2511982.100
5303450.550
1257.160
251
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-836
2511435.110
5303200.390
1326.410
121.9
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-838
2512049.960
5303300.340
1268.160
328.15
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-839
2511855.040
5303148.100
1281.710
161
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-840
2512278.840
5303601.130
1256.830
288.9
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-843
2512064.140
5303500.060
1249.720
298.5
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-844
2512381.550
5303448.590
1245.010
359
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-846
2511963.270
5303499.070
1254.980
271.5
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-849
2511864.710
5303499.370
1261.070
239
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-850
2511566.570
5303500.300
1283.200
245
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-853
2512270.000
5303400.000
1253.000
371
New
 
 
February 2010  197 of 249

 
Pan American Silver Corp:


Deposit
Hole number
Collar Easting
Collar Northing
Collar Elevation
Depth
New or existing hole to Resource estimates
Loma de La Plata
NV08-854
2511765.180
5303499.240
1268.870
232.5
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-856
2511664.340
5303499.450
1280.580
241.5
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-857
2512320.520
5303350.360
1249.450
353
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-860
2511466.290
5303499.050
1284.540
196.6
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-861
2512169.000
5303352.000
1260.000
311
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-862
2511313.180
5303500.130
1292.620
157.5
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-863
2512095.820
5303249.660
1275.320
311
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-866
2511419.310
5303548.990
1278.440
187.1
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-868
2512155.310
5303148.860
1268.440
270.6
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-871
2511620.590
5303549.180
1278.270
286.5
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-872
2512248.000
5303301.000
1255.000
362
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-876
2511691.180
5303600.090
1272.170
313.7
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-877
2511824.040
5303100.040
1289.590
209
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-880
2511869.370
5303400.420
1267.990
304.6
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-881
2511874.670
5303100.000
1284.180
218.4
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-884
2511819.750
5303648.820
1260.380
290
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-886
2512232.500
5303499.180
1260.880
320
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-888
2511865.100
5303200.060
1279.560
241.2
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-889
2511941.960
5303250.550
1270.110
295.5
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-891
2512060.120
5303199.640
1278.400
295.5
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-904
2512420.420
5303348.610
1243.280
388
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-905
2512352.660
5303297.480
1247.430
364
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-906
2512480.940
5303448.960
1238.200
397.5
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-907
2512519.760
5303349.710
1238.350
420
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-908
2511350.170
5303730.820
1260.760
151
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-917
2512527.410
5303499.560
1236.390
381.1
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-919
2512618.200
5303600.080
1233.840
168
New
Loma de La Plata
NV08-920
2512550.820
5303364.100
1237.300
427.3
New
Navidad Hill
NV03-001
2514819.500
5304458.810
1219.490
109.5
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV03-002
2514802.020
5304429.780
1211.220
154.5
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV03-006
2514769.450
5304449.940
1218.370
136.2
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV03-007
2514729.900
5304465.410
1222.210
108.9
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV03-008
2514789.840
5304488.980
1226.440
146
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV03-009
2514760.770
5304518.560
1231.360
106.1
Existing
 
 
February 2010  198 of 249

 
Pan American Silver Corp:


Deposit
Hole number
Collar Easting
Collar Northing
Collar Elevation
Depth
New or existing hole to Resource estimates
Navidad Hill
NV03-010
2514760.160
5304433.500
1215.060
150.7
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV03-011
2514511.930
5304676.800
1209.200
133.2
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV04-054
2514714.810
5304437.980
1215.420
190.5
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV04-055
2514769.950
5304373.610
1196.920
168.8
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV04-065
2514672.370
5304366.340
1192.340
229.5
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV04-069
2514680.710
5304495.150
1226.810
181.3
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV04-070
2514655.800
5304558.170
1229.020
190.3
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV04-071
2514647.210
5304442.290
1208.190
172.5
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV04-072
2514608.760
5304491.610
1210.420
223.2
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV04-073
2514551.940
5304392.650
1184.480
193.5
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV04-083
2514610.990
5304578.420
1221.120
169.5
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV04-084
2514570.240
5304586.780
1218.540
213
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV04-085
2514522.380
5304625.980
1213.280
88.5
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV04-089
2514515.230
5304413.400
1183.980
97.5
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV04-090
2514500.630
5304469.650
1189.410
106.5
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV04-097
2514647.260
5304322.200
1180.730
100.5
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV04-098
2514534.240
5304343.250
1177.710
76.7
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV04-099
2514442.040
5304484.040
1188.070
88.7
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV04-100
2514482.190
5304431.610
1183.360
130.7
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV04-101
2514400.090
5304413.140
1181.910
109.7
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV04-102
2514385.990
5304507.110
1194.350
122
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV04-103
2514490.470
5304573.810
1204.080
79.8
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV04-104
2514461.290
5304521.190
1192.260
100.3
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV04-109
2514769.610
5304532.200
1231.400
133.5
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV04-110
2514690.480
5304614.210
1222.430
100.5
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV04-111
2514655.450
5304558.190
1229.000
35
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV04-112
2514632.040
5304616.250
1218.400
85.5
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV04-113
2514593.430
5304627.020
1213.410
76.5
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV04-114
2514570.250
5304510.280
1204.370
62.1
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV04-115
2514535.560
5304529.570
1203.830
62
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV04-116
2514535.450
5304447.050
1189.360
70.7
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV04-117
2514499.590
5304505.140
1195.960
109.5
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV04-118
2514409.700
5304549.970
1197.510
80
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV04-119
2514436.560
5304597.530
1201.330
77.1
Existing
 
 
February 2010  199 of 249

 
Pan American Silver Corp:


Deposit
Hole number
Collar Easting
Collar Northing
Collar Elevation
Depth
New or existing hole to Resource estimates
Navidad Hill
NV04-120
2514601.530
5304363.620
1184.260
95
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV04-132
2514451.780
5304383.510
1178.570
127.8
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV04-133
2514506.480
5304324.520
1174.910
184.8
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV05-139
2514493.370
5304497.960
1194.130
80
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV05-140
2514476.370
5304468.560
1188.880
80
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV05-141
2514528.620
5304479.380
1193.280
80
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV05-142
2514515.540
5304456.860
1188.860
77
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV05-157
2514578.090
5304329.740
1178.060
131.1
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV05-158
2514494.410
5304381.380
1179.830
104.1
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV05-159
2514630.510
5304287.670
1175.180
137.5
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV05-160
2514734.770
5304313.140
1182.110
128.15
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV05-161
2514554.290
5304476.070
1195.500
83.1
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV05-217
2514483.120
5304279.070
1172.000
248
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV05-218
2514552.080
5304287.180
1172.570
194.5
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV05-219
2514604.720
5304244.630
1169.530
266
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV05-220
2514681.550
5304228.730
1169.890
176
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV05-221
2514525.880
5304237.850
1169.570
194
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV05-238
2514472.130
5304338.590
1175.470
167
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV05-248
2514465.410
5304644.700
1209.050
81
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV05-249
2514859.730
5304454.010
1215.890
63.6
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV05-250
2514831.240
5304392.060
1198.480
120
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV05-251
2514808.680
5304357.760
1191.030
99
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV06-332
2514741.940
5304543.390
1229.490
121.5
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV06-333
2514728.880
5304521.870
1229.530
100.5
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV06-334
2514715.830
5304500.030
1228.090
88.5
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV06-335
2514702.730
5304478.380
1226.300
109.5
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV06-336
2514829.450
5304516.970
1225.430
109.5
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV06-337
2514815.140
5304493.530
1226.320
109.5
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV06-338
2514783.380
5304431.000
1212.090
79.7
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV06-339
2514487.230
5304523.890
1195.780
62
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV06-340
2514470.320
5304494.220
1190.330
71.2
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV06-341
2514456.120
5304470.180
1186.600
94
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV06-342
2514557.270
5304445.990
1191.980
82.7
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV06-343
2514543.360
5304422.690
1187.240
89
Existing
 
 
February 2010  200 of 249

 
Pan American Silver Corp:

Deposit
Hole number
Collar Easting
Collar Northing
Collar Elevation
Depth
New or existing hole to Resource estimates
Navidad Hill
NV06-344
2514530.380
5304399.590
1183.660
80.5
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV06-345
2514694.250
5304322.770
1182.660
92
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV06-346
2514682.440
5304302.220
1178.710
119
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV06-347
2514669.650
5304280.380
1175.200
110.1
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV06-348
2514722.600
5304292.120
1179.100
116
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV06-349
2514710.260
5304270.240
1175.500
110
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV06-350
2514698.150
5304249.070
1172.660
110
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV06-351
2514628.700
5304348.710
1184.170
92.1
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV06-352
2514613.560
5304323.040
1178.530
101
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV06-353
2514599.030
5304297.930
1174.570
110
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV06-354
2514574.780
5304375.750
1184.920
92
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV06-355
2514559.430
5304351.700
1180.650
110
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV06-356
2514541.120
5304318.940
1175.790
122
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV06-357
2514505.470
5304435.390
1185.540
80
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV06-358
2514807.970
5304398.520
1202.200
90.5
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV06-359
2514739.270
5304437.410
1215.660
100.5
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV06-360
2514834.150
5304444.280
1214.490
91.5
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV06-361
2514864.630
5304498.640
1222.870
100.5
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV06-362
2514782.740
5304515.960
1229.600
121.5
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV06-363
2514770.960
5304494.470
1228.500
100.5
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV06-364
2514699.040
5304581.440
1224.880
142.5
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV06-365
2514685.980
5304558.910
1227.920
91.5
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV06-382
2514584.820
5304272.880
1171.730
201.8
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV06-383
2514523.170
5304288.270
1172.260
132.8
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV06-384
2514641.480
5304372.930
1190.770
90.3
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV06-385
2514411.930
5304474.030
1187.980
102.2
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV06-386
2514433.830
5304511.740
1191.550
90.9
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV06-387
2514454.740
5304548.050
1195.460
60.8
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV06-388
2514370.490
5304481.090
1189.270
144.9
Existing
Navidad Hill
NV06-389
2514402.430
5304588.560
1201.160
84.8
Existing
Valle Esperanza
NV04-025
2515366.400
5302999.080
1140.050
199.8
New
Valle Esperanza
NV04-061
2515322.220
5302924.140
1149.200
241.5
New
Valle Esperanza
NV04-062
2515198.180
5302926.080
1153.610
223.5
New
Valle Esperanza
NV04-063
2514530.440
5303175.270
1174.630
178.4
New
 
 
February 2010  201 of 249

 
Pan American Silver Corp:


Deposit
Hole number
Collar Easting
Collar Northing
Collar Elevation
Depth
New or existing hole to Resource estimates
Valle Esperanza
NV04-064
2514486.900
5303135.100
1188.080
235.3
New
Valle Esperanza
NV04-077
2514689.080
5303434.700
1151.160
250.5
New
Valle Esperanza
NV04-078
2515425.810
5302895.110
1146.670
100.5
New
Valle Esperanza
NV04-079
2515233.320
5302977.010
1146.500
121.5
New
Valle Esperanza
NV04-080
2515116.950
5302970.120
1150.980
100.5
New
Valle Esperanza
NV04-081
2514567.990
5303214.930
1165.530
150.8
New
Valle Esperanza
NV04-082
2514460.600
5303159.380
1185.710
151
New
Valle Esperanza
NV06-287
2514462.150
5303161.300
1185.450
221
New
Valle Esperanza
NV06-288
2514212.750
5303405.790
1165.670
248
New
Valle Esperanza
NV06-289
2514763.770
5303160.070
1152.390
248
New
Valle Esperanza
NV06-290
2515146.200
5303025.610
1145.350
245
New
Valle Esperanza
NV06-291
2515520.660
5302876.320
1144.190
242
New
Valle Esperanza
NV06-292
2515877.120
5302690.840
1131.470
251
New
Valle Esperanza
NV06-293
2516187.780
5302427.570
1132.830
105.5
New
Valle Esperanza
NV06-294
2516489.280
5302157.000
1125.030
59
New
Valle Esperanza
NV06-297
2516154.080
5302367.770
1134.530
275
New
Valle Esperanza
NV06-298
2516452.400
5302084.860
1126.140
111.1
New
Valle Esperanza
NV06-299
2516422.070
5302019.870
1130.000
283.8
New
Valle Esperanza
NV06-300
2515177.570
5303086.940
1140.940
238.6
New
Valle Esperanza
NV06-301
2515266.710
5303040.080
1140.460
250.7
New
Valle Esperanza
NV07-453
2514536.040
5303961.390
1159.920
331.2
New
Valle Esperanza
NV07-454
2514435.950
5303793.930
1157.360
392.5
New
Valle Esperanza
NV07-455
2514966.600
5303909.240
1149.220
376.2
New
Valle Esperanza
NV07-456
2515067.500
5303387.870
1142.170
406.2
Previously GH
Valle Esperanza
NV07-624
2515117.820
5303475.420
1141.150
616
New
Valle Esperanza
NV07-628
2515066.050
5303383.720
1142.200
364
New
Valle Esperanza
NV07-629
2515214.090
5303146.680
1139.350
368
New
Valle Esperanza
NV07-632
2515215.290
5303148.680
1139.270
517.5
New
Valle Esperanza
NV07-634
2514506.170
5303214.700
1171.400
195
New
Valle Esperanza
NV07-635
2514399.800
5303245.290
1174.460
177
New
Valle Esperanza
NV07-636
2514652.510
5303115.630
1167.770
232
New
Valle Esperanza
NV07-646
2515019.140
5303299.110
1143.140
328
New
Valle Esperanza
NV08-649
2514982.910
5303436.340
1143.690
373
New
Valle Esperanza
NV08-653
2515155.640
5303338.070
1140.040
385.1
New
 
 
February 2010  202 of 249

 
Pan American Silver Corp:

Deposit
Hole number
Collar Easting
Collar Northing
Collar Elevation
Depth
New or existing hole to Resource estimates
Valle Esperanza
NV08-655
2514929.040
5303349.470
1145.450
373
New
Valle Esperanza
NV08-657
2514884.170
5303272.250
1146.490
244.8
New
Valle Esperanza
NV08-685
2514985.060
5303440.850
1143.650
385.2
New
Valle Esperanza
NV08-686
2514867.620
5303445.590
1146.350
346
New
Valle Esperanza
NV08-688
2514917.030
5303528.360
1144.880
367.5
New
Valle Esperanza
NV08-690
2514816.840
5303361.010
1148.230
316
New
Valle Esperanza
NV08-692
2514965.450
5303215.010
1144.120
331
New
Valle Esperanza
NV08-694
2515100.960
5303247.540
1141.140
370
New
Valle Esperanza
NV08-696
2514970.000
5303614.700
1144.070
382
New
Valle Esperanza
NV08-709
2514759.800
5303451.560
1149.150
376
New
Valle Esperanza
NV08-712
2514806.590
5303534.960
1147.290
490
New
Valle Esperanza
NV08-715
2514916.810
5303128.180
1145.870
328
New
Valle Esperanza
NV08-730
2515054.370
5303164.330
1142.700
484
New
Valle Esperanza
NV08-736
2515002.460
5303082.260
1145.770
526
New
Valle Esperanza
NV08-740
2515029.030
5303522.810
1142.750
601
New
Valle Esperanza
NV08-746
2515122.830
5303181.290
1141.020
469
New
Valle Esperanza
NV08-753
2515078.840
5303611.550
1142.400
490.2
New
Valle Esperanza
NV08-758
2515170.640
5303269.280
1139.700
471
New
Valle Esperanza
NV08-763
2514985.740
5303147.240
1144.450
472
New
Valle Esperanza
NV08-768
2515034.420
5303231.420
1142.580
427
New
Valle Esperanza
NV08-773
2515085.890
5303318.360
1141.540
485
New
Valle Esperanza
NV08-778
2514901.120
5303195.470
1145.710
403
New
Valle Esperanza
NV08-783
2514946.460
5303283.140
1144.700
500
New
Valle Esperanza
NV08-790
2514888.670
5303075.850
1148.250
318.5
New
Valle Esperanza
NV08-795
2514966.460
5303016.650
1150.550
300.5
New
Valle Esperanza
NV08-800
2515020.260
5303009.160
1150.520
210.7
New
Valle Esperanza
NV08-802
2515071.820
5303099.840
1143.690
352
New
Valle Esperanza
NV08-806
2515269.090
5303038.330
1140.390
508
New
Valle Esperanza
NV08-813
2515320.580
5303125.260
1137.000
455
New
Valle Esperanza
NV08-818
2515467.640
5302981.460
1137.710
388
New
Valle Esperanza
NV08-824
2515381.220
5303033.870
1137.460
37.9
New
Valle Esperanza
NV08-827
2515379.260
5303030.060
1137.710
501.4
New
Valle Esperanza
NV08-841
2515492.760
5303025.520
1134.420
472
New
Valle Esperanza
NV08-847
2515163.210
5303348.100
1139.970
415.5
New
 
 
February 2010  203 of 249

 
Pan American Silver Corp:


Deposit
Hole number
Collar Easting
Collar Northing
Collar Elevation
Depth
New or existing hole to Resource estimates
Valle Esperanza
NV08-852
2515211.800
5303438.220
1139.500
385.5
New
Valle Esperanza
NV08-859
2514770.250
5303273.730
1149.570
373
New
Valle Esperanza
NV08-864
2514721.480
5303183.790
1154.330
252.5
New
Valle Esperanza
NV08-870
2515106.370
5303856.990
1145.220
385
New
 
 
February 2010  204 of 249

 
Pan American Silver Corp:


 

B
Navidad estimation domains

 
 
 
February 2010  205 of 249

 
Pan American Silver Corp:

 
Deposit
Lithology
Mineralisation
Domain code
 
Calcite NW
Conglomerate
Low grade
615
 
Mudstone
Low grade
625
 
Mudstone
High grade
626
 
Latite
Low grade
635
 
Latite
High grade
636
 
Volcaniclastic
Low grade
645
 
Calcite Hill
Mudstone
Low grade
525
 
Mudstone
High grade
526
 
Latite
Low grade
535
 
Latite
High grade
536
 
Volcaniclastic
Low grade
545
 
Navidad  Hill
Mudstone
Low grade
425
 
Mudstone
High grade
426
 
Latite
Low grade
435
 
Latite
High grade
436
 
Volcaniclastic
Low grade
445
 
Connector Zone
Conglomerate
Low grade
315
 
Mudstone
Low grade
325
 
Mudstone
High grade
326
 
Latite
Low grade
335
 
Latite
High grade
336
 
Volcaniclastic
Low grade
345
 
Galena Hill
Conglomerate
Low grade
215
 
Mudstone
Low grade
225
 
Mudstone
High grade
226
 
Latite
Low grade
235
 
Latite
High grade
236
 
Volcaniclastic
Low grade
245
 
Barite Hill
Conglomerate
Low grade
115
 
Mudstone
Low grade
125
 
Mudstone
High grade
126
 
Latite
Low grade
135
 
Latite
High grade
136
 
Volcaniclastic
Low grade
145

 
February 2010  206 of 249

 
Pan American Silver Corp:



 
Deposit
Lithology
Mineralisation
Domain code
 
Loma de La Plata
Conglomerate
Low grade
715
 
Mudstone
Low grade
725
 
Mudstone
High grade
726
 
Latite
Low grade
735
 
Latite
High grade
736
 
Valle Esperanza
Conglomerate
Low grade
815
 
Mudstone
Low grade
825
 
Latite
Low grade
835
 
Latite
High grade
836

 
February 2010  207 of 249

 
Pan American Silver Corp:

 


C
Log histograms of input sample composites (undeclustered)
 
 
 
 
February 2010  208 of 249

 
Pan American Silver Corp:


 
 
February 2010  209 of 249

 
Pan American Silver Corp:

 



February 2010  210 of 249

 
Pan American Silver Corp:



February 2010  211 of 249

 
Pan American Silver Corp:





February 2010  212 of 249

 
Pan American Silver Corp:



February 2010  213 of 249

 
Pan American Silver Corp:

 
 

February 2010  214 of 249

 
Pan American Silver Corp:

 

February 2010  215 of 249

 
Pan American Silver Corp:


 


February 2010  216 of 249

 
Pan American Silver Corp:

 
 
D
Declustered composite sample input statistics for Ag
 
 
 

February 2010  217 of 249

 
Pan American Silver Corp:


 
 
Deposit
Domain
Number of composites
Min (Ag g/t)
Max (Ag g/t)
Mean (Ag g/t)
CV
 
Calcite NW
615
637
0.5
9
1
1.1
 
625
2,351
0.5
38
3
1.5
 
626
1,119
0.5
1,583
45
2.0
 
635
1,211
0.5
80
2
2.0
 
636
166
0.5
643
59
1.9
 
645
62
0.5
15
3
1.3
 
Calcite Hill
525
1,625
0.5
70
2
1.8
 
526
276
0.5
2,485
59
3.7
 
535
952
0.5
42
4
1.2
 
536
1,614
0.5
2,840
71
2.2
 
545
562
0.5
613
1
3.5
 
Navidad Hill
425
571
0.5
37
2
1.9
 
426
350
0.5
4,612
64
2.4
 
435
841
0.5
58
6
1.0
 
436
2,105
0.5
9,207
67
3.5
 
445
237
0.5
613
1
7.8
 
Connector Zone
315
249
0.5
23
1
1.8
 
325
1,177
0.5
25
1
1.7
 
326
149
0.5
232
59
1.0
 
335
1,328
0.5
69
3
2.0
 
336
844
0.5
3,750
73
1.9
 
345
255
0.5
36
2
2.4
 
Galena Hill
215
69
0.5
6
2
0.9
 
225
999
0.5
36
1
1.8
 
226
205
0.5
2,012
74
3.1
 
235
795
0.5
24
4
1.0
 
236
3,192
0.5
2,940
70
2.4
 
245
503
0.5
32
2
2.7
 
Barite Hill
115
995
0.5
23
1
1.4
 
125
1,561
0.5
140
3
1.5
 
126
196
1.2
5,228
190
2.8
 
135
892
0.5
71
3
1.7
 
136
308
0.5
2,153
90
2.5
 
145
336
0.5
22
1
1.8

 

February 2010  218 of 249

 
Pan American Silver Corp:



 
Deposit
Domain
Number of composites
Min (Ag g/t)
Max (Ag g/t)
Mean (Ag g/t)
CV
 
Loma de La Plata
715
1,504
0.5
23
1
1.5
 
725
5,585
0.5
66
1
1.9
 
726
238
0.5
213
23
1.1
 
735
4,916
0.5
84
2
1.9
 
736
1,802
0.5
5,407
125
2.7
 
Valle Esperanza
815
1,818
0.5
5
1
0.5
 
825
1,782
0.5
244
1
3.0
 
835
3,465
0.5
336
3
3.6
 
836
646
0.5
4,155
103
3.2
 
 

February 2010  219 of 249

 
Pan American Silver Corp:



E
Declustered composite sample input statistics for Pb

 

February 2010  220 of 249

 
Pan American Silver Corp:


 
 
Deposit
Domain
Number of composites
Min (Pb%)
Max (Pb%)
Mean (Pb%)
CV
 
Calcite NW
615
637
0.01
0.46
0.01
3.2
 
625
2,351
0.01
0.91
0.11
1.2
 
626
1,119
0.01
10.10
0.60
1.2
 
635
1,211
0.01
1.00
0.04
2.4
 
636
166
0.01
5.89
0.61
1.5
 
645
62
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.2
 
Calcite Hill
525
1,625
0.01
3.24
0.08
1.47
 
526
276
0.01
13.40
1.01
1.45
 
535
952
0.01
1.13
0.02
2.45
 
536
1,614
0.01
28.66
0.30
3.84
 
545
562
0.01
0.25
0.01
0.86
 
Navidad Hill
425
571
0.01
1.12
0.08
1.1
 
426
350
0.01
11.48
0.72
1.4
 
435
841
0.01
0.81
0.02
2.7
 
436
2,105
0.01
13.87
0.18
3.5
 
445
237
0.01
0.22
0.01
1.0
 
Connector Zone
315
249
0.01
0.20
0.01
2.1
 
325
1,177
0.01
1.44
0.07
1.5
 
326
149
0.02
3.41
0.89
1.0
 
335
1,328
0.01
0.87
0.03
2.5
 
336
844
0.01
11.97
0.38
1.9
 
345
255
0.01
0.07
0.01
0.6
 
Galena Hill
215
69
0.01
0.83
0.26
1.2
 
225
999
0.01
1.08
0.09
1.3
 
226
205
0.06
19.95
1.34
1.4
 
235
795
0.01
2.06
0.15
1.2
 
236
3,192
0.01
26.64
1.27
1.8
 
245
503
0.01
0.58
0.01
2.6
 
Barite Hill
115
995
0.01
0.75
0.02
3.1
 
125
1,561
0.01
4.49
0.08
1.7
 
126
196
0.01
1.78
0.17
1.8
 
135
892
0.01
1.90
0.12
2.0
 
136
308
0.01
8.26
0.46
1.6
 
145
336
0.01
0.65
0.02
3.4


February 2010  221 of 249

 
Pan American Silver Corp:
 


 
Deposit
Domain
Number of composites
Min (Pb%)
Max (Pb%)
Mean (Pb%)
CV
 
Loma de La Plata
715
1,504
0.01
1.69
1.69
2.6
 
725
5,585
0.01
1.74
1.74
2.1
 
726
238
0.01
3.23
3.23
1.1
 
735
4,916
0.01
2.28
2.28
3.3
 
736
1,802
0.01
3.54
3.54
2.8
 
Valle Esperanza
815
1,818
0.01
0.22
0.01
1.9
 
825
1,782
0.01
2.43
0.03
2.4
 
835
3,465
0.01
2.21
0.10
2.2
 
836
646
0.01
2.94
0.30
1.5


February 2010  222 of 249

 
Pan American Silver Corp:

 
 

F
Comparison of estimated and input data Ag grades by domain

 

February 2010  223 of 249

 
Pan American Silver Corp:



 
Deposit
Domain
Estimated
grade (Ag g/t)
Declustered input
grade (Ag g/t)
% difference
 
Calcite NW
615
1
1
0
 
625
3
3
0
 
626
48
45
7
 
635
2
2
0
 
636
52
59
-12
 
645
2
3
-35
 
Calcite Hill
525
2
2
0
 
526
60
59
1
 
535
4
4
0
 
536
85
71
19
 
545
1
1
0
 
Navidad Hill
425
2
2
0
 
426
72
64
12
 
435
7
6
11
 
436
66
67
-3
 
445
1
1
0
 
Connector Zone
315
1
1
0
 
325
1
1
0
 
326
56
59
-5
 
335
4
3
17
 
336
74
73
2
 
345
2
2
0
 
Galena Hill
215
2
2
0
 
225
1
1
0
 
226
79
74
6
 
235
5
4
5
 
236
79
70
12
 
245
2
2
0
 
Barite Hill
115
1
1
0
 
125
4
3
37
 
126
150
190
-21
 
135
4
3
20
 
136
101
90
12
 
145
1
1
0
 
 

February 2010  224 of 249

 
Pan American Silver Corp:


 
Deposit
Domain
Estimated
grade (Ag g/t)
Declustered input
grade (Ag g/t)
% difference
 
Loma de La Plata
715
1
1
0
 
725
1
1
0
 
726
21
23
-8
 
735
2
2
0
 
736
126
125
0
 
Valle Esperanza
815
1
1
0
 
825
1
1
0
 
835
2
3
-11
 
836
105
103
2
 
 

February 2010  225 of 249

 
Pan American Silver Corp:



G
Comparison of estimated and input data Pb grades by domain

 

February 2010  226 of 249

 
Pan American Silver Corp:


 
Deposit
Domain
Estimated
grade (Pb%)
Declustered input
grade (Pb%)
% difference
 
Calcite NW
615
0.02
0.01
25
 
625
0.11
0.11
-1
 
626
0.61
0.60
2
 
635
0.05
0.04
7
 
636
0.68
0.61
12
 
645
0.01
0.01
1
 
Calcite Hill
525
0.08
0.08
0
 
526
1.03
1.01
2
 
535
0.02
0.02
0
 
536
0.31
0.30
5
 
545
0.01
0.01
0
 
Navidad Hill
425
0.08
0.08
0
 
426
0.78
0.72
8
 
435
0.02
0.02
0
 
436
0.18
0.18
0
 
445
0.01
0.01
0
 
Connector Zone
315
0.01
0.01
0
 
325
0.07
0.07
0
 
326
0.73
0.89
-18
 
335
0.03
0.03
0
 
336
0.38
0.38
0
 
345
0.01
0.01
0
 
Galena Hill
215
0.16
0.26
-36
 
225
0.11
0.09
19
 
226
1.43
1.34
7
 
235
0.17
0.15
13
 
236
1.36
1.27
7
 
245
0.02
0.01
54
 
Barite Hill
115
0.02
0.02
0
 
125
0.08
0.08
0
 
126
0.20
0.17
22
 
135
0.12
0.12
0
 
136
0.47
0.46
2
 
145
0.01
0.02
-17

 

February 2010  227 of 249

 
Pan American Silver Corp:


 
 
Deposit
Domain
Estimated grade (Pb%)
Declustered input grade (Pb%)
% difference
 
Loma de La Plata
715
0.03
0.03
0
 
725
0.03
0.03
0
 
726
0.33
0.35
5
 
735
0.03
0.04
-14
 
736
0.10
0.12
-15
 
Valle Esperanza
815
0.01
0.01
0
 
825
0.03
0.03
0
 
835
0.09
0.10
-10
 
836
0.27
0.30
-10

 

February 2010  228 of 249

 
Pan American Silver Corp:

 

 
H
Navidad 2009 Mineral Resource estimates above a 50 g/t AgEQ cut-off using a $10 per oz Ag and $0.70 per lb Pb price

 

February 2010  229 of 249

 
Pan American Silver Corp:


Deposit
Classification
Tonnes (Mt)
AgEQ g/t
Ag g/t
Pb%
Contained Ag (Moz)
Contained Pb (Mlb)
Calcite Hill NW
Measured
0.0
0
0
0.00
0
0
 
Indicated
17.7
98
70
0.59
40
229
 
Meas. + Ind.
17.7
98
70
0.59
40
229
 
Inferred
20.9
81
44
0.76
30
352
Calcite Hill
Measured
0.0
0
0
0.00
0
0
 
Indicated
18.7
122
95
0.55
57
229
 
Meas. + Ind.
18.7
122
95
0.55
57
229
 
Inferred
5.0
113
95
0.37
15
40
Navidad Hill
Measured
8.9
127
105
0.46
30
90
 
Indicated
6.0
98
86
0.25
17
32
 
Meas. + Ind.
14.8
116
98
0.37
47
123
 
Inferred
2.0
86
65
0.43
4
19
Connector Zone
Measured
0.0
0
0
0.00
0
0
 
Indicated
8.6
108
88
0.41
24
78
 
Meas. + Ind.
8.6
108
88
0.41
24
78
 
Inferred
11.2
93
70
0.49
25
121
Galena Hill
Measured
7.4
284
162
2.53
39
411
 
Indicated
54.3
177
100
1.61
174
1,927
 
Meas. + Ind.
61.6
190
107
1.72
213
2,338
 
Inferred
3.7
98
45
1.11
5
89
Barite Hill
Measured
0.0
0
0
0.00
0
0
 
Indicated
8.7
154
138
0.32
39
62
 
Meas. + Ind.
8.7
154
138
0.32
39
62
 
Inferred
1.1
103
70
0.67
3
16
Loma de La Plata
Measured
0.0
0
0
0.00
0
0
 
Indicated
30.0
170
165
0.10
159
67
 
Meas. + Ind.
30.0
170
165
0.10
159
67
 
Inferred
2.0
76
55
0.44
4
20
Valle Esperanza
Measured
0.0
0
0
0.00
0
0
 
Indicated
12.7
177
167
0.21
68
60
 
Meas. + Ind.
12.7
177
167
0.21
68
60
 
Inferred
11.6
134
117
0.36
44
91
Total
Measured
16.2
198
131
1.40
69
501
 
Indicated
156.6
152
115
0.78
578
2,684
 
 

February 2010  230 of 249

 
Pan American Silver Corp:



Deposit
Classification
Tonnes (Mt)
AgEQ g/t
Ag g/t
Pb%
Contained Ag (Moz)
Contained Pb (Mlb)
 
Meas. + Ind.
172.9
157
116
0.84
647
3,185
 
Inferred
57.5
98
70
0.59
129
750
Notes:
The most likely cut-off grade for these deposits is not known at this time and must be confirmed by the appropriate economic studies.
Silver equivalent grade values are calculated without consideration of variable metal recoveries for silver and lead. A silver price of US$10.00/oz and lead price of US$0.70/lb was used to derive an equivalence formula of AgEQ = Ag + (Pb × 10,000 / 208). Silver prices are based on a three-year rolling average and lead prices are based on an approximate ten year rolling average.
The estimated metal content does not include any consideration of mining, mineral processing, or metallurgical recoveries.
Tonnes, ounces, and pounds have been rounded and this may have resulted in minor discrepancies in the totals.
Mineral Resources that are not Mineral Reserves do not have demonstrated economic viability. No Mineral Reserves have been estimated.
The estimate of Mineral Resources may be materially affected by environmental, permitting, legal, title, taxation, socio-political, marketing, or other relevant issues.
 
 

February 2010  231 of 249

 
Pan American Silver Corp:



I
Navidad 2009 Mineral Resource estimates above a 1 oz Ag cut-off
 
 

February 2010  232 of 249

 
Pan American Silver Corp:

 
Deposit
Classification
Tonnes (Mt)
Ag g/t
Pb%
Cu%
Contained Ag (Moz)
Contained Pb (Mlb)
Contained Cu (Mlb)
Calcite Hill NW
Measured
0.0
0
0.00
 -
 -
 -
 -
 
Indicated
16.1
74
0.55
 -
39
196
 -
 
Meas. + Ind.
16.1
74
0.55
 -
39
196
 -
 
Inferred
14.8
54
0.66
 -
26
217
 -
Calcite Hill
Measured
0.0
0
0.00
 -
 -
 -
 -
 
Indicated
21.2
90
0.44
 -
61
205
 -
 
Meas. + Ind.
21.2
90
0.44
 -
61
205
 -
 
Inferred
4.9
97
0.31
 -
15
34
 -
Navidad Hill
Measured
10.0
98
0.39
 -
32
86
 -
 
Indicated
9.0
71
0.16
 -
20
31
 -
 
Meas. + Ind.
19.0
85
0.28
 -
52
117
 -
 
Inferred
2.3
64
0.30
 -
5
15
 -
Connector Zone
Measured
0.0
0
0.00
 -
 -
 -
 -
 
Indicated
8.7
88
0.39
 -
25
76
 -
 
Meas. + Ind.
8.7
88
0.39
 -
25
76
 -
 
Inferred
10.5
73
0.38
 -
25
89
 -
Galena Hill
Measured
6.6
179
2.70
 -
38
393
 -
 
Indicated
39.8
128
1.81
 -
164
1592
 -
 
Meas. + Ind.
46.4
135
1.94
 -
202
1985
 -
 
Inferred
1.2
107
1.10
 -
4
29
 -
Barite Hill
Measured
0.0
0
0.00
 -
 -
 -
 -
 
Indicated
7.8
152
0.23
 -
38
40
 -
 
Meas. + Ind.
7.8
152
0.23
 -
38
40
 -
 
Inferred
0.9
83
0.62
 -
2
12
 -
Loma de la Plata
Measured
0.0
0
0.00
 -
 -
 -
 -
 
Indicated
33.7
151
0.09
0.05
164
64
37
 
Meas. + Ind.
33.7
151
0.09
0.05
164
64
37
 
Inferred
1.8
65
0.19
0.05
4
8
2
Valle Esperanza
Measured
0.0
0
0.00
 -
 -
 -
 -
 
Indicated
13.1
163
0.21
 -
69
60
 -
 
Meas. + Ind.
13.1
163
0.21
 -
69
60
 -
 
Inferred
13.1
108
0.32
 -
45
92
 -
Total
Measured
16.6
130
1.30
 
70
479
 
 
Indicated
149.4
121
0.69
 
580
2264
37

 

February 2010  233 of 249

 
Pan American Silver Corp:


 
Deposit
Classification
Tonnes (Mt)
Ag g/t
Pb%
Cu%
Contained Ag (Moz)
Contained Pb (Mlb)
Contained Cu (Mlb)
 
Meas. + Ind.
166.1
122
0.75
 
650
2743
37
 
Inferred
49.5
79
0.45
 
126
495
2
The most likely cut-off grade for these deposits is not known at this time and must be confirmed by the appropriate economic studies.
The estimated metal content does not include any consideration of mining, mineral processing, or metallurgical recoveries.
Tonnes, ounces, and pounds have been rounded and this may have resulted in minor discrepancies in the totals.
The estimate of Mineral Resources may be materially affected by environmental, permitting, legal, title, taxation, socio-political, marketing, or other relevant issues.
Mineral Resources that are not Mineral Reserves do not have demonstrated economic viability. No Mineral Reserves have been estimated.
 
 

February 2010  234 of 249

 
Pan American Silver Corp:




J
Navidad 2009 Mineral Resource estimates above a 50 g/t Ag cut-off

 

February 2010  235 of 249

 
Pan American Silver Corp:


Deposit
Classification
Tonnes (Mt)
Ag g/t
Pb%
Cu%
Contained Ag (Moz)
Contained Pb (Mlb)
Contained Cu (Mlb)
Calcite Hill NW
Measured
0.0
0
0.00
 -
 -
 -
 -
 
Indicated
11.0
90
0.54
 -
32
132
 -
 
Meas. + Ind.
11.0
90
0.54
 -
32
132
 -
 
Inferred
6.2
74
0.64
 -
15
88
 -
Calcite Hill
Measured
0.0
0
0.00
 -
 -
 -
 -
 
Indicated
15.6
107
0.47
 -
54
163
 -
 
Meas. + Ind.
15.6
107
0.47
 -
54
163
 -
 
Inferred
4.5
101
0.28
 -
15
28
 -
Navidad Hill
Measured
7.4
119
0.41
 -
28
67
 -
 
Indicated
5.1
94
0.20
 -
16
23
 -
 
Meas. + Ind.
12.5
109
0.33
 -
44
90
 -
 
Inferred
1.2
84
0.18
 -
3
5
 -
Connector Zone
Measured
0.0
0
0.00
 -
 -
 -
 -
 
Indicated
7.1
98
0.39
 -
22
61
 -
 
Meas. + Ind.
7.1
98
0.39
 -
22
61
 -
 
Inferred
7.2
88
0.35
 -
21
56
 -
Galena Hill
Measured
5.7
201
2.91
 -
37
365
 -
 
Indicated
32.5
148
1.91
 -
155
1363
 -
 
Meas. + Ind.
38.1
156
2.06
 -
192
1728
 -
 
Inferred
0.9
126
1.03
 -
4
21
 -
Barite Hill
Measured
0.0
0
0.00
 -
 -
 -
 -
 
Indicated
6.5
176
0.14
 -
37
20
 -
 
Meas. + Ind.
6.5
176
0.14
 -
37
20
 -
 
Inferred
0.4
141
0.39
 -
2
3
 -
Loma de la Plata
Measured
0.0
0
0.00
 -
 -
 -
 -
 
Indicated
28.2
173
0.08
0.05
157
49
33
 
Meas. + Ind.
28.2
173
0.08
0.05
157
49
33
 
Inferred
1.0
86
0.09
0.05
3
2
1
Valle Esperanza
Measured
0.0
0
0.00
0.00
 -
 -
 -
 
Indicated
11.6
179
0.20
 -
67
51
 -
 
Meas. + Ind.
11.6
179
0.20
 -
67
51
 -
 
Inferred
9.8
131
0.33
 -
41
73
 -
Total
Measured
13.0
155
1.50
 
65
432
 -
 
 
February 2010  236 of 249

 
Pan American Silver Corp:


Deposit
Classification
Tonnes (Mt)
Ag g/t
Pb%
Cu%
Contained Ag (Moz)
Contained Pb (Mlb)
Contained Cu (Mlb)
 
Indicated
117.6
143
0.72
 
539
1862
33
 
Meas. + Ind.
130.7
144
0.80
 
604
2,294
33
 
Inferred
31.4
102
0.40
 
103
275
1
Notes:
The most likely cut-off grade for these deposits is not known at this time and must be confirmed by the appropriate economic studies.
The estimated metal content does not include any consideration of mining, mineral processing, or metallurgical recoveries.
Tonnes, ounces, and pounds have been rounded and this may have resulted in minor discrepancies in the totals.
The estimate of Mineral Resources may be materially affected by environmental, permitting, legal, title, taxation, socio-political, marketing, or other relevant issues.
Mineral Resources that are not Mineral Reserves do not have demonstrated economic viability. No Mineral Reserves have been estimated.

 

February 2010  237 of 249

 
Pan American Silver Corp:


 
 
 
 
 
February 2010  238 of 249

 
Pan American Silver Corp:



 

K
Grade tonnage curves for the Navidad April 2009 Mineral Resource estimates above a range of Ag equivalent cut-off grades
 
 

February 2010  239 of 249

 
Pan American Silver Corp:



 
 

 



 
 


February 2010  240 of 249

 
Pan American Silver Corp:

 
 
 

February 2010  241 of 249

 
Pan American Silver Corp:

 


February 2010  242 of 249

 
Pan American Silver Corp:



 
 
 

February 2010  243 of 249

 
Pan American Silver Corp:



 

 
February 2010  244 of 249

 
Pan American Silver Corp:

 


February 2010  245 of 249

 
Pan American Silver Corp:


 
 

 
February 2010  246 of 249

 
Pan American Silver Corp:

 
 



February 2010  247 of 249

 
Pan American Silver Corp:

 
 
 

February 2010  248 of 249

 
Pan American Silver Corp:



 

 
February 2010  249 of 249

 

 
 
SIGNATURES


Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

 
PAN AMERICAN SILVER CORP
 
(Registrant)
 
Date:
 
 
February 5, 2010
 
 
By:
 
/s/ Robert Pirooz
  Name: 
Robert Pirooz
  Title:    General Counsel, Secretary and Director