UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

 

FORM 10-K

 

(Mark One)

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016

OR

For the transition period from                      to                     

Commission File Number: 001-34680

 

Primerica, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

 

 

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (770) 381-1000

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

 

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

 

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.    ☒  Yes    ☐  No

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.    ☐  Yes    ☒  No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    ☒  Yes    ☐  No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).    ☒  Yes    ☐  No

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of the registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    ☐  Yes    ☒  No

The aggregate market value of the voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of June 30, 2016, was $2,645,868,915. The number of shares of the registrant’s Common Stock outstanding at January 31, 2017, with $0.01 par value, was 45,700,523.

Documents Incorporated By Reference

Certain information contained in the Proxy Statement for the Company’s Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held on May 17, 2017 is incorporated by reference into Part III hereof.

 

 

 

 

 

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

 

 

 

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CAUTIONARY STATEMENT CONCERNING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

Investors are cautioned that certain statements contained in this report as well as some statements in periodic press releases and some oral statements made by our officials during our presentations are “forward-looking” statements. Forward-looking statements include, without limitation, any statement that may project, indicate or imply future results, events, performance or achievements, and may contain the words “expect”, “intend”, “plan”, “anticipate”, “estimate”, “believe”, “will be”, “will continue”, “will likely result”, and similar expressions, or future conditional verbs such as “may”, “will”, “should”, “would”, and “could.” In addition, any statement concerning future financial performance (including future revenues, earnings or growth rates), ongoing business strategies or prospects, and possible actions taken by us or our subsidiaries are also forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements involve external risks and uncertainties, including, but not limited to, those described under the section entitled “Risk Factors” included herein.

Forward-looking statements are based on current expectations and projections about future events and are inherently subject to a variety of risks and uncertainties, many of which are beyond the control of our management team. All forward-looking statements in this report and subsequent written and oral forward-looking statements attributable to us, or to persons acting on our behalf, are expressly qualified in their entirety by these risks and uncertainties. These risks and uncertainties include, among others:

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Developments in any of these areas could cause actual results to differ materially from those anticipated or projected or cause a significant reduction in the market price of our common stock.

The foregoing list of risks and uncertainties may not contain all of the risks and uncertainties that could affect us. In addition, in light of these risks and uncertainties, the matters referred to in the forward-looking statements contained in this report may not in fact occur. Accordingly, undue reliance should not be placed on these statements. We undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as otherwise required by law.

 

 

 

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PART I

Primerica, Inc. (“Primerica”, “we”, “us” or the “Parent Company”) is a leading distributor of financial products to middle-income households in the United States and Canada with 116,827 licensed sales representatives at December 31, 2016. We assist our clients in meeting their needs for term life insurance, which we underwrite, and mutual funds, annuities, managed investments and other financial products, which we distribute primarily on behalf of third parties. We insured approximately five million lives and have over two million client investment accounts at December 31, 2016. Our distribution model uniquely positions us to reach underserved middle-income consumers in a cost effective manner and has proven itself in both favorable and challenging economic environments.

Our mission is to serve middle-income families by helping them make informed financial decisions and providing them with a strategy and means to gain financial independence. Our distribution model is designed to:

Corporate Structure

We conduct our core business activities in the United States through three principal entities, all of which are direct or indirect wholly owned subsidiaries of the Parent Company:

Primerica Life is domiciled in Massachusetts, and its wholly owned subsidiary, National Benefit Life Insurance Company (“NBLIC”), is a New York-domiciled life insurance underwriting company.

We conduct our core business activities in Canada through three principal entities, all of which are indirect wholly owned subsidiaries of the Parent Company:

Primerica was incorporated in the United States as a Delaware corporation in October 2009 to serve as a holding company for the Primerica businesses (collectively, the “Company”). Our businesses, which prior to April 1, 2010, were wholly owned indirect subsidiaries of Citigroup Inc. (“Citigroup”), were transferred to us by Citigroup on April 1, 2010 in a reorganization pursuant to which we completed an initial public offering in April 2010 (the “IPO”). On March 31, 2010, we entered into certain coinsurance transactions with entities then affiliated with Citigroup and ceded between 80% and 90% of the risks and rewards of our term life insurance policies that were in force at year-end 2009. We continue to administer all policies subject to these coinsurance agreements.

Our Clients

Our clients are generally middle-income consumers, which we define as households with $30,000 to $100,000 of annual income. According to the 2015 U.S. Census Bureau Current Population Survey, the latest period for which data is available, almost 50% of U.S. households fall in this range. We believe that we understand the financial needs of the middle-income segment which include:

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Our Distribution Model

Our distribution model, which is based on a traditional insurance agency model and borrows aspects from franchising and direct sales, is designed to reach and serve middle-income consumers efficiently by selling to customers through our sales representatives. Key characteristics of our unique distribution model include:

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Structure and Scalability of Our Sales Force

New sales representatives are recruited by existing sales representatives. When these new recruits join our sales force, they become part of the sales organization of the sales representative who recruited them as well as the sales organizations to which the recruiting sales representative belongs. As new sales representatives are successful in recruiting other sales representatives, they begin to build their own organization of sales representatives. We encourage our sales representatives to bring in new recruits to build their own sales organizations, enabling them to earn commissions on sales made by members of their sales organizations.

RVPs establish and maintain their own offices, which we refer to as field offices. Additionally, they are responsible for funding the costs of their administrative staff, marketing materials, travel and training and certain recognition events for the sales representatives in their respective sales organizations. Field offices provide a location for our representatives to conduct recruiting meetings, training events and sales-related meetings, disseminate our Intranet-streamed broadcasts, conduct compliance functions, and house field office business records. Some business locations contain more than one onsite field office. At December 31, 2016, approximately 4,840 field offices in approximately 2,749 locations were managed by sales representatives that served as full-time RVPs.

RVPs play a major role in training, motivating and monitoring their sales representatives. Because the sales representative’s compensation grows with the productivity of his or her sales organization, our distribution model provides financial rewards to sales representatives who successfully develop, support and monitor productive sales representatives. In addition to our commission structure, we offer the Primerica Ownership Program. This program provides qualifying RVPs a contractual right, upon meeting certain criteria, to transfer their Primerica businesses to another RVP or a qualifying family member at such time as they desire. Furthermore, we have developed proprietary tools and technology to enable our RVPs to reduce the time spent on administrative responsibilities associated with their sales organizations so they can devote more time to the sales and recruiting activities that drive our growth. We believe that our tools and technology, coupled with our sales compensation programs, further incentivize our sales representatives to become RVPs.

Both the structure of our sales force and the capacity of our support capabilities provide us with a high degree of scalability as we grow our business. Our support systems and technology are capable of supporting a large sales force and a high volume of transactions. In addition, by sharing training and compliance activities with our RVPs, we are able to grow without incurring proportionate overhead expenses.

Recruitment of Sales Representatives

The recruitment of sales representatives is undertaken by our existing sales representatives, who identify prospects and share with them the benefits of associating with our organization. Our sales representatives showcase our organization as dynamic and capable of improving lives of middle-income families.

After the initial contact, prospective recruits typically are invited to an opportunity meeting, which is conducted by an RVP. The objective of an opportunity meeting is to inform prospective recruits about our mission and their opportunity to start their own business by becoming sales representatives. At the conclusion of each opportunity meeting, prospective recruits are asked to complete an application and pay a nominal entry fee to commence their pre-licensing training and licensing examination preparation programs and, depending on the state or province, to cover their licensing exam registration costs, which are provided by the Company generally at no additional charge. Recruits are not obligated to purchase any of the products we offer in order to become sales representatives, though they may elect to make such purchases.

Recruits may become our clients or provide us with access to their friends, family members and personal acquaintances. As a result, we continually work to improve our systematic approach to recruiting and training new sales representatives.

Similar to other distribution systems that rely upon part-time sales representatives and typical of the life insurance industry in general, we experience wide disparities in the productivity of individual sales representatives. Many new recruits do not get licensed, often due to the time commitment required to obtain licenses and various regulatory and licensing hurdles. Many of our licensed sales representatives are only marginally active, as there are no minimum life insurance production requirements. As a result, we plan for this disparate level of productivity and view a continuous recruiting cycle as a key component of our distribution model. Our distribution model is designed to address the varying productivity associated with our sales representatives by paying production-based compensation, emphasizing recruiting, and developing initiatives to address barriers to licensing new recruits. By providing commissions to sales representatives on the sales generated by their sales organization, our compensation structure aligns the interests of our sales representatives with our interests in recruiting new representatives and creating sustainable sales production.

The following table provides information on new recruits and life insurance-licensed sales representatives:

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We define new recruits as individuals who have submitted an application to join our sales force together with payment of the nominal entry fee to commence their pre-licensing training. Certain recruits may not meet the compliance standards to join our sales force, and others elect to withdraw prior to becoming active in our business.

On average, it requires approximately three months for our sales representatives to complete the necessary applications and pre-licensing coursework and to pass the applicable state or provincial examinations to obtain a license to sell our term life insurance products. As a result, individuals recruited to join our sales force within a given fiscal period may not become licensed sales representatives or meet compliance standards until a subsequent period.

Sales Force Motivation, Training and Communication

Motivating, training and communicating with our sales force are critical to our success and that of our sales force.

Motivation. Through our proven system of sales force recognition events, contests and communications, we provide incentives that drive our results. Motivation is driven in part by our sales representatives’ desire to achieve higher levels of financial success by building their own businesses as Primerica sales representatives. The opportunity to help underserved middle-income households address financial challenges is also a significant source of motivation for many of our sales representatives, as well as for our management and home office employees.

We motivate our sales representatives to succeed in their businesses by:

We conduct numerous local, regional and national meetings to help inform and motivate our sales force. In June 2017, we are scheduled to hold our biennial international convention and associated meetings at the Indianapolis Convention Center and Lucas Oil Stadium in Indianapolis, Indiana. In previous years, tens of thousands of our new recruits and sales representatives have attended our conventions and associated meetings at their own expense, which we believe further demonstrates their commitment to our organization and mission.

Licensing Support and Training.  Our sales representatives must hold licenses to sell most of our product offerings. Our in-house life insurance licensing program offers a significant number of classroom, online and self-study life insurance pre-licensing courses to meet applicable state and provincial licensing requirements and prepare recruits to pass applicable licensing exams. For those representatives who wish to sell investment and savings products, we contract with third-party training firms to conduct exam preparation and also offer supplemental training tools.

As part of the entry fee, new recruits receive a personalized study plan, a variety of review classes, exam review videos and audios, and exam and license registration. Additionally, many RVPs conduct training either on nights or weekends, providing new recruits a convenient opportunity to attend training outside of weekday jobs or family commitments.

Communication and Training. We communicate with our sales force and provide training through multiple channels, including:

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Sales Force Support and Tools

Our information systems and technology are designed to support a sales and distribution model that relies on a large group of predominantly part-time sales representatives and assist them in building their own businesses. We provide our sales representatives with sales tools that allow both new and experienced sales representatives to offer financial information and products to their clients. The most significant of these tools are:

We also make available other technology to assist our sales force in selling and referring products and serving our clients, including:

Performance-Based Compensation Structure

Our commission structure is rooted in our origin as an insurance agency. Our sales representatives can receive commissions in multiple ways, including:

Our compensation structure pays a commission to the sales representative who sells the product and to several representatives above the selling representative within their sales organization. With respect to term life insurance sales, commissions are calculated based on the total first-year premium (excluding policy fee) for all policies and riders up to a maximum premium. To motivate our sales force, we compensate sales representatives for term life insurance product sales as quickly as possible. We advance a majority of the insurance commission upon the submission of a completed application and the first month’s premium payment. As the client makes his or her premium payments, the commission is earned by the sales representative and the commission advance is recovered by the Company. If premium payments are not made by the client and the policy terminates, any outstanding advance commission is charged back to the sales representative. The chargeback, which only occurs in the first year of a policy, would equal that portion of the advance that was made, but not earned, by the sales representative because the client did not pay the full premium for the period of

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time for which the advance was made to the sales representative. Chargebacks, which occur in the normal course of business, may be recovered by reducing any cash amounts otherwise payable to the sales representative.

Sales representatives and representatives above them in their sales organizations are contractually obligated to repay us any commission advances that are ultimately not earned due to the underlying policy lapsing prior to the full commission being earned. Additionally, we hold back a portion of the commissions earned by our sales representatives as a reserve out of which we may recover chargebacks. The amounts held back are referred to as deferred compensation account commissions (“DCA commissions”). DCA commissions are available to reduce amounts owed to the Company by sales representatives. DCA commissions also provide a sales representative with a cushion against the chargeback obligations of representatives in their sales organization. DCA commissions, unless applied to amounts owed, are ultimately released to sales representatives.

We pay most term life insurance commissions during the first policy year. One of our term riders provides for coverage increases after the first year. For such riders, we pay first year and renewal commissions only for premium increases related to the increased coverage. Additionally, we pay renewal commissions on some older in-force policies. At the end of the policy durations, we pay compensation on policy continuations and exchanges.

For most mutual funds (non-managed investments) and annuity products, commissions are paid both on the sale and on the value of assets under management and are calculated based on the dealer reallowance and trail compensation actually paid to us. For managed investment mutual fund products, fees earned are primarily based on the total of assets under management and represent the annual fee we receive as compensation for as long as we retain the account. We pay our sales representatives in Canada a sales commission on segregated fund investments and a monthly fee based on clients’ asset values.

We also pay compensation to our sales force with respect to sales of prepaid legal services subscriptions, referrals for customers purchasing auto and home insurance, and other financial products. Prepaid legal services commissions are paid in fixed amounts on the sale of the respective subscription. For auto and homeowners’ insurance products, fees are paid for referrals that result in completed applications. Commissions related to other financial products are calculated based on the type of product sold or referred.

We pay bonuses and other incentive compensation for the sale of certain products. Bonuses are paid to the sales representatives and RVPs for achieving specified production levels for the sale of term life insurance, investment and savings products and other distributed products.

In addition to these methods of compensation, we use a quarterly compensation program under which RVPs can earn equity-based compensation based on various production criteria.  

Sales Force Licensing

The states, provinces and territories in which our sales representatives operate generally require our sales representatives to obtain and maintain licenses to sell our insurance and securities products, requiring our sales representatives to pass applicable examinations. Our sales representatives may also be required to maintain licenses to sell certain of our other financial products. To encourage new recruits to obtain their life insurance licenses, we either pay directly or reimburse the sales representative for certain licensing-related fees and expenses once he or she passes the applicable exam and obtains the applicable life insurance license.

To sell insurance products, our sales representatives must be licensed by their resident state, province or territory and by any other state, province or territory in which they do business. In most states, our sales representatives must be appointed by our applicable insurance subsidiary.

To sell mutual funds and variable annuity products, our U.S. sales representatives must be registered with the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) and hold the appropriate license(s) designated by each state in which they sell securities products, as well as be appointed by the annuity underwriter in the states in which they market annuity products. Our sales representatives must meet all state and regulatory requirements and be designated as an investment advisor representative in order to sell our managed investment products.

Our Canadian sales representatives selling mutual fund products are required to be licensed by the securities regulators in the provinces and territories in which they sell mutual fund products. Our Canadian sales representatives who are licensed to sell our insurance products do not need any further licensing to sell our segregated funds products.

For sales of our supplemental products, appropriate state, provincial and territorial licensing may be required.

Supervision and Compliance

To ensure compliance with various federal, state, provincial and territorial legal requirements, we along with the RVPs share responsibility for maintaining an overall compliance program that involves compliance training and supporting as well as monitoring the activities of our sales representatives. We work with the RVPs to develop and maintain appropriate compliance procedures and systems.

Generally, all RVPs must obtain a principal license (FINRA Series 26 in the United States and Branch Manager license in Canada), and, as a result, they assume responsibility over the activities of their sales organizations. Additional supervision is provided by

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approximately 503 Offices of Supervisory Jurisdiction (“OSJs”), which are run by select RVPs who receive additional compensation for assuming responsibility for supervision and compliance monitoring across all product lines. OSJs are required to periodically inspect sales force field offices and report to us any compliance issues they observe. Our Field Supervision Department regularly assists the OSJs and communicates compliance requirements to them to ensure they properly discharge their responsibilities. In addition, our Compliance Department regularly runs surveillance reports designed to monitor the activity of our sales force and investigates any unusual or suspicious activity identified during these reviews or during periodic inspections of RVP offices.

All of our sales representatives are required to participate in our annual regulatory-required compliance meeting, a program administered by our senior management and our legal and compliance staff at which we provide a compliance training overview across all product lines and require the completion of compliance checklists by each of our licensed sales representatives for each product he or she offers. Additionally, our sales representatives receive periodic compliance communications regarding new compliance developments and issues of special significance. Furthermore, the OSJs are required to complete an annual training program that focuses on securities compliance and field supervision.

Our Field Audit Department regularly conducts audits of all sales representative offices, including scheduled and no-notice audits. The Field Audit Department reviews all regulatory-required records that are not maintained at our home office. Any compliance deficiencies noted in the audit must be corrected, and we carefully monitor all corrective action. Field offices that fail an audit are subject to a follow-up audit in 150 days. Audit deficiencies are addressed through fines, reprimands, probations and contract terminations.

Our Product Offerings

Reflecting our philosophy of helping middle-income clients with their financial product needs and ensuring compatibility with our distribution model, our product offerings generally meet the following criteria:

We use three operating segments to organize, evaluate and manage our business: Term Life Insurance, Investment and Savings Products, and Corporate and Other Distributed Products. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Results of Operations” and Note 3 (Segment and Geographical Information) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report for certain financial information regarding our operating segments and the geographic areas in which we operate.

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The following table provides information on our principal product offerings and the principal sources thereof by operating segment as of December 31, 2016.

 

Term Life Insurance

Through our three life insurance subsidiaries – Primerica Life, NBLIC and Primerica Life Canada – we offer term life insurance to clients in the United States, its territories, the District of Columbia and Canada. In 2015, the latest period for which data is available, we ranked as a leading provider of individual term life insurance in the United States in an annual study published by LIMRA.

We believe that term life insurance is generally a better alternative for middle-income clients than cash value life insurance. Term life insurance provides a guaranteed death benefit if the insured dies during the fixed coverage period of an in-force policy, thereby providing financial protection for his or her named beneficiaries in return for the periodic payment of premiums. Term insurance products, which are sometimes referred to as pure protection products, have no savings or investment features. By buying term life insurance rather than cash value life insurance, a policyholder initially pays a lower premium and, as a result, would have funds

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available to invest for retirement and other needs. We also believe that a person’s need for life insurance is inversely proportional to that person’s need for retirement savings, a concept we refer to as the theory of decreasing responsibility. Young adults with children, new mortgages and other obligations need to buy higher amounts of insurance to protect their family from the loss of future income resulting from the death of a primary bread winner. With its lower initial premium, term life insurance lets young families buy more coverage for their premium dollar when their needs are greatest and still have the ability to have funds for their retirement and other savings goals.

We design our term life insurance products to be easily understood by, and meet the needs of, our clients. Clients purchasing our term life insurance products generally seek stable, longer-term income protection products for themselves and their families. In response to this demand, we offer term life insurance products with level-premium coverage periods that range from 10 to 35 years and a wide range of coverage face amounts. Additionally, certain term life insurance policies may be customized through the addition of riders to provide coverage for specific protection needs, such as mortgage and college expense protection. Policies remain in force until the expiration of the coverage period or until the policyholder ceases to make premium payments and terminates the policy. Premiums are guaranteed for policies issued in the United States for the initial term period, up to a maximum of 20 years. After 20 years, we have the right to raise the premium, subject to limits provided for in the applicable policy. In Canada, the amount of the premium is guaranteed for the entire term of the policy.

One of the innovative term life insurance products that we offer is TermNow, our rapid issue term life product that provides for face amounts of $300,000 (local currency) and below. TermNow allows a sales representative to accept an application online or through the Primerica App and, with the client’s permission, allows the Company to access databases, including Medical Information Bureau (“MIB”) data in the United States and Canada and prescription drug and motor vehicle records in the United States, as part of the underwriting process. The Company uses this data and the client’s responses to application questions to determine any additional underwriting requirements. Results of these processes are reported in real time to our underwriting system, which then decides whether or not to rapidly issue a policy.

The average face amount of our in-force policies issued in 2016 was approximately $241,500. The following table sets forth selected information regarding our term life insurance product portfolio:

Pricing and Underwriting. We believe that effective pricing and underwriting are significant drivers of the profitability of our life insurance business and we have established our pricing assumptions to be consistent with our underwriting practices. We set pricing assumptions for expected claims, lapses and expenses based on our experience and other factors while also considering the competitive environment. These other factors include:

Under our current underwriting guidelines, we individually assess each insurable adult applicant and place each applicant into a risk classification based on current health, medical history and other factors. Each classification (generally preferred plus, preferred, non-tobacco and tobacco) has specific health criteria. We may decline an applicant’s request for coverage if his or her health or activities create unacceptable risks for us.

Our sales representatives ask applicants a series of yes or no questions regarding the applicant’s medical history. We may also consider information about the applicant from third-party sources, such as MIB, prescription drug databases, motor vehicle records and physician statements. If we believe that follow up regarding an applicant’s medical history is warranted, we use a third-party provider and its trained personnel to contact the applicant by telephone to obtain a more detailed medical history. Additionally, we may require copies of applicants’ medical information from their attending physicians. The report resulting from this process is electronically transmitted to us and is evaluated in our underwriting process. For higher issued face amount applications, paramedical requirements are also needed.  

To accommodate the significant volume of insurance business that we process, we and our sales force use technology to make our operations more efficient. We provide an electronic life insurance application that supports TermNow and other term life insurance

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products. Approximately 93% of the life insurance applications we received in 2016 were submitted electronically. Our electronic life insurance application ensures that the application is submitted error-free, collects the applicant’s electronic signatures and populates the RVP’s sales log. For paper applications, we use our proprietary review and screening system to automatically screen that an application meets regulatory and other requirements, as well as alert our application processing staff to any deficiencies with the application. If any deficiencies are noted, our application processing staff contacts the sales representative to obtain the necessary information. Once an application is complete, the pertinent application data is uploaded to our life insurance administrative systems, which manage the underwriting process by electronically analyzing data, recommending underwriting decisions, requirements for higher face amounts or older ages and communicating with the sales representative and third-party service providers.

Claims Management. Our insurance subsidiaries processed over 14,600 life insurance benefit claims in 2016 on policies underwritten by us and sold by our sales representatives. These claims fall into three categories: death, waiver of premium (applicable to disabled policyholders who purchased a rider pursuant to which Primerica agrees to waive remaining life insurance premiums during a qualifying disability), or terminal illness. The claim may be reported by our sales representative, a beneficiary or, in the case of qualifying disability or terminal illness, the policyholder. Following are the benefits paid by us for each category of claim:

 

In the United States, after coverage has been in force for two years, we may not contest the policy for misrepresentations in the application or the suicide of the insured. In Canada, we have a similar two-year contestability period, but we are permitted to contest insurance fraud at any time. As a matter of policy, we do not contest any coverage issued by us to replace the face amount of another insurance company’s individual coverage to the extent the replaced coverage would not be contestable by the replaced company. We believe this approach helps our sales representatives sell replacement policies, as it reassures clients that claims made under their replacement policies are not more likely to be contested as to the face amount replaced. Through our claims administration system, we record, process and pay the appropriate benefit for any reported claim. Our claims system is used by our home office investigators to order medical and investigative reports from third-party providers, calculate amounts due to the beneficiary (including interest), and report payments to the appropriate reinsurance providers.

Primerica Life, a Massachusetts domestic insurer, regularly consults the Social Security Administration’s Death Master File (“Death Master File”) in accordance with applicable state requirements. NBLIC, a New York domestic insurer, regularly consults the Death Master File in accordance with New York state insurance requirements. These processes help identify potential deceased policyholders for whom claims have not been presented in the normal course of business. If unreported deaths are identified, Primerica Life and NBLIC attempt to determine if a valid claim exists, to locate beneficiaries, and to pay benefits accordingly. Prior to 2011, the Company did not use the Death Master File in any aspect of its business.

Reinsurance. We use reinsurance primarily to reduce the volatility risk with respect to mortality. Since 1994, we have reinsured death benefits in the United States on a first dollar quota share yearly renewable term (“YRT”) basis. We pay premiums to each reinsurer based on rates in the applicable agreement.

We generally reinsure 90% of all term life insurance policies sold in the United States, excluding coverage under certain riders. For policies sold in Canada, we now utilize a YRT reinsurance arrangement similar to our U.S. program. Prior to 2012, we reinsured a smaller proportion of the face amount for policies sold in Canada. We also reinsure substandard cases on a facultative basis to capitalize on the extensive experience some of our reinsurers have with substandard cases. A substandard case has a level of risk that is acceptable to us, but at higher premium rates than a standard case because of the health, habits or occupation of the applicant.

While our reinsurance agreements have indefinite terms, both we and our reinsurers are entitled to discontinue any reinsurance agreement as to future policies by giving advance notice of 90 days to the other. Each reinsurer’s ability to terminate coverage for existing policies is limited to circumstances such as a material breach of contract or nonpayment of premiums by us. Each reinsurer has the right to increase rates with certain restrictions. If a reinsurer increases rates, we have the right to immediately recapture the business. Either party may offset any balance due from the other party. For additional information on our reinsurance, see Note 1 (Description of Business, Basis of Presentation, and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies) and Note 6 (Reinsurance) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.

Financial Strength Ratings. Ratings with respect to financial strength are an important factor in establishing our competitive position and maintaining public confidence in us and our ability to market products. Ratings organizations review the financial performance and condition of most insurers and provide opinions regarding financial strength, operating performance and ability to meet obligations to policyholders. For additional information, see “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Liquidity and Capital Resources – Financial Ratings.”

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Investment and Savings Products

We believe that many middle-income families have significant unmet retirement and savings needs. Using our FNA tool, our sales representatives help our clients understand their current financial situation and how they can use time-tested financial principles, such as prioritizing personal savings, to reach their savings goals. Our product offerings comprise basic saving and investment vehicles that seek to meet the needs of clients in all stages of life.

Through PFS, PFS Investments, Primerica Life Canada, PFSL Investments Canada, and our licensed sales representatives, we distribute and sell to our clients mutual funds, managed investments, variable and fixed annuities, fixed indexed annuities and segregated funds. As of December 31, 2016, approximately 23,750 of our sales representatives were licensed to distribute mutual funds in the United States (including Puerto Rico) and Canada. As of December 31, 2016, approximately 13,600 of our sales representatives were licensed and appointed to distribute annuities in the United States and approximately 10,400 of our sales representatives were licensed to sell segregated funds in Canada.

In the United States, clients acquire securities products from PFS Investments in either a brokerage or an advisory relationship.  In a brokerage relationship, a PFS Investments registered representative, pursuant to FINRA rules, is required to make a recommendation that is suitable for the client, but provides no ongoing monitoring of the client’s investments.  For its services, PFS Investments receives an upfront commission in connection with the sale, and a smaller, annual trail commission or 12b-1 fee for the continued servicing of the account.  PFS Investments markets mutual funds and variable annuities on a brokerage basis.  In an advisory relationship, PFS Investments and its investment advisory representative have a fiduciary obligation to the client that arises under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 and related case law.  Our current managed investment offering is a mutual fund wrap fee program in which our co-sponsor has discretionary authority over the client’s account and provides ongoing investment advice.  As a co-sponsor of the program, PFS Investments and its investment advisory representatives provide the initial investment advice and receive part of the annual advisory fee, which is assessed as a percentage of the value of the assets in the account.

Mutual Funds. In the United States, our licensed sales representatives primarily distribute mutual funds from the following select asset management firms: American Century Investments, American Funds, Franklin Templeton, Invesco, Legg Mason and Pioneer. These firms have diversified product offerings, including domestic and international equity, fixed-income and money market funds. Each firm continually evaluates its fund offerings and adds new funds on a regular basis. Additionally, their product offerings reflect diversified asset classes and varied investment styles. We have selling agreements with a number of other fund companies and we believe that collectively, these asset management firms provide funds that meet the investment needs of our clients.

During 2016, four of these fund families (Legg Mason, Invesco, American Funds and Franklin Templeton) accounted for approximately 92% of our mutual fund sales in the United States. Legg Mason and Invesco each have large wholesaling teams that support our sales force in distributing their mutual fund products. Our selling agreements with these firms all have indefinite terms and provide for termination at will.  

An affiliate of PFS Investments, Primerica Shareholder Services, Inc. (“PSS”), provides transfer agent services to investors who purchase shares of mutual funds offered by American Century Investments, Franklin Templeton, Invesco, or Pioneer Investments through PFS Investments.  In exchange for these services, PSS receives recordkeeping and account maintenance fees from the applicable fund company.  PSS has retained BNY Mellon Asset Servicing (“BNYMAS”) to perform the necessary transfer agent services for these accounts on its proprietary SuRPASS system.  Also, BNYMAS provides transfer agent services to investors who purchase shares of Legg Mason funds through PFS Investments.  By agreement with Legg Mason, such positions are included on a consolidated account statement prepared by PSS for PFS Investments clients. PFS Investments serves as the IRS approved non-bank custodian for customers that open individual retirement accounts (“IRA”) (or certain other retirement accounts) with PFS Investments and invest in shares of mutual funds offered by American Century Investments, Franklin Templeton, Invesco, Legg Mason or Pioneer Investments. For these services, PFS Investments receives an annual custodian fee.

In Canada, our sales representatives offer Primerica-branded Concert™ Series funds, which accounted for approximately 37% of our Canadian mutual fund product sales in 2016. Our Concert™ Series of funds consist of six different asset allocation funds with varying investment objectives ranging from fixed income to aggressive growth. Each Concert™ Series fund is a fund of funds that allocates fund assets among equity and income mutual funds of AGF Investments, a leading asset management firm in Canada. The asset allocation within each Concert^™ Series fund is determined on an advisory contract basis by Morneau Shepell Asset and Risk Management Ltd. The principal non-proprietary funds that we offer our clients in Canada are funds of AGF Investments, Mackenzie Investments, and Fidelity Investments. Sales of these non-proprietary funds accounted for approximately 50% of mutual fund product sales in Canada in 2016. Like our U.S. fund family list, the asset management partners we have chosen in Canada have a diversified offering of equity, fixed-income and money market funds, including domestic and international funds with a variety of investment styles.

A key part of our investment philosophy for our clients is the long-term benefits of dollar cost averaging through systematic investing. To accomplish this, we assist our clients by facilitating monthly contributions to their investment account by bank draft against their checking accounts. During the year ended December 31, 2016, average client assets held in individual retirement accounts in the United States and Canada accounted for an estimated 74% and 73% of total average client account assets, respectively. Our individual retirement accounts in Canada are considered registered retirement savings plans (“RRSP”). An RRSP is similar to a traditional IRA, in the United States in that contributions are made to the RRSP on a pre-tax basis and income is earned on a tax-deferred basis. Our

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high concentration of retirement plan accounts and our systematic savings philosophy are beneficial to us as these accounts tend to have lower redemption rates than the industry and, therefore, generate more recurring asset-based revenues.

Managed Investments. PFS Investments is a registered investment advisor in the United States, and it offers a managed investments program under a contract with Lockwood Advisors, a registered investment advisor and unit of Bank of New York Mellon. The offering consists of a mutual fund advisory program with a $25,000 minimum initial investment. Lockwood Advisors is a co-sponsor of the program, and acts as the discretionary portfolio manager of the asset allocation models offered. In contrast to our mutual fund and annuity business, clients do not pay an upfront commission in an advisory fee program; rather, they pay an annual fee based on the value of the assets in their account. In 2017, PFS Investments will launch a separate, expanded managed investments platform.  This platform will also have an annual fee based on the value of assets in the account rather than an upfront commission and will provide our customers access to mutual fund and exchange-traded fund investment models designed and managed by several unaffiliated investment advisers.  PFS Investments will provide transfer agent and custodial services for the expanded managed investments platform through a subservice agreement with TD Ameritrade Institutional.

Variable Annuities. Our U.S. licensed sales representatives also distribute variable annuities underwritten and provided by American General Life Insurance Company and its affiliates (“AIG”), AXA Distributors, LLC, Lincoln National Life Insurance Company and its affiliates (“Lincoln National”), and MetLife Investors and its affiliates. Variable annuities are insurance products that enable our clients to invest in accounts with attributes similar to mutual funds, but also have benefits not found in mutual funds, including death benefits that protect beneficiaries from losses due to a market downturn and income benefits that guarantee future income payments for the life of the policyholder(s). Each of these companies bears the insurance risk on its variable annuities that we distribute.

Segregated Funds. In Canada, we offer segregated fund products, which are branded as our Common Sense Funds^TM, that have some of the characteristics of our variable annuity products distributed in the United States. Our Common Sense Funds^TM are underwritten by Primerica Life Canada and offer our clients the ability to participate in a diversified managed investments program that can be opened for as little as $25. While the assets and corresponding liability (reserves) are recognized on our consolidated balance sheets, the assets are held in trust for the benefit of the segregated fund contract owners and are not commingled with the general assets of the Company.

There are two fund products within our segregated funds offerings: the Asset Builder Funds and the Strategic Retirement Income Funds (“SRIF”). The investment objective of Asset Builder Funds is long-term capital appreciation combined with some guarantee of principal. Unlike mutual funds, our Asset Builder Funds product guarantees clients at least 75% of their net contributions (net of withdrawals) at the earlier of the date of their death or at the Asset Builder Funds’ maturity date, which is selected by the client. The portfolio consists of both equities and fixed income with the equity component consisting of a pool of large cap Canadian equities and the fixed-income component consisting of Canadian federal government zero coupon treasuries and government-backed floating rate notes. The portion of the Asset Builder Funds’ portfolio allocated to zero coupon treasuries are held in sufficient quantity to satisfy the guarantees payable at the maturity date of each Asset Builder Fund. As a result, our potential loss exposure is very low as it comes from the guarantees payable upon the death of the client prior to the maturity date.

The investment objective of the SRIF is to provide income during retirement plus the opportunity for modest capital appreciation.  The SRIF invests in a maximum of 25% equities with the balance in fixed-income securities.  The product guarantees at least 75% of the clients net contributions (net of withdrawals) at the earlier of the date of their death or when the client attains age 100.  All accounts in the SRIF are held as Registered Retirement Income Funds which carry government mandated minimum annual withdrawals. Similar to the Asset Builder Funds, our potential exposure for loss associated with the SRIF is very low as its investment allocations are conservatively aligned with the risks of the client contracts.

With the guarantee level at 75% and in light of the time until the scheduled maturity of our segregated funds contracts, we currently do not believe it is necessary to allocate any corporate capital as reserves for segregated fund contract benefits.

Many of our Canadian clients invest in segregated funds through a RRSP. Our Common Sense Funds™ are also managed by AGF Investments.

Fixed Indexed Annuities. We offer fixed indexed annuity products in the U.S. through Lincoln National, AIG, and Universal Life Insurance Company (“Universal Life”) (Puerto Rico). These products combine safety of principal and guaranteed rates of return with additional investment options tied to equity market indices that allow for returns that move based on the performance of an index. We believe these and other fixed annuity products give both our life and securities representatives more ways to assist our clients with their retirement planning needs.

Fixed Annuities. We sell fixed annuities underwritten by MetLife Investors USA Life Insurance Company and its affiliates in the U.S. Our current offering includes a fixed premium deferred annuity and a single premium immediate annuity. The fixed premium deferred annuity allows our clients to accumulate savings on a tax deferred basis with safety of principal and a guaranteed rate of return. The single premium immediate annuity provides clients with an immediate income alternative. In Puerto Rico, we currently offer two annuity products: a fixed annuity and a fixed bonus annuity underwritten by Universal Life. These products provide guarantees against loss with several income options.

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Investment and Savings Products Revenue. In the United States, we earn revenue from our investment and savings products business in three ways: commissions and payments earned on the sale of such products; fees and payments earned based upon client asset values; and account-based revenue. On the sale of mutual funds (not including managed investments) and annuities, we earn a dealer reallowance or commission on new purchases as well as trail commissions on the assets held in our clients’ accounts. We also receive marketing and support fees from most of our mutual fund and annuity providers. These payments are typically a percentage of sales or a percentage of the clients’ total asset values, or a combination of both. For managed investments, we receive an asset-based fee as compensation for advisory services, as well as recordkeeping and account maintenance fees, and marketing and support fees from the mutual funds involved in the program.

As the IRS approved non-bank custodian for the funds noted above, PFS Investments receives annual fees on a per-account basis for as long as it services the account.  As explained above, PSS receives recordkeeping and account maintenance fees for the transfer agent services it provides to the four fund families noted in the “Mutual Funds” section above. An individual client account may include multiple fund positions for which we earn recordkeeping fees.

Because the total amount of these fees fluctuates with the number of such accounts and positions within those accounts, the opening or closing of accounts has a direct impact on our revenues. From time to time, the fund companies for whom we provide these services request that accounts or positions with small balances be closed.

In Canada, we earn revenue from the sales of our investment and savings products in two ways: commissions (or dealer reallowance) on mutual fund sales and fees paid based upon clients’ asset values (mutual fund trail commissions and advisory fees from segregated funds and Concert™ Series funds). On segregated funds, we also earn deferred sales charges for early withdrawals at an annual declining rate within seven years of an investor’s original contribution.

Other Distributed Products

We distribute other products, including prepaid legal services, auto and homeowners’ insurance referrals, credit information services, long-term care insurance, and health insurance. In Canada, we also offer mortgage loan referrals and insurance offerings for small businesses. While many of these products are Primerica-branded, all of them are underwritten or otherwise provided by a third party.

We offer our U.S. and Canadian clients a Primerica-branded prepaid legal services program on a subscription basis that is underwritten and provided by LegalShield. The prepaid legal services program offers a network of attorneys in each state, province or territory to assist subscribers with legal matters such as drafting wills, living wills and powers of attorney, trial defense and motor vehicle-related matters. We receive a commission based on our sales of these subscriptions.

We have an arrangement with Answer Financial, Inc. (“Answer Financial”), an independent insurance agency, whereby our U.S. sales representatives refer clients to Answer Financial to receive multiple, competitive auto and homeowners’ insurance quotes. Answer Financial’s comparative quote process allows clients to easily identify the underwriter that is most competitively priced for their type of risk. We receive commissions based on completed auto and homeowners’ insurance applications and pay our sales representatives a flat referral fee for each completed application.

We offer credit information services in the United States and Canada. Credit information products allow clients to access their credit score and other personal credit information. Clients also have the capability of creating a simple-to-understand plan for paying off their debts with information from their credit file. Our credit information products are co-branded with and supported by a subsidiary of Equifax Inc.

We have an arrangement with LTCI Partners, LLC (“LTCI Partners”), an independent brokerage general agency specializing in long-term care insurance, whereby our U.S. sales representatives refer clients to LTCI Partners to receive a long-term care insurance quote. Many of these policies are underwritten and provided by Genworth Life Insurance Company and its affiliates and some by various other insurance providers. We receive commissions based on the annualized premium of placed and taken policies.

 

We have a distribution agreement with GoHealth, LLC (“GoHealth”), an operator of a private health insurance marketplace that allows U.S. consumers to enroll in health insurance compliant with the Affordable Care Act. Our representatives with health insurance licenses in a limited number of states can sell clients a health insurance policy provided by a number of major carriers on GoHealth’s private exchange platform. We receive commissions from health insurance carriers for policies issued to clients we enroll. These payments, which vary by health insurance carrier and by state, are typically a percentage of the policy premium or a flat amount based on the number of members on a policy.

In Canada, we have a referral program for mortgage loan products offered by a third-party lender, B2B Bank. Due to regulatory requirements, our sales representatives in Canada only refer clients to the lender and are not involved in the loan application and closing process.

In Canada, we offer insurance products, including supplemental medical and dental, accidental death, and disability, to small businesses. These insurance products are underwritten and provided by The Edge Benefits Inc. and its affiliates. We receive a commission based on our sales of these policies and any subsequent renewals.

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Prior to 2015, we offered student life insurance and short-term disability benefit insurance, which were underwritten through NBLIC. These products were distributed solely by outside third parties. In 2014, NBLIC sold its short-term disability benefit business and novated all policies in force to AmTrust North America, Inc. and ceased the marketing and underwriting of new student life insurance policies. NBLIC continues to administer the existing block of student life business, as well as other closed blocks of insurance that were discontinued several years ago.

Regulation

Our business is subject to extensive laws and governmental regulations, including administrative determinations, court decisions and similar constraints. The purpose of the laws and regulations affecting our business is primarily to protect our clients and other consumers. Many of the laws and regulations to which we are subject are regularly re-examined, and existing or future laws and regulations may become more restrictive or otherwise adversely affect our operations.

Insurance and securities regulatory authorities periodically make inquiries regarding compliance by us and our subsidiaries with insurance, securities and other laws and regulations regarding the conduct of our insurance and securities businesses. At any given time, a number of financial or market conduct examinations of our subsidiaries may be ongoing. We cooperate with such inquiries and take corrective action when warranted.

Regulation of Our Insurance Business. Primerica Life, as a Massachusetts domestic insurer, is regulated by the Massachusetts Division of Insurance and is licensed to transact business in the United States (except New York), the District of Columbia and certain U.S. territories. NBLIC, as a New York domestic insurer and a wholly owned subsidiary of Primerica Life, is regulated by the New York State Department of Financial Services and is licensed to transact business in all 50 U.S. states, the District of Columbia and the U.S. Virgin Islands.

State insurance laws and regulations regulate all aspects of our U.S. insurance business. Such regulation is vested in state agencies having broad administrative and, in some instances, discretionary power dealing with many aspects of our business, which may include, among other things, premium rates and increases thereto, reserve requirements, marketing practices, advertising, privacy, policy forms, reinsurance reserve requirements, acquisitions, mergers, and capital adequacy.

Our U.S. insurance subsidiaries are required to file certain annual, quarterly and periodic reports with the supervisory agencies in the jurisdictions in which they do business, and their business and accounts are subject to examination by such agencies at any time. These examinations generally are conducted under National Association of Insurance Commissioners (“NAIC”) guidelines. Under the rules of these jurisdictions, insurance companies are examined periodically (generally every three to five years) by one or more of the supervisory agencies on behalf of the states in which they do business. Our most recent examinations of the financial condition and affairs of Primerica Life, NBLIC, Peach Re, Inc. (“Peach Re”) and Vidalia Re, Inc. (“Vidalia Re”) performed by the respective domiciliary state insurance departments were completed during 2016 with no findings or recommendations noted.

Primerica Life Canada is federally incorporated and provincially licensed and is required to file periodic reports with Canadian regulatory agencies. It transacts business in all Canadian provinces and territories. Primerica Life Canada is regulated federally by the Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions Canada (“OSFI”) and provincially by the Superintendents of Insurance for each province and territory. Canadian federal and provincial insurance laws regulate all aspects of our Canadian insurance business. OSFI regulates insurers’ corporate governance, financial and prudential oversight, and regulatory compliance, while provincial and territorial regulators oversee insurers’ market conduct practices and related compliance.

Our Canadian insurance subsidiary files quarterly and annual financial statements prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”) and other locally accepted standards with OSFI in compliance with legal and regulatory requirements. OSFI conducts periodic detailed examinations of insurers’ business and financial practices, including the control environment, internal and external auditing and minimum capital adequacy, surpluses and related testing, legislative compliance and appointed actuary requirements. These examinations also address regulatory compliance with anti-money laundering practices, outsourcing, related-party transactions, privacy and corporate governance. Provincial regulators conduct periodic market conduct examinations of insurers doing business in their jurisdiction.

In addition to federal and provincial oversight, Primerica Life Canada is also subject to the guidelines set out by the Canadian Life and Health Insurance Association (“CLHIA”). CLHIA is an industry association that works closely with federal and provincial regulators to establish market conduct guidelines and sound business and financial practices addressing matters such as sales representative suitability and screening, insurance illustrations and partially guaranteed savings products.

The laws and regulations governing our U.S. and Canadian insurance businesses include numerous provisions governing the marketplace activities of insurers, including policy filings, payment of insurance commissions, disclosures, advertising, product replacement, sales and underwriting practices and complaints and claims handling. The state insurance regulatory authorities in the United States and the federal and provincial regulators in Canada generally enforce these provisions through periodic market conduct examinations.

In addition, most U.S. states and Canadian provinces and territories, as well as the Canadian federal government, have laws and regulations governing the financial condition of insurers, including standards of solvency, types and concentration of investments,

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establishment and maintenance of reserves, reinsurance and requirements of capital adequacy.  As discussed previously, U.S. state insurance law and Canadian provincial insurance law also require certain licensing of insurers and their agents.

Insurance Holding Company Regulation; Limitations on Dividends. The states in which our U.S. insurance subsidiaries are domiciled have enacted legislation and adopted regulations regarding insurance holding company systems. These laws require registration of, and periodic reporting by, insurance companies domiciled within the jurisdiction that control, or are controlled by, other corporations or persons so as to constitute an insurance holding company system. These laws also affect the acquisition of control of insurance companies as well as transactions between insurance companies and companies controlling them.

The Parent Company is a holding company that has no significant operations. Our primary asset is the capital stock of our subsidiaries, and our primary liability is $375.0 million in principal amount of senior unsecured notes (the “Senior Notes”). As a result, we depend on dividends or other distributions from our insurance and other subsidiaries as the principal source of cash to meet our obligations, including the payment of interest on, and repayment of, principal of any debt obligations.

The states in which our U.S. insurance subsidiaries are domiciled impose certain restrictions on our insurance subsidiaries’ ability to pay dividends to us. In Canada, dividends can be paid subject to the paying insurance company’s continuing compliance with regulatory requirements and upon notice to OSFI. We determine the dividend capacity of our insurance subsidiaries using statutory accounting principles (“SAP”) promulgated by the NAIC in the United States and using IFRS in Canada.

The following table sets forth the statutory value of cash and securities dividends paid or payable by our insurance subsidiaries:

For additional information on dividend capacity and restrictions, see Note 15 (Statutory Accounting and Dividend Restrictions) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.

Policy and Contract Reserve Sufficiency Analysis. Under the laws and regulations of their jurisdictions of domicile, our U.S. insurance subsidiaries are required to conduct annual analyses of the sufficiency of their life insurance statutory reserves. In addition, other U.S. jurisdictions in which our U.S. subsidiaries are licensed may have certain reserve requirements that differ from those of their domiciliary jurisdictions. In each case, a qualified actuary must submit an opinion that states that the aggregate statutory reserves, when considered in light of the assets held with respect to such reserves, make good and sufficient provision for the associated contractual obligations and related expenses of the insurer. If such an opinion cannot be provided, then the affected insurer must set up additional reserves by moving funds from surplus. Our U.S. insurance subsidiaries most recently submitted these opinions without qualification as of December 31, 2016 to applicable insurance regulatory authorities.

Primerica Life Canada also is required to conduct regular analyses of the sufficiency of its life insurance statutory reserves. Life insurance reserving and reporting requirements are completed by Primerica Life Canada’s appointed actuary. Materials provided by the appointed actuary are filed with OSFI as part of our annual filing and are subject to OSFI’s review. Based upon this review, OSFI may institute remedial action against Primerica Life Canada as OSFI deems necessary. Primerica Life Canada has not been subject to any such remediation or enforcement by OSFI.

Surplus and Capital Requirements. U.S. insurance regulators have the discretionary authority, in connection with the ongoing licensing of our U.S. insurance subsidiaries, to limit or prohibit the ability of an insurer to issue new policies if, in the regulators’ judgment, the insurer is not maintaining a minimum amount of surplus or is in hazardous financial condition. Insurance regulators may also limit the ability of an insurer to issue new life insurance policies and annuity contracts above an amount based upon the face amount and premiums of policies of a similar type issued in the prior year. We do not believe that the current or anticipated levels of statutory surplus of our U.S. insurance subsidiaries present a material risk that any such regulator would limit the amount of new policies that our U.S. insurance subsidiaries may issue.

The NAIC has established risk-based capital (“RBC”) standards for U.S. life insurance companies, as well as a model act to be applied at the state level. The model act provides that life insurance companies must submit an annual RBC report to state regulators reporting their RBC based upon four categories of risk: asset risk, insurance risk, interest rate risk and business risk. For each category, the capital requirement is determined by applying factors to various asset, premium and reserve items, with the factor being higher for those items with greater underlying risk and lower for less risky items. The formula is intended to be used by insurance regulators as an early warning tool to identify possible weakly capitalized companies for purposes of initiating further regulatory action. If an insurer’s RBC falls below specified levels, then the insurer would be subject to different degrees of regulatory action depending upon the level. These actions range from requiring the insurer to propose actions to correct the capital deficiency to placing the insurer under regulatory control.

In Canada, OSFI has authority to request an insurer to enter into a prudential agreement implementing measures to maintain or improve the insurer’s safety and soundness. OSFI also may issue orders to an insurer directing it to refrain from unsafe or unsound

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practices or to take action to remedy financial concerns. OSFI has neither requested that Primerica Life Canada enter into any prudential agreement nor has OSFI issued any order against Primerica Life Canada.

In Canada, OSFI oversees an insurer’s minimum capital requirement and determines the sum of capital requirements for five categories of risk: asset default risk, mortality/morbidity/lapse risks, changes in interest rate environment risk, segregated funds risk and foreign exchange risk.  

NAIC Pronouncements and Reviews. The NAIC promulgates model insurance laws and regulations for adoption by the states in order to standardize insurance industry accounting and reporting guidance. Although many state regulations emanate from NAIC model statutes and pronouncements, SAPs continue to be established by individual state laws, regulations and permitted practices. Certain changes to NAIC model statutes and pronouncements, particularly as they affect accounting issues, may take effect automatically without affirmative action by a given state. With respect to some financial regulations and guidelines, non-domiciliary states sometimes defer to the interpretation of the insurance department of the state of domicile. However, neither the action of the domiciliary state nor the action of the NAIC is binding on a non-domiciliary state. Accordingly, a non-domiciliary state could choose to follow a different interpretation.

The NAIC has established guidelines to assess the financial strength of insurance companies for U.S. state regulatory purposes. The NAIC conducts annual reviews of the financial data of insurance companies primarily through the application of 12 financial ratios prepared on a statutory basis. The annual statements are submitted to state insurance departments to assist them in monitoring insurance companies in their state.

Statutory Accounting Principles. SAP is a basis of accounting developed by U.S. insurance regulators to monitor and regulate the solvency of insurance companies. In developing SAP, insurance regulators were primarily concerned with evaluating an insurer’s ability to pay all of its current and future obligations to policyholders. As a result, statutory accounting focuses on conservatively valuing the assets and liabilities of insurers, generally in accordance with standards specified by the insurer’s domiciliary jurisdiction. Uniform statutory accounting practices are established by the NAIC and generally adopted by regulators in the various U.S. jurisdictions. These accounting principles and related regulations determine, among other things, the amounts our insurance subsidiaries may ultimately pay to us as dividends, and they differ in many instances from U.S generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”), which are designed to measure a business on a going-concern basis. Under U.S. GAAP, certain expenses are capitalized when incurred and then amortized over the life of the associated policies. The valuation of assets and liabilities under U.S. GAAP is based in part upon best estimate assumptions made by the insurer. U.S. GAAP-basis stockholders’ equity represents the ownership interest in the U.S. GAAP-measured net assets held by stockholders. As a result, the values for assets, liabilities and equity reflected in financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP will be different from those reflected in financial statements prepared under SAP.

State Insurance Guaranty Funds Laws. Under most state insurance guaranty fund laws, insurance companies doing business therein can be assessed up to prescribed limits for policyholder losses incurred by insolvent companies. Most insurance guaranty fund laws currently provide that an assessment may be excused or deferred if it would threaten an insurer’s own financial strength. In addition, assessments may be partially offset by credits against future state premium taxes.

Additional Oversight in Canada. In Canada, the Minister of Finance under the Insurance Companies Act approved our indirect acquisition of Primerica Life Canada in April 2010. The Minister expects that a person controlling a federal insurance company will provide ongoing financial, managerial or operational support to its subsidiary should such support prove necessary. The Minister required us to sign a support principle letter, which provides, without limiting the scope of the support principle letter, that this ongoing support may take the form of additional capital, the provision of managerial expertise or the provision of support in such areas as risk management, internal control systems and training. The provision of the support principle letter is intended to ensure that the person controlling the federal insurance company is aware of the importance and relevance of the support principle in the consideration of the application. However, the letter does not create a legal obligation on our part to provide the support. Primerica Life Canada is currently in compliance with the terms of the support principle letter.

Other Regulatory Changes. From time to time, various jurisdictions make changes to the state or provincial licensing examination process that may make it more difficult for our sales representatives to obtain their life insurance licenses. For example, the insurance regulators in the Canadian provinces and territories implemented a new life insurance licensing examination program across Canada in January 2016. Changes such as these could decrease the ability of applicants to obtain their life insurance licenses.  Likewise, FINRA has announced a restructuring of its representative-level qualification examination program that marks a conceptual change from FINRA’s current securities examination program. FINRA has not announced a specific timeframe for the implementation of the new exam structure, but has targeted an effective date of January 2018. While the objective of the new program is to improve efficiencies, if the changes create barriers to entry that are not relevant to assessing an applicant’s competence, the costs significantly increase, or the program is implemented without adequate transitions, the restructured program could result in a decrease in the number of registrants obtaining their securities licenses in the United States. For more information, see “Risk Factors” and “ITEM 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”

Regulation of Our Investment and Savings Products Business. PFS Investments is registered with, and regulated by, FINRA and the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). It is subject to regulation by the Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board (the

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“MSRB”) with respect to 529 plans, by the Department of Labor (“DOL”) with respect to certain retirement plans, and by state securities agencies. PFS Investments operates as an introducing broker-dealer and is registered in all 50 U.S. states and certain territories and with the SEC. As such, it performs a review of investment recommendations made by our representatives in the account opening process, in accordance with FINRA requirements, but it does not hold client accounts. U.S. client funds are held by the mutual fund in which such client funds are invested or by the annuity underwriters in the case of variable annuities.

PFS Investments is required to file monthly reports as well as annual audited financial statements with the SEC pursuant to Section 17 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (“Exchange Act”), and Rule 17a-5 thereunder. As part of filing these reports, PFS Investments is subject to minimum net capital requirements, as mandated by Rule 15c3‑1 of the Exchange Act.

The SEC rules and regulations that currently apply to PFS Investments and our registered representatives generally require that we make suitable investment recommendations to our customers and disclose conflicts of interest that might affect the recommendations or advice we provide. The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 (the “Dodd-Frank Act”) gave the SEC the power to impose on broker-dealers a heightened standard of conduct (fiduciary duty) that is currently applicable only to investment advisors. As required by the Dodd-Frank Act, in January 2011, the SEC staff submitted a report to Congress in which it recommended that the SEC adopt a fiduciary standard of conduct for broker-dealers that is uniform with that of investment advisors. The SEC has slated the rule on its regulatory agenda for “long-term action” without a specific timetable.

PFS Investments is also approved as a non-bank custodian under Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) regulations and, in that capacity, may act as a custodian or trustee for certain retirement accounts. Our sales representatives who sell securities products through PFS Investments are required to be registered representatives of PFS Investments. All aspects of PFS Investments’ business are regulated, including sales methods and charges, trade practices, the use and safeguarding of customer securities, capital structure, recordkeeping, conduct and supervision of its independent salespeople.

PFS Investments is also an SEC-registered investment advisor and, under the name Primerica Advisors, offers a managed investments, or mutual fund advisory, program. In most states, our representatives are required to obtain an additional license to offer this program.

PSS is registered with the SEC as a transfer agent and, accordingly, is subject to SEC rules and examinations. Acting in this capacity, PSS and third-party vendors employed by PSS are responsible for certain client investment account shareholder services.

On April 8, 2016, the DOL published a final regulation (“the DOL Fiduciary Rule”), which more broadly defines the circumstances under which a person or entity may be considered a fiduciary for purposes of the prohibited transaction rules of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (“ERISA”) and Internal Revenue Code (“IRC”) Section 4975. IRC Section 4975 prohibits certain types of compensation paid by third parties with respect to transactions involving assets in qualified accounts, including IRAs. In connection with the DOL Fiduciary Rule, the DOL also issued new exemptions and amended several existing exemptions. On February 3, 2017, the President of the United States issued a memorandum directing the DOL to review the DOL Fiduciary Rule to determine, based on certain factors, whether the rule should be revised or rescinded. The DOL Fiduciary Rule, which was set to become “applicable” on April 10, 2017, may be delayed for an unspecified period while the Secretary of Labor prepares an updated economic and legal analysis on the impact of the DOL Fiduciary Rule.

PFSL Investments Canada is a mutual fund dealer registered with and regulated by the Mutual Fund Dealers Association of Canada (the “MFDA”), the national self-regulatory organization for the distribution side for the Canadian mutual fund industry. It is also registered with provincial and territorial securities commissions throughout Canada. As a registered mutual fund dealer, PFSL Investments Canada performs the suitability review of mutual fund investment recommendations, and like our U.S. broker-dealer, it does not hold client accounts.

PFSL Investments Canada is required to file monthly and annual financial statements and reports with the MFDA that are prepared to comply with the prescribed MFDA reporting requirements.  The MFDA has established a risk adjusted capital standard for mutual fund dealers.  Its formula is designed to provide advance warning of a member encountering difficulties.  If a mutual fund dealer falls below specified levels then restrictions would apply until rectified, including not being able to act on certain matters without prior written consent from the MFDA.

PFSL Investments Canada sales representatives are required to be registered in the provinces and territories in which they do business, including regulation by the Autorité des marchés financiers in Quebec, and are also subject to regulation by the MFDA. These regulators have broad administrative powers, including the power to limit or restrict the conduct of our business and impose censures or fines for failure to comply with the law or regulations.

PFSL Fund Management in Canada is registered as an Investment Fund Manager in connection with our Concert™ Series mutual funds and is regulated by provincial securities commissions.

PFSL Fund Management is required to file quarterly and annual financial statements with the Ontario Securities Commission (“OSC”) prepared to meet the requirements of National Instrument 31-103, Registration Requirements, Exemptions and Ongoing Registrant Obligations, based on the financial reporting framework specified in National Instrument 52-107, Acceptable Accounting Principles and Auditing Standards.  PFSL Fund Management is required to maintain a minimum level of capital and file its quarterly and annual calculation of excess working capital with the OSC. As an investment fund manager, PFSL Fund Management is required to file

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periodic reports with provincial and territorial securities commissions throughout Canada for its Concert™ Series mutual funds.  Such reports include semi-annual and annual financial statements prepared in accordance with IFRS.

As the segregated funds are separate accounts of Primerica Life Canada, the segregated funds are also regulated by OSFI and included as part of the quarterly and annual financial statement filings for Primerica Life Canada.  In addition, the segregated funds are also subject to the guidelines set out by the CLHIA.

Other Laws and Regulations. The USA Patriot Act of 2001 (the “Patriot Act”) contains anti-money laundering and financial transparency laws and mandates the implementation of various regulations applicable to broker-dealers and other financial services companies, including insurance companies. The Patriot Act seeks to promote cooperation among financial institutions, regulators and law enforcement entities in identifying parties that may be involved in terrorism or money laundering.

U.S. federal and state laws and regulations require financial institutions, including insurance companies, to protect the security and confidentiality of consumer financial information and to notify consumers about their policies and practices relating to their collection and disclosure of consumer information and their policies relating to protecting the security and confidentiality of that information. Similarly, federal and state laws and regulations also govern the disclosure and security of consumer health information. In particular, regulations promulgated by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services regulate the disclosure and use of protected health information by health insurers and others (including certain life insurers), the physical and procedural safeguards employed to protect the security of that information and the electronic storage and transmission of such information. Congress and state legislatures are expected to consider additional legislation relating to privacy and other aspects of consumer information.

The Financial Consumer Agency of Canada (“FCAC”), a Canadian federal regulatory body, is responsible for ensuring that federally regulated financial institutions, which include Primerica Life Canada and PFSL Investments Canada, comply with federal consumer protection laws and regulations, voluntary codes of conduct and their own public commitments. The Financial Transactions and Reports Analysis Centre of Canada (“FINTRAC”) is Canada’s financial intelligence unit. Its mandate includes ensuring that entities subject to the Proceeds of Crime (Money Laundering) and Terrorist Financing Act comply with reporting, recordkeeping and other obligations under that act. We are also subject to privacy laws under the jurisdiction of federal and provincial privacy commissioners, anti-money laundering laws enforced by FINTRAC and OSFI, and the consumer complaints provisions of federal insurance laws under the mandate of the FCAC, which requires insurers to belong to a complaints ombud-service and file a copy of their complaints handling policy with the FCAC.

Segment Financial and Geographic Disclosures

We have two primary operating segments — Term Life Insurance and Investment and Savings Products. The Term Life Insurance segment includes underwriting profits on our in-force book of term life insurance policies, net of reinsurance, which are underwritten by our life insurance company subsidiaries. The Investment and Savings Products segment includes mutual funds, managed investments and annuities distributed through licensed broker-dealer subsidiaries and includes segregated funds, an individual annuity savings product that we underwrite in Canada through Primerica Life Canada. We also have a Corporate and Other Distributed Products segment, which consists of the majority of net investment income earned by our invested asset portfolio, realized gains and losses on invested assets, interest expense on notes payable and reserve financing transactions, and revenues and expenses related to the distribution of non-core products.

See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Results of Operations” and Note 3 (Segment and Geographical Information) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report for more information concerning our domestic and international operations and our operating segments.

For information on risks relating to our Canadian operations, see “Risk Factors” and “Quantitative and Qualitative Information About Market Risks – Canadian Currency Risk.”

Competition

We operate in a highly competitive environment with respect to the sale of financial products and for retaining our more productive sales representatives. Because we offer several different financial products, we compete directly with a variety of financial institutions, such as insurance companies and brokers, banks, finance companies, credit unions, broker-dealers, mutual fund companies and other financial products and services companies.

Competitors with respect to our term life insurance products consist both of stock and mutual insurance companies, as well as other financial intermediaries. Competitive factors affecting the sale of life insurance products include the level of premium rates, benefit features, risk selection practices, compensation of sales representatives and financial strength ratings from ratings agencies such as A.M. Best.

In offering our securities products, our sales representatives compete with a range of other advisors, broker-dealers and direct channels, including wirehouses, regional broker-dealers, independent broker-dealers, insurers, banks, asset managers, registered investment advisors, mutual fund companies and other direct distributors. The mutual funds that we offer face competition from other mutual fund families and alternative investment products, such as exchange-traded funds. Our annuity products compete with products

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from numerous other companies. Competitive factors affecting the sale of annuity products include price, product features, investment performance, commission structure, perceived financial strength, claims-paying ratings, service, and distribution capabilities.

Information Technology

We built a sophisticated information technology platform to support our clients, operations and sales force. Located at our main campus in Duluth, Georgia, our data center houses an enterprise-class IBM mainframe that serves as the repository for all client and sales force data and operates as a database server for our distributed environment. Our business applications, many of which are proprietary, are supported by application developers and data center staff at our main campus. Our information security team provides services that include project consulting, threat management, application and infrastructure assessments, secure configuration management, and information security administration. This infrastructure also supports a combination of local and remote recovery solutions for business resumption in the event of a disaster.

We adopted a new Incident Response Plan in August 2016.  Under this Plan, our Incident Response Team consists of employees from our information security, legal, compliance, public relations, and business teams.  This Plan is designed to help Primerica identify and promptly respond to information security incidents, contain and eradicate such incidents, notify affected parties and, where appropriate, notify government and regulatory authorities. This Plan documents the roles and responsibilities of Primerica personnel and third-party vendors in responding to information security incidents, including when and to whom incidents should be reported based on level of severity.  On a semi-annual basis, the team undertakes facilitator-led trainings and simulations of information security incidents.  We have also purchased cyber insurance coverage, which became effective in January 2017.

Employees

As of December 31, 2016, we had 1,787 full-time employees in the United States and 239 full-time employees in Canada. In addition, as of December 31, 2016, we had 547 on-call employees in the United States and 89 on-call employees in Canada who provided services on an as-needed hourly basis. None of our employees is a member of any labor union, and we have never experienced any business interruption as a result of any labor disputes.

Available Information

We make available free of charge on our website (www.primerica.com) our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act as soon as reasonably practicable upon filing such information with, or furnishing it to, the SEC. Information included on our website is not incorporated by reference into this report. The Company’s reports are also available at the SEC’s Public Reference Room at 100 F. Street, NE, Washington, DC 20549, on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov, or by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330.

 

Risks Related to Our Distribution Structure

Our failure to continue to attract new recruits, retain sales representatives or license or maintain the licensing of our sales representatives would materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

New sales representatives provide us with access to new clients, enable us to increase sales and provide the next generation of successful sales representatives. As is typical with distribution businesses, we experience a high rate of turnover among our part-time sales representatives, which requires us to attract, retain and motivate a large number of sales representatives. Recruiting is performed by our current sales representatives, and the effectiveness of recruiting is generally dependent upon our reputation as a provider of a rewarding and potentially lucrative income opportunity, as well as the general competitive and economic environment. Whether recruits are motivated to complete their training and licensing requirements and commit to selling our products is largely dependent upon the effectiveness of our compensation and promotional programs, as well as the competitiveness of such programs compared with other companies, including other part-time business opportunities and our recruits’ desire to help middle-income families in their communities become educated about their finances and assist them in identifying products that provide income protection and savings opportunities.

If our new business opportunities and products do not generate sufficient interest to attract new recruits, motivate them to become licensed sales representatives and maintain their licenses, and incentivize them to sell our products and recruit other new sales representatives, our business would be materially adversely affected.

Certain key RVPs have large sales organizations that include thousands of sales representatives. These key RVPs are responsible for attracting, motivating, supporting and assisting the sales representatives in their sales organizations. The loss of one or more key RVPs together with a substantial number of their sales representatives for any reason could materially adversely affect our financial results and could impair our ability to attract new sales representatives.

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Furthermore, if we or any other businesses with a similar distribution structure engage in practices resulting in increased negative public attention for our business model, the resulting reputational challenges could adversely affect our ability to attract new recruits. Companies such as ours that use independent agents to sell directly to customers can be the subject of negative commentary on website postings, social media and other non-traditional media. This negative commentary can spread inaccurate or incomplete information about distribution companies in general or our company in particular, which can make our recruiting more difficult.

From time to time, various jurisdictions make changes to the state or provincial licensing examination process that may make it more difficult for our sales representatives to obtain their life insurance licenses. For example, the insurance regulators in the Canadian provinces and territories implemented a new life insurance licensing examination program across Canada in January 2016. Changes such as these could decrease the ability of applicants to obtain their life insurance licenses.  Likewise, FINRA has announced a restructuring of its representative-level qualification examination program that marks a conceptual change from FINRA’s current securities examination program. FINRA has not announced a specific timeframe for the implementation of the new exam structure, but has targeted an effective date of January 2018.  While the objective of the new program is to improve efficiencies, if the changes create barriers to entry that are not relevant to assessing an applicant’s competence, the costs significantly increase, or the program is implemented without adequate transitions, the restructured program could result in a decrease in the number of registrants obtaining their securities licenses in the United States.

There are a number of laws and regulations that could apply to our distribution model, which could require us to modify our distribution structure.

In the past, certain distribution models that use independent agents to sell directly to customers have been subject to challenge under various laws, including laws relating to business opportunities, franchising and unfair or deceptive trade practices.

In general, state business opportunity and franchise laws in the United States prohibit sales of business opportunities or franchises unless the seller provides potential purchasers with a pre-sale disclosure document that has first been filed with a designated state agency and grants purchasers certain legal recourse against sellers of business opportunities and franchises. Certain Canadian provinces have enacted legislation dealing with franchising, which typically requires mandatory disclosure to prospective franchisees.

We have not been, and are not currently, subject to business opportunity laws because the amounts paid by our new representatives to us: (i) are less than the minimum thresholds set by many state and provincial statutes and (ii) are not fees paid for the right to participate in a business, but rather are for bona fide expenses such as state and provincial-required insurance examinations and pre-licensing training. We have not been, and are not currently, subject to franchise laws for similar reasons. However, there is a risk that a governmental agency or court could disagree with our assessment or that these laws and regulations could change. In addition, although we do not believe that the Federal Trade Commission ("FTC")'s Business Opportunity Rule applies to our company, it could be interpreted in a manner inconsistent with our interpretation. Becoming subject to business opportunity or franchise laws or regulations could require us to provide additional disclosures and regulate the manner in which we recruit our sales representatives that may increase the expense of, or adversely impact our recruitment of new sales representatives.

There are various laws and regulations that prohibit fraudulent or deceptive schemes known as pyramid schemes. In general, a pyramid scheme is defined as an arrangement in which new participants are required to pay a fee to participate in the organization and then receive compensation primarily for recruiting other persons to participate, either directly or through sales of goods or services that are merely disguised payments for recruiting others. The application of these laws and regulations to a given set of business practices is inherently fact-based and, therefore, is subject to interpretation by applicable enforcement authorities. Our sales representatives are paid commissions and other remuneration based on sales of our products and services to bona fide purchasers, and for this and other reasons we do not believe that we are subject to laws regulating pyramid schemes. Moreover, our sales representatives are not required to purchase any of the products marketed by us. However, even though we believe that our distribution practices are currently in compliance with, or exempt from, these laws and regulations, there is a risk that a governmental agency or court could disagree with our assessment or that these laws and regulations could change, which could require us to restructure our operations in certain jurisdictions or result in other costs or fines.

There are also federal, state and provincial laws of general application, such as the FTC Act, and state or provincial unfair and deceptive trade practices laws that could potentially be invoked to challenge aspects of our recruiting of sales representatives. In particular, our recruiting efforts include promotional materials for recruits that describe the potential business opportunity available to them if they join our sales force. These materials, as well as our other recruiting efforts and those of our sales representatives, are subject to scrutiny by the FTC and state and provincial enforcement authorities with respect to misleading statements, including misleading earnings claims made to encourage potential new recruits to join our sales force. If claims made by us or by our sales representatives are deemed to be unfair, deceptive, or misleading, it could result in violations of the FTC Act or comparable state and provincial statutes prohibiting unfair or deceptive trade practices or result in reputational harm.

Being subject to, or out of compliance with, the aforementioned laws and regulations could require us to change our distribution structure, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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There may be adverse tax, legal or financial consequences if the independent contractor status of our sales representatives is overturned.

Our sales representatives are independent contractors who operate their own businesses. In the past, we have been successful in defending our company in various contexts before courts and governmental agencies against claims that our sales representatives should be treated like employees. Although we believe that we have properly classified our representatives as independent contractors, there is nevertheless a risk that the IRS, the Canada Revenue Agency, a court or other authority will take a different view. Furthermore, the tests governing the determination of whether an individual is considered to be an independent contractor or an employee are typically fact-sensitive and vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. Laws and regulations that govern the status and misclassification of independent sales representatives are subject to change or interpretation.

The classification of workers as independent contractors has been the subject of federal, state and provincial legislative and regulatory interest over the last several years, with proposals being made that call for greater scrutiny of independent contractor classifications and greater penalties for companies who wrongly classify workers as independent contractors instead of employees. We cannot predict the outcome of these legislative and regulatory efforts.

If there is an adverse determination with respect to the classification of some or all of our independent contractors by a court or governmental agency, we could incur significant costs in complying with such laws and regulations, including in respect of tax withholding, social security payments, retirement plan contributions and recordkeeping, employee benefits, payment of wages or modification of our business model, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, there is the risk that we may be subject to significant monetary liabilities arising from fines or judgments as a result of any such actual or alleged non-compliance with federal, state, or provincial laws.

The Company’s or its independent sales representatives' violation of, or non-compliance with, laws and regulations and related claims and proceedings could expose us to material liabilities.

Extensive federal, state, provincial and territorial laws regulate our product offerings and our relationships with our clients, imposing certain requirements that our sales representatives must follow. At any given time, we may have pending state, federal or provincial examinations or inquiries of our investment and savings products and insurance businesses. In addition to imposing requirements that sales representatives must follow in their dealings with clients, these laws and regulations generally require us to maintain a system of supervision reasonably designed to ensure that our sales representatives comply with the requirements to which they are subject. We have policies and procedures to comply with these laws and regulations. However, despite these compliance and supervisory efforts, the breadth of our operations and the broad regulatory requirements could result in oversight failures and instances of non-compliance or misconduct on the part of our sales representatives.

From time to time, we are subject to private litigation as a result of alleged misconduct by our sales representatives. Examples include claims that a sales representative's failure to disclose underwriting-related information regarding the insured on an insurance application resulted in the denial of a life insurance policy claim, and with respect to investment and savings products sales, errors or omissions that a sales representative made in connection with the purchase or sale of a securities product. Non-compliance with laws or regulations by our sales representatives could result in adverse findings in either examinations or litigation and could subject us to sanctions, monetary liabilities, restrictions on or the loss of the operation of our business, or reputational harm, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Any failure to protect the confidentiality of client information could adversely affect our reputation and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Pursuant to federal, state and provincial laws, various government agencies have established rules protecting the privacy and security of personal information. In addition, most states and some provinces have enacted laws, which vary significantly from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, to safeguard the privacy and security of personal information. Many of our sales representatives and employees have access to, and routinely process, personal information of clients through a variety of media, including the Internet and software applications. We rely on various internal processes and controls to protect the confidentiality of client information that is accessible to, or in the possession of, our company, our employees and our sales representatives. If a sales representative or employee intentionally or unintentionally discloses or misappropriates confidential client information or our data is the subject of a cybersecurity attack, or if we fail to maintain adequate internal controls or our sales representatives or employees fail to comply with our policies and procedures, misappropriation or intentional or unintentional inappropriate disclosure or misuse of client information could occur. Such internal control inadequacies or non-compliance could materially damage our reputation or lead to civil or criminal penalties, which, in turn, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Risks Related to Our Insurance Business and Reinsurance

We may face significant losses if our actual experience differs from our expectations regarding mortality or persistency.

We set prices for life insurance policies based upon expected claim payment patterns derived from assumptions we make about the mortality rates, or likelihood of death, of our policyholders in any given year. The long-term profitability of these products depends upon how our actual mortality rates compare to our pricing assumptions. For example, if mortality rates are higher than those assumed

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in our pricing assumptions, we could be required to make more death benefit payments under our life insurance policies or to make such payments sooner than we had projected, which may decrease the profitability of our term life insurance products and result in an increase in the cost of our subsequent reinsurance transactions.

The prices and expected future profitability of our life insurance products are also based, in part, upon assumptions related to persistency. Actual persistency that is lower than our persistency assumptions could have an adverse effect on profitability, especially in the early years of a policy, primarily because we would be required to accelerate the amortization of expenses we deferred in connection with the acquisition of the policy. Actual persistency that is higher than our persistency assumptions could have an adverse effect on profitability in the later years of a block of policies because the anticipated claims experience is higher in these later years. If actual persistency is significantly different from that assumed in our pricing assumptions, our reserves for future policy benefits may prove to be inadequate. We are precluded from adjusting premiums on our in-force business during the initial term of the policies, and our ability to adjust premiums on in-force business after the initial policy term is limited to the maximum premium rates in the policy.

Our assumptions and estimates regarding mortality and persistency require us to make numerous judgments and, therefore, are inherently uncertain. We cannot determine with precision the actual persistency or ultimate amounts that we will pay for actual claim payments on a block of policies, the timing of those payments, or whether the assets supporting these contingent future payment obligations will increase to the levels we estimate before payment of claims. If we conclude that our future policy benefit reserves, together with future premiums, are insufficient to cover actual or expected claims payments and the scheduled amortization of our deferred policy acquisition costs ("DAC"), we would be required to first accelerate our amortization of DAC and then increase our future policy benefit reserves in the period in which we make the determination, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The occurrence of a catastrophic event could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our insurance operations are exposed to the risk of catastrophic events, which could cause a large number of premature deaths of our insureds. A catastrophic event could also cause significant volatility in global financial markets and disrupt the economy. Although we have ceded a significant majority of our mortality risk to reinsurers, a catastrophic event could cause a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Claims resulting from a catastrophic event could cause substantial volatility in our financial results for any quarter or year and could also materially harm the financial condition of our reinsurers, which would increase the probability of default on reinsurance recoveries. Our ability to write new business could also be adversely affected.

In addition, most of the jurisdictions in which our insurance subsidiaries are licensed to transact business require life insurers to participate in guaranty associations, which raise funds to pay contractual benefits owed pursuant to insurance policies issued by impaired, insolvent or failed issuers. It is possible that a catastrophic event could require extraordinary assessments on our insurance companies, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our insurance business is highly regulated, and statutory and regulatory changes may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Life insurance statutes and regulations are generally designed to protect the interests of the public and policyholders.  Those interests may conflict with the interests of our stockholders. Currently, in the United States, the power to regulate insurance resides almost exclusively with the states. The laws of the various U.S. jurisdictions grant state insurance regulators broad powers to regulate almost all aspects of our insurance business. Much of this state regulation follows model statutes or regulations developed or amended by the NAIC, which is composed of the insurance commissioners of each U.S. jurisdiction. The NAIC re-examines and amends existing model laws and regulations (including holding company regulations) in addition to determining whether new ones are needed.

The Dodd-Frank Act created the Federal Insurance Office and authorized it to, among other things, study methods to modernize and improve insurance regulation. We cannot predict with certainty whether, or in what form, reforms will be enacted and, if so, whether the enacted reforms will materially affect our business. Changes in federal statutes, including the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act and the McCarran-Ferguson Act, financial services regulation and federal taxation, in addition to changes to state statutes and regulations, may be more restrictive than current requirements or may result in higher costs, and could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We are currently undergoing multi-state treasurer unclaimed property audits by 30 jurisdictions focused on the life insurance claims paying practices of our subsidiaries, Primerica Life and NBLIC. Other jurisdictions may pursue similar audits and litigation. The potential outcome of such actions is difficult to predict but could subject us to adverse consequences, including, but not limited to, settlement payments, additional payments to beneficiaries, and additional escheatment of funds deemed abandoned under state laws. We cannot reasonably estimate the likelihood or the impact of additional costs or liabilities that could result from resolution of these matters, or the effect these matters may have on the conduct of our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Federal and provincial insurance laws regulate all aspects of our Canadian insurance business. Changes to federal or provincial statutes and regulations may be more restrictive than current requirements or may result in higher costs, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. If OSFI determines that our corporate actions do not

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comply with applicable Canadian law, Primerica Life Canada could face sanctions or fines, and Primerica Life Canada could be subject to increased capital requirements or other requirements deemed appropriate by OSFI.

We received approval from the Minister of Finance (Canada) under the Insurance Companies Act (Canada) in connection with our indirect acquisition of Primerica Life Canada. The Minister expects that a person controlling a federal insurance company will provide ongoing financial, managerial or operational support to its subsidiary should such support prove necessary, and has required us to sign a support principle letter to that effect. This ongoing support may take the form of additional capital, the provision of managerial expertise or the provision of support in such areas as risk management, internal control systems and training. However, the letter does not create a legal obligation on the part of the person to provide the support. In the event that OSFI determines Primerica Life Canada is not receiving adequate support from the Parent Company under applicable Canadian law, Primerica Life Canada may be subject to increased capital requirements or other requirements deemed appropriate by OSFI.

If there were to be extraordinary changes to statutory or regulatory requirements in the United States or Canada, we may be unable to fully comply with or maintain all required insurance licenses and approvals. Regulatory authorities have relatively broad discretion to grant, renew and revoke licenses and approvals. If we do not have all requisite licenses and approvals, or do not comply with applicable statutory and regulatory requirements, the regulatory authorities could preclude or temporarily suspend us from carrying on some or all of our insurance activities or impose fines or penalties on us, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. We cannot predict with certainty the effect any proposed or future legislation or regulatory initiatives may have on the conduct of our business.

A decline in the regulatory capital ratios of our insurance subsidiaries could result in increased scrutiny by insurance regulators and ratings agencies and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Each of our U.S. insurance subsidiaries is subject to RBC standards (imposed under the laws of its respective jurisdiction of domicile). The RBC formula for U.S. life insurance companies generally establishes capital requirements relating to asset, insurance, interest rate and business risks. Our U.S. insurance subsidiaries are required to report their results of RBC calculations annually to the applicable state department of insurance and the NAIC. Our Canadian life insurance subsidiary is subject to minimum continuing capital and surplus requirements (“MCCSR”), and Tier 1 capital ratio requirements, and is required to provide its MCCSR and Tier 1 capital ratio calculations to the Canadian regulators. The capitalization of our insurance subsidiaries is maintained at levels in excess of the effective minimum requirements of the NAIC in the United States and OSFI in Canada. In any particular year, statutory capital and surplus amounts and RBC and MCCSR ratios may increase or decrease depending on a variety of factors, including the amount of statutory income or losses generated by our insurance subsidiaries, the amount of additional capital our insurance subsidiaries must hold to support business growth, changes in their reserve requirements, the value of securities in their investment portfolios, the credit ratings of investments held in their portfolios, changes in interest rates, credit market volatility, changes in consumer behavior, as well as changes to the NAIC's RBC formula or the MCCSR calculation of OSFI. Many of these factors are outside of our control.

Our financial strength and credit ratings are significantly influenced by the statutory surplus amounts and RBC and MCCSR ratios of our insurance company subsidiaries. Ratings agencies may change their internal models, effectively increasing or decreasing the amount of statutory capital our insurance subsidiaries must hold to maintain their current ratings. In addition, ratings agencies may downgrade the invested assets held in our portfolio, which could result in a reduction of our insurance subsidiaries’ capital and surplus. Changes in statutory accounting principles could also adversely impact our insurance subsidiaries' ability to meet minimum RBC, MCCSR and statutory capital and surplus requirements. There is no assurance that our insurance subsidiaries will not need additional capital or, if needed, that we will be able to provide it to maintain the targeted RBC and MCCSR levels to support their business operations.

The failure of any of our insurance subsidiaries to meet its applicable RBC and MCCSR requirements or minimum capital and surplus requirements could subject it to further examination or corrective action imposed by insurance regulators, including limitations on its ability to write additional business, supervision by regulators or seizure or liquidation. Any corrective action imposed could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. A decline in RBC or MCCSR also limits the ability of our insurance subsidiaries to pay dividends or make distributions and could be a factor in causing ratings agencies to downgrade the financial strength ratings of all our insurance subsidiaries. Such downgrades would have an adverse effect on our ability to write new insurance policies and, therefore, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

A significant ratings downgrade by a ratings organization could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Each of our insurance subsidiaries, with the exception of Peach Re and Vidalia Re, has been assigned a financial strength rating by A.M. Best. Primerica Life currently also has an insurer financial strength rating from Standard & Poor's and Moody's. NBLIC, Primerica Life Canada, Peach Re and Vidalia Re are not rated by Standard & Poor's and Moody's.

The financial strength ratings of our insurance subsidiaries are subject to periodic review using, among other things, the ratings agencies' proprietary capital adequacy models, and are subject to revision or withdrawal at any time. Insurance financial strength ratings are directed toward the concerns of policyholders and are not intended for the protection of stockholders or as a

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recommendation to buy, hold or sell securities. Our financial strength ratings will affect our competitive position relative to other insurance companies. If the financial strength ratings of our insurance subsidiaries fall below certain levels, some of our policyholders may move their business to our competitors. In addition, the models used by ratings agencies to determine financial strength are different from the capital requirements set by insurance regulators.

Ratings organizations review the financial performance and financial conditions of insurance companies, and provide opinions regarding financial strength, operating performance and ability to meet obligations to policyholders. A significant downgrade in the financial strength ratings of any of our insurance subsidiaries, or the announced potential for a downgrade, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations by, among other things:

If the rating agencies or regulators change their approach to financial strength ratings and statutory capital requirements, we may need to take action to maintain current ratings and capital adequacy ratios, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In addition to financial strength ratings of our insurance subsidiaries, the Parent Company currently has investment grade credit ratings from Standard & Poor's, Moody's, and A.M. Best for its Senior Notes. These ratings are indicators of a debt issuer's ability to meet the terms of debt obligations and are important factors in its ability to access liquidity in the debt markets. A rating downgrade by a rating agency can occur at any time if the rating agency perceives an adverse change in our financial condition, results of operations or ability to service debt. If such a downgrade occurs, it could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations in many ways, including adversely limiting our access to capital in the unsecured debt market and potentially increasing the cost of such debt.

The failure by any of our reinsurers or reserve financing counterparties to perform its obligations to us could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We extensively use reinsurance in the United States to diversify our risk and to manage our loss exposure to mortality risk. Reinsurance does not relieve us of our direct liability to our policyholders, even when the reinsurer is liable to us. We, as the insurer, are required to pay the full amount of death benefits even in circumstances where we are entitled to receive payments from the reinsurer. Due to factors such as insolvency, adverse underwriting results or inadequate investment returns, our reinsurers may not be able to pay the amounts they owe us on a timely basis or at all. Further, reinsurers might refuse or fail to pay losses that we cede to them or might delay payment. Since death benefit claims may be paid long after a policy is issued, we bear credit risk with respect to our reinsurers. The creditworthiness of our reinsurers may change before we can recover amounts to which we are entitled. Any such failure to pay by our reinsurers could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We also have in place coinsurance agreements that we originally entered into at the time of our IPO, pursuant to which we ceded between 80% and 90% of the risks and rewards of our term life insurance policies that were in force at year-end 2009. Under this arrangement, our existing reinsurance agreements remain in place. Each coinsurer entered into trust agreements with our respective insurance subsidiaries and a trustee pursuant to which the coinsurer placed assets (primarily treasury and fixed-income securities) in trust for such subsidiary's benefit to secure the coinsurer's obligations to such subsidiary. Each such coinsurance agreement requires each coinsurer to maintain assets in trust sufficient to give our subsidiary full credit for regulatory purposes for the insurance, which amount will not be less than the amount of the reserves for the coinsured liabilities. Furthermore, our insurance subsidiaries have the right to recapture the business upon the occurrence of an event of default under their respective coinsurance agreement subject to any applicable cure periods. While any such recapture would be at no cost to us, such recapture would result in a substantial increase in our insurance exposure and require us to be fully responsible for the management of the assets set aside to support statutory reserves. The type of assets we might obtain as a result of a recapture may not be as liquid as our current invested asset portfolio and could result in an unfavorable impact on our risk profile.

There can be no assurance that the relevant coinsurer will pay the coinsurance obligations owed to us now or in the future or that it will pay these obligations on a timely basis. If any of the coinsurers becomes insolvent, the trust account to support the obligations of such coinsurer is insufficient to pay such coinsurer's obligations to us and we fail to enforce our right to recapture the business, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We have entered into transactions by which we finance redundant statutory reserves of certain issue years of our Term Life business.  Under these transactions, we pay a fee to financial counterparties for their commitment to support redundant reserves and provide corresponding statutory reinsurance credit, allowing us to more efficiently manage our capital.  While we monitor the credit quality and financial strength of these counterparties, if their financial strength was significantly impaired to the extent that their support of our redundant reserves could no longer be relied upon, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

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Risks Related to Our Investments and Savings Products Business

Our Investment and Savings Products segment is heavily dependent on mutual fund and annuity products offered by a relatively small number of companies, and, if these products fail to remain competitive with other investment options or we lose our relationship with one or more of these companies, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially adversely affected.

We earn a significant portion of our earnings through our relationships with a small group of mutual fund and annuity companies. A decision by one or more of these companies to alter or discontinue their current arrangements with us could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, if any of our investment and savings products fail to achieve satisfactory investment performance, our clients may seek higher yielding alternative investment products, and we could experience higher redemption rates.

In recent years there has been an increase in the popularity of alternative investments, which we do not currently offer on our brokerage platform. These investment options typically have low fee structures and provide some of the attributes of mutual funds, such as risk diversification. If these products continue to gain traction among our client base as viable alternatives to mutual fund investments, our investment and savings products revenues could decline.

In addition to sales commissions and asset-based compensation, a portion of our earnings from investment and savings products comes from recordkeeping services that we provide to third parties and from fees earned for custodial services that we provide to clients with retirement plan accounts in the funds of these mutual fund companies. We also receive marketing and support fees from each of these mutual fund companies. A decision by one or more of these fund companies to alter or discontinue their current arrangements with us would materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The Company’s or its securities-licensed sales representatives' violations of, or non-compliance with, laws and regulations could expose us to material liabilities.

Our subsidiary broker-dealer and registered investment advisor, PFS Investments, is subject to federal and state regulation of its securities business. These regulations cover sales practices, trade suitability, supervision of registered representatives, recordkeeping, the conduct and qualification of officers and employees, net capital requirements, business operations, the rules and regulations of the MSRB and state blue sky regulation. Investment advisory representatives are generally held to a higher standard of conduct than registered representatives. Our subsidiary, PSS, is a registered transfer agent engaged in the recordkeeping business and is subject to SEC regulation. Violations of laws or regulations applicable to the activities of PFS Investments or PSS, or violations by a third party with which PFS Investments or PSS contracts, could subject us to disciplinary actions and litigation and could result in the imposition of cease and desist orders, fines or censures, restitution to clients, suspension or revocation of SEC registration, suspension or expulsion from FINRA, reputational damage and legal expense, any of which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our Canadian broker-dealer subsidiary, PFSL Investments Canada and its sales representatives are subject to the securities laws of the provinces and territories of Canada in which we sell our mutual fund products and those of third parties and to the rules of the MFDA, the self-regulatory organization governing mutual fund dealers. PFSL Investments Canada is subject to periodic review by both the MFDA and the provincial and territorial securities commissions to assess its compliance with, among other things, applicable capital requirements and sales practices and procedures. These regulators have broad administrative powers, including the power to limit or restrict the conduct of our business for failure to comply with applicable laws or regulations. Possible sanctions that could be imposed include the suspension of individual sales representatives, limitations on the activities in which the dealer may engage, suspension or revocation of the dealer registration, the ability to withhold licenses or to impose restrictive terms and conditions on the licenses of sales representatives, censure or fines, any of which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If heightened standards of conduct or more stringent licensing requirements, such as those proposed by the SEC and those adopted by the DOL, are imposed on us or our sales representatives, or selling compensation is reduced as a result of new legislation or regulations, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our U.S. sales representatives are subject to federal and state regulation as well as state licensing requirements. PFS Investments, which is regulated as a broker-dealer, and our U.S. sales representatives are currently subject to general anti-fraud limitations under the Exchange Act and SEC rules and regulations, as well as other conduct standards prescribed by FINRA. These standards generally require that broker-dealers and their sales representatives disclose conflicts of interest that might affect the advice or recommendations they provide and require them to make suitable investment recommendations to their customers. In January 2011 under the authority of the Dodd-Frank Act, which gives the SEC the power to impose on broker-dealers a heightened standard of conduct that is currently applicable only to investment advisers, the SEC staff submitted a report to Congress in which it recommended that the SEC adopt a fiduciary standard of conduct for broker-dealers that is uniform with that of investment advisors. The SEC has slated the rule on its regulatory agenda for “long-term action” without a specific timetable.

On April 8, 2016, the DOL published a final rule (the “DOL Fiduciary Rule”), which more broadly defines the circumstances under which a person or entity may be considered a fiduciary for purposes of the prohibited transaction rules of the ERISA and IRC Section

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4975. IRC Section 4975 prohibits certain types of compensation paid by third parties with respect to transactions involving assets in qualified accounts, including IRAs. Simultaneously with publication of the DOL Fiduciary Rule, the DOL issued new, and amended existing, exemptions intended, among other things, to allow advisers and their firms to continue to receive common forms of compensation that would otherwise be prohibited due to the DOL Fiduciary Rule, provided the conditions of the exemptions are met. On February 3, 2017, the President of the United States issued a memorandum directing the DOL to review the DOL Fiduciary Rule to determine, based on certain factors, whether the rule should be revised or rescinded. The DOL Fiduciary Rule, which was set to become “applicable” on April 10, 2017, may be delayed for an unspecified period while the Secretary of Labor prepares an updated economic and legal analysis on the impact of the DOL Fiduciary Rule.  

If it were to become applicable in its current form, we believe that the DOL Fiduciary Rule would necessitate certain changes to our qualified plan business in order for us to continue to help investors save for retirement. Because of the uncertainty of the status of the DOL Fiduciary Rule, we have not yet determined the extent to which we would make necessitated compensation, product or other changes to our qualified investment and savings plan business, nor whether we would make such changes consistent across our non-qualified investment and savings business.  While we have incurred, and would expect to continue to incur, increased costs, we cannot quantify the collective impact of those costs and other changes on the Company. IRAs and other qualified accounts are a core component of the Investment and Savings Products segment of our business and accounted for a significant portion of the total revenue of this segment for the year ended December 31, 2016. Changes resulting from the DOL Fiduciary Rule could make it more difficult for us and our sales representatives to profitably serve the middle-income market and could result in a reduction in the number of IRAs and qualified accounts that we serve, which could materially adversely affect the amount of revenue that we generate from this line of business and ultimately could result in a decline in the number of our securities-licensed sales representatives.

Heightened standards of conduct as a result of either of the above items or another similar proposed rule or regulation could also increase the compliance and regulatory burdens on our representatives, and could lead to increased litigation and regulatory risks, changes to our business model, a decrease in the number of our securities-licensed representatives and a reduction in the products we offer to our clients, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If our suitability policies and procedures were deemed inadequate, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We review the account applications that we receive for our investment and savings products for suitability. While we believe that the policies and procedures we implement to help our sales representatives assist clients in making appropriate and suitable investment choices are reasonably designed to achieve compliance with applicable securities laws and regulations, it is possible that the SEC, FINRA, state securities regulators or MFDA may not agree. Further, we could be subject to regulatory actions or private litigation, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our sales force support tools may fail to appropriately identify financial needs or suitable investment products.

Our support tools are designed to educate potential and existing clients, help identify their financial needs, and generally introduce the potential benefits of our product offerings. The assumptions and methods of analyses embedded in our support tools could be challenged and subject us to regulatory action or private litigation, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Non-compliance with applicable regulations could lead to revocation of our subsidiary's status as a non-bank custodian.

PFS Investments is a non-bank custodian of retirement accounts, as permitted under Treasury Regulation 1.408-2. A non-bank custodian is an entity that is not a bank and that is permitted by the IRS to act as a custodian for retirement plan account assets of our clients. The IRS retains authority to revoke or suspend that status if it finds that PFS Investments is unwilling or unable to administer retirement accounts in a manner consistent with the requirements of the applicable regulations. Revocation of PFS Investments' non-bank custodian status would affect its ability to earn revenue for providing such services and, consequently, could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

As our securities sales increase, we become more sensitive to performance of the equity markets.

A significant portion of our investment sales and assets under management are comprised of North American equity-based products. The multi-year growth in equity valuations has increased proportionally the Company’s revenue and product income derived from the sale of these products. A significant correction in the North American equity markets that decreases the company’s assets under management, or a protracted long-term downturn in equity market performance that has a negative effect on the Company’s sales of securities products, could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 

 

 

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Other Risks Related to Our Business

Credit deterioration in, and the effects of interest rate fluctuations on, our invested asset portfolio and other assets that are subject to changes in credit quality and interest rates could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

A large percentage of our invested asset portfolio is invested in fixed-income securities. As a result, credit deterioration and interest rate fluctuations could materially affect the value of and earnings generated by our invested asset portfolio. Fixed-income securities decline in value if there is no active trading market for the securities or the market's impression of, or the ratings agencies' views on, the credit quality of an issuer worsens. During periods of declining market interest rates, we must invest the cash we receive as interest, return of principal on our investments and cash from operations in lower-yielding, high-grade instruments or in lower-credit instruments to maintain comparable returns. Issuers of fixed-income securities could also decide to prepay their obligations to borrow at lower market rates, which would increase our reinvestment risk. If interest rates generally increase, the market value of our fixed rate income portfolio decreases. Additionally, if the market value of any security in our invested asset portfolio decreases, we may realize losses if we deem the value of the security to be other-than-temporarily impaired.  We also have an asset on deposit with a reinsurer backing a 10% coinsurance agreement entered into at the time of our IPO.  The fair value of this asset is influenced by fluctuation in credit spreads and interest rates, and changes in fair value are recognized in income.  To the extent that any fluctuations in fair value or interest rates are significant or we recognize impairments that are material, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Valuation of our investments and the determination of whether a decline in the fair value of our invested assets is other-than-temporary are based on estimates that may prove to be incorrect.

U.S. GAAP requires that when the fair value of any of our invested assets declines and such decline is deemed to be other-than-temporary, we recognize a loss in either our statement of income or in other comprehensive income based on certain criteria in the period that such determination is made. The determination of the fair value of certain invested assets, particularly those that do not trade on a regular basis, requires an assessment of available data and the use of assumptions and estimates. Once it is determined that the fair value of an asset is below its carrying value, we must determine whether the decline in fair value is other-than-temporary, which is based on subjective factors and involves a variety of assumptions and estimates.

There are certain risks and uncertainties associated with determining whether declines in market value are other-than-temporary. These include significant changes in general economic conditions and business markets, trends in certain industry segments, interest rate fluctuations, rating agency actions, changes in significant accounting estimates and assumptions and legislative actions. In the case of mortgage- and asset-backed securities, there is added uncertainty as to the performance of the underlying collateral assets. To the extent that we are incorrect in our determination of the fair value of our investment securities or our determination that a decline in their value is other-than-temporary, we may realize losses that never actually materialize or may fail to recognize losses within the appropriate reporting period.

Changes in accounting standards can be difficult to predict and could adversely impact how we record and report our financial condition and results of operations.

Our accounting policies and methods are fundamental to how we record and report our financial condition and results of operations. U.S. GAAP continues to evolve and, as a result, will change the financial accounting and reporting standards that govern the preparation of our financial statements. These changes can be hard to anticipate and implement and can materially impact how we record and report our financial condition and results of operations. For example, the Financial Accounting Standards Board's ("FASB") recently published an exposure draft that proposes significant changes in the methodology for measuring future policy benefits and deferred acquisition costs on our consolidated balance sheets as well as the timing of when we recognize the impact from changes in insurance contract assumptions in our statement of income and statement of other comprehensive income. This proposed accounting standard, in addition to other financial reporting standard changes being discussed by the FASB and the SEC, could adversely impact both our financial condition and results of operations as reported on a U.S. GAAP basis.

Additionally, the Company’s insurance company subsidiaries prepare statutory financial statements in accordance with accounting principles designated by regulators in the jurisdictions in which they are domiciled. The financial statements of our U.S. insurance subsidiaries are prepared in accordance with statutory accounting principles prescribed or permitted by state insurance departments and the NAIC. Statutory accounting principles, including actuarial methodologies for estimating reserves, are subject to continuous evaluation by the NAIC and state insurance departments. For example, the implementation of principle-based reserving standards for benefit reserves has been adopted by most state insurance departments effective in 2017, but has not yet been adopted by Massachusetts or New York, where two of our U.S. insurance subsidiaries are domiciled. Similarly, our Canadian life insurance subsidiary is required to prepare statutory financial statements in accordance with IFRS, as prescribed by the Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions in Canada, which are subject to future changes. The statutory financial statements of our insurance company subsidiaries, which are used to determine dividend capacity and risk-based capital, could be adversely affected by future changes implemented by jurisdictional insurance departments. Therefore, the ability of our insurance companies to comply with regulatory minimum capital requirements and ultimately pay dividends to the Parent Company could be adversely impacted.  

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The effects of economic down cycles in the United States and Canada could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our business, financial condition and results of operations have been materially adversely affected by economic downturns in the United States and Canada. Economic downturns, which are often characterized by higher unemployment, lower family income, lower valuation of retirement savings accounts, lower corporate earnings, lower business investment and lower consumer spending, have adversely affected the demand for the term life insurance, investment and savings and other financial products that we sell. Future economic down cycles could adversely affect new sales and cause clients to liquidate mutual funds and other investments sold by our sales representatives. This could cause a decrease in the asset value of client accounts, reduce our trailing commission revenues and result in other-than-temporary-impairments in our invested asset portfolio. In addition, we may experience an elevated incidence of lapses or surrenders of insurance policies, and some of our policyholders may choose to defer paying insurance premiums or stop paying insurance premiums altogether. Further, volatility in equity markets or downturns could discourage purchases of the investment products that we distribute and could have a materially adverse effect on our business, including our ability to recruit and retain sales representatives.

We are subject to various federal, state and provincial laws and regulations in the United States and Canada, changes in which or violations of which may require us to alter our business practices and could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In the United States, we are subject to many regulations, including the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act and its implementing regulations, including Regulation S-P, the Fair Credit Reporting Act, the Right to Financial Privacy Act, the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the Telemarketing and Consumer Fraud and Abuse Prevention Act, the Telephone Consumer Protection Act, the FTC Act, the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) and the Electronic Funds Transfer Act. We are also subject to anti-money laundering laws and regulations, including the Bank Secrecy Act, as amended by the Patriot Act, which requires us to develop and implement customer identification and risk-based anti-money laundering programs, report suspicious activity and maintain certain records. Further, we are required to follow certain economic and trade sanctions programs that are administered by the Office of Foreign Asset Control that prohibit or restrict transactions with suspected countries, their governments, and in certain circumstances, their nationals.

In Canada, we are subject to provincial and territorial regulations, including consumer protection legislation that pertains to unfair and misleading business practices, provincial and territorial credit reporting legislation that provides requirements in respect of obtaining credit bureau reports and providing notices of decline, the Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act, the Competition Act, the Corruption of Foreign Public Officials Act, the Telecommunications Act and certain Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission Telecom Decisions in respect of unsolicited telecommunications. We are also subject to the Proceeds of Crime (Money Laundering) and Terrorist Financing Act and its accompanying regulations, which require us to develop and implement anti-money laundering policies and procedures relating to customer indemnification, reporting and recordkeeping, develop and maintain ongoing training programs for employees, perform a risk assessment on our business and clients and institute and document a review of our anti-money laundering program at least once every two years. We are also required to follow certain economic and trade sanctions and legislation that prohibit us from, among other things, engaging in transactions with, and providing services to, persons on lists created under various federal statutes and regulations and blocked persons and foreign countries and territories subject to Canadian sanctions administered by Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada and the Department of Public Safety Canada.

Changes in, or violations of, any of these laws or regulations may require additional compliance procedures, or result in enforcement proceedings, sanctions or penalties, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Litigation and regulatory investigations and actions may result in financial losses and harm our reputation.

We face a risk of litigation and regulatory investigations and actions in the ordinary course of operating our businesses. From time to time, we are subject to private litigation as a result of alleged sales representative misconduct or alleged failure of the Company to follow applicable insurance, securities or other laws or regulations. For example, we may become subject to lawsuits alleging, among other things, issues relating to sales or underwriting practices, product design and disclosure, delay of benefits, and product pricing. In addition, we are subject to litigation arising out of our general business activities.  For example, we have a large sales force and we could face claims by current or former sales representatives arising out of their relationship with us as independent contractors or regarding compensation-related issues. If we become subject to any such litigation, the associated legal expense and any judgment or settlement of the claims could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We are also routinely subject to regulatory inquiries, such as information requests, subpoenas and books and record examinations, from state, provincial and federal regulators and other authorities and from time to time, regulatory investigations as a result of alleged sales representative misconduct or alleged failure of the Company to follow applicable laws or regulations. A substantial legal liability or a significant regulatory action against us could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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Moreover, even if we ultimately prevail in any litigation, regulatory action or investigation, we could suffer significant reputational harm and we could incur significant legal expenses, either of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, increased regulatory scrutiny and any resulting investigations or proceedings could result in new legal precedents and industry-wide regulations or practices that could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The current legislative and regulatory climate with regard to financial services may adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

The volume of legislative and regulatory activity relating to financial services has increased substantially in recent years, and we expect that the level of enforcement actions and investigations by federal, state and provincial regulators will increase correspondingly. The same factors that have contributed to legislative, regulatory and enforcement activity at the federal level are likely to contribute to heightened activity at the state and provincial level. If we or our sales representatives become subject to new requirements or regulations, it could result in increased litigation, regulatory risks, changes to our business model, a decrease in the number of our securities-licensed representatives or a reduction in the products we offer to our clients or the profits we earn, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Regulators could adopt laws or interpret existing laws in a way that would require retroactive changes to our business, accounting practices, or redundant reserve financing structures. Any such retroactive changes could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The inability of our subsidiaries to pay dividends or make distributions or other payments to us in sufficient amounts would impede our ability to meet our obligations and return capital to our stockholders.

Operations of the Company are conducted by its subsidiaries. As such, Primerica, Inc. is a holding company that has no significant operations. Our primary asset is the capital stock of our subsidiaries and our primary liability is our Senior Notes. We rely primarily on dividends and other payments from our subsidiaries to meet our operating costs, other corporate expenses, Senior Note obligations, as well as to return capital to our stockholders. The ability of our subsidiaries to pay dividends to us depends on their earnings, covenants contained in existing and future financing or other agreements and on regulatory restrictions. The ability of our insurance subsidiaries to pay dividends will further depend on their statutory income and surplus. If the cash we receive from our subsidiaries pursuant to dividend payments and tax sharing arrangements is insufficient for us to fund our obligations or if a subsidiary is unable to pay dividends to us, we may be required to raise cash through the incurrence of debt, the issuance of equity or the sale of assets. However, given the historic volatility in the capital markets, there is no assurance that we would be able to raise cash by these means.

The jurisdictions in which our insurance subsidiaries are domiciled impose certain restrictions on their ability to pay dividends to us. In the United States, these restrictions are based, in part, on the prior year's statutory income and surplus. In general, dividends up to specified levels are considered ordinary and may be paid without prior approval.  Dividends in larger amounts are subject to approval by the insurance commissioner of the state of domicile. In Canada, dividends can be paid, subject to the paying insurance company continuing to meet the regulatory requirements for capital adequacy and liquidity and upon 15 days' minimum notice to OSFI. No assurance is given that more stringent restrictions will not be adopted from time to time by jurisdictions in which our insurance subsidiaries are domiciled, and such restrictions could have the effect, under certain circumstances, of significantly reducing dividends or other amounts payable to us by our subsidiaries without prior approval by regulatory authorities. In addition, in the future, we may become subject to debt covenants or other agreements that limit our ability to return capital to our stockholders. The ability of our insurance subsidiaries to pay dividends to us is also limited by our need to maintain the financial strength ratings assigned to us by the ratings agencies.

If any of our subsidiaries were to become insolvent, liquidate or otherwise reorganize, we, as sole stockholder, will have no right to proceed against the assets of that subsidiary. Furthermore, with respect to our insurance subsidiaries, we, as sole stockholder, will have no right to cause the liquidation, bankruptcy or winding-up of the subsidiary under the applicable liquidation, bankruptcy or winding-up laws, although, in Canada, we could apply for permission to cause liquidation. The applicable insurance laws of the jurisdictions in which each of our insurance subsidiaries is domiciled would govern any proceedings relating to that subsidiary. The insurance authority of that jurisdiction would act as a liquidator or rehabilitator for the subsidiary. Both creditors of the subsidiary and policyholders (if an insurance subsidiary) would be entitled to payment in full from the subsidiary's assets before we, as the sole stockholder, would be entitled to receive any distribution from the subsidiary.

If the ability of our insurance or non-insurance subsidiaries to pay dividends or make other distributions or payments to us is materially restricted by regulatory requirements, bankruptcy or insolvency, or our need to maintain our financial strength ratings, or is limited due to operating results or other factors, it could materially adversely affect our ability to fund our obligations and return capital to our stockholders.

A significant change in the competitive environment in which we operate could negatively affect our ability to maintain or increase our market share and profitability.

We face competition in all of our business lines. Our competitors include financial services companies, banks, investment management firms, broker-dealers, insurance companies, insurance brokers and direct sales companies. In many of our product

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offerings, we face competition from competitors that may have greater market share or breadth of distribution, offer a broader range of products, services or features, assume a greater level of risk, have lower profitability expectations, have lower fee and expense ratios, have higher financial strength ratings or offer more robust digital tools and self-service capabilities than we do. More recently, significant capital has been invested in direct-to-consumer offerings, including wealth management, retirement and life insurance products. To the extent these entrants create a significant change in the competitive environment, our ability to maintain or increase our market share and profitability could be materially adversely affected.

The loss of key employees and sales force leaders could negatively affect our financial results and impair our ability to implement our business strategy.

Our success substantially depends on our ability to attract and retain key members of our senior management team. The efforts, personality and leadership of our senior management team have been, and will continue to be, critical to our success. The loss of service of our senior management team due to disability, death, retirement or some other cause could reduce our ability to successfully motivate our sales representatives, or implement our business plan which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Although our senior executive officers have entered into employment agreements with us, there is no assurance that they will complete the term of their employment agreements or that they or the Company will renew them upon expiration.

In addition, the loss of key RVPs for any reason could negatively affect our financial results, impair our ability to attract new sales representatives and hinder future growth.

If one of our significant information technology systems fails, if its security is compromised, or if the Internet becomes disabled or unavailable, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially adversely affected.

Our business is highly dependent upon the effective operation of our information technology systems and third-party technology systems, networks and clouds to record, process, transmit and store information, including sensitive customer and proprietary information. We rely on these systems throughout our business for a variety of functions including to conduct many of our business activities and transactions with our customers, representatives, vendors and other third parties, to prepare our financial statements and to communicate with our Board of Directors. Our information technology systems and applications run a variety of third-party and proprietary software, including POL (our secure Intranet website designed to be a support system for our sales force), the Primerica App, our insurance administration system, Virtual Base Shop (our secure Intranet-based paperless field office management system for RVPs), TurboApps (our point-of-sale tool that streamlines the application process for our insurance product), our FNA tool, our licensing decision and support system, and our compensation system. Our business also relies on the use of electronic mobile devices by employees, representatives and other third parties such as laptops, tablets and smartphones, which are particularly vulnerable to loss and theft.

Maintaining the integrity of these systems and networks is critical to the success of our business operations, including the retention of our representatives and customers, and to the protection of our proprietary information and our customers’ confidential and personal information. We could experience a failure of one or more of these systems or could fail to complete all necessary data reconciliation or other conversion controls when implementing new software systems.  In addition, despite the implementation of security and back-up measures, our information technology systems may be vulnerable to physical or electronic intrusions, viruses or other attacks, programming errors and similar disruptions.

We are subject to international, federal and state regulations, and in some cases contractual obligations, that require us to establish and maintain policies and procedures designed to protect sensitive customer, employee, sales representative and third-party information.  We have implemented and maintain security measures, including industry-standard commercial technology, designed to protect against breaches of security sales and other interference with our systems and networks resulting from attacks by third parties, including hackers, and from employee or representative error or malfeasance.  We continually assess our ability to monitor and respond to such threats. We also require third-party vendors, who in the provision of services to us are provided with or process information pertaining to our business or our customers, to meet certain information security standards. Despite the measures we have taken and may in the future take to address and mitigate cybersecurity and technology risks, we cannot assure that our systems and networks will not be subject to breaches or interference. Any such breaches or interference by third parties or by our sales representatives or employees that may occur in the future including the failure of any one of these systems for any reason, could cause significant interruptions to our operations, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Anyone who is able to circumvent our security measures and penetrate our information technology systems could access, view, misappropriate, alter, or delete information in the systems, including personally-identifiable client information and proprietary business information.  In addition, an increasing number of jurisdictions require that clients be notified if a security breach results in the disclosure of personally-identifiable client information, which could exacerbate the harm to our business, financial condition or results of operations. We cannot be certain that advances in criminal capabilities, discovery of new vulnerabilities, attempts to exploit vulnerabilities in our systems, data thefts, physical system or network break-ins or inappropriate access, or other developments will not compromise or breach the technology or other security measures protecting the networks and systems used in connection with our business.

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Operating system failures, ineffective system implementation, loss of the Internet or the compromise of security with respect to internal, external or third-party operating systems or portable electronic devices could subject us to significant civil and criminal liability, harm our reputation, interrupt our business operations, deter people from purchasing our products, require us to incur significant technical, legal and other expenses, and adversely affect our internal control over financial reporting, business, financial condition, or results of operations.

The current legislative and regulatory climate with regard to cybersecurity may adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Various international, federal and state legislative and regulatory bodies are considering or have considered, proposed, or adopted new standards and rules regarding protection of personally-identifiable information. Such laws or regulations could require us to implement new technologies or revise and maintain policies and procedures designed to protect sensitive customer, employee, representative and third-party information. Being subject to, or out of compliance with, the aforementioned laws and regulations could result in material costs, fines, penalties or litigation, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In the event of a disaster, our business continuity plan may not be sufficient, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our infrastructure supports a combination of local and remote recovery solutions for business resumption in the event of a disaster. In the event of either a campus-wide destruction or the inability to access our main campus in Duluth, Georgia, our business recovery plan provides for a limited number of our employees to perform their work functions via a dedicated business recovery site located 25 miles from our main campus or by remote access from an employee's home. However, in the event of campus-wide destruction, our business recovery plan may be inadequate, and our employees and sales representatives may be unable to carry out their work, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We may be materially adversely affected by currency fluctuations in the United States dollar versus the Canadian dollar.

The Canadian dollar is the functional currency for our Canadian subsidiaries and our financial results, reported in U.S. dollars, are affected by changes in the currency exchange rate. The assets, liabilities, revenues, and expenses of our Canadian subsidiaries are generally all denominated in Canadian dollars. However, the Canadian dollar financial statements of our Canadian subsidiaries are translated into U.S. dollars in our consolidated financial statements.  Therefore, significant exchange rate fluctuations between the U.S. dollar and the Canadian dollar could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. A weaker Canadian dollar relative to the U.S. dollar would result in lower levels of reported revenues, expenses, net income, assets, liabilities and accumulated other comprehensive income as translated in our U.S. dollar reporting currency financial statements. In addition, our net investment in our Canadian subsidiaries is significantly affected by fluctuations in the exchange rate between the U.S. dollar and the Canadian dollar.

The market price of our common stock may fluctuate.

The stock market in general, and the market for companies in the financial services industry in particular, have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of these companies. Also, broad market and industry factors may negatively affect the market price of our common stock, regardless of our actual operating performance. Our stock could be subject to wide fluctuations in price in response to various factors, many of which are beyond our control, that include the following:

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Not applicable.

We lease all of our office, warehouse, printing, and distribution properties. Our executive and home office operations for substantially all of our domestic U.S. operations (except New York) are located in Duluth, Georgia, in a build-to-suit facility completed in 2013. The initial lease term for the facility is 15 years.

We also lease continuation of business, print/distribution, and warehouse space in or around Duluth, Georgia, under leases expiring in February 2018, June 2018 and June 2023, respectively.

NBLIC subleases general office space in Long Island City, New York, under a sublease expiring in March 2020.

In Canada, we lease general office space in Mississauga, Ontario, under a lease expiring in April 2018 and warehouse and printing operation space in Mississauga, Ontario, under a separate lease also expiring in April 2018.

Each of these leased properties is used by both of our operating segments, with the exception of our NBLIC office space, which is not used by our Investment and Savings Products segment.

We believe that our existing facilities in the U.S. and Canada are adequate for our current requirements and for our operations in the foreseeable future.

For additional details on our operating leases, see “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Liquidity and Capital Resources – Contractual Obligations.”

We are involved from time to time in legal disputes, regulatory inquiries and arbitration proceedings in the normal course of business. Additional information regarding certain legal proceedings to which we are a party is described under “Contingent Liabilities” in Note 16 (Commitments and Contingent Liabilities) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report, and such information is incorporated herein by reference. As of the date of this report, we do not believe any pending legal proceeding to which Primerica or any of its subsidiaries is a party is required to be disclosed pursuant to this item.

 

Not applicable.

 

Our executive officers are elected or appointed by our Board of Directors.

The name, age at February 27, 2017, and position of each of our executive officers and certain significant employees are presented below. These officers comprise our senior management team.

Set forth below is biographical information concerning our executive officers.

Glenn J. Williams has served as Chief Executive Officer since April 2015. He served as President from 2005 to April 2015; as Executive Vice President from 2000 to 2005; and in various capacities at our company since 1981. Mr. Williams earned his B.S. in education from Baptist University of America in 1981.

William A. Kelly has served as President of PFS Investments, a subsidiary of Primerica, since 2005 and in various capacities at our company since 1985. Mr. Kelly graduated from the University of Georgia in 1979 with a B.B.A. in accounting.

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Gregory C. Pitts has served as Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer since December 2009, as Executive Vice President since 1995 with responsibilities within the Term Life Insurance and Investment and Savings Products segments and information technology division and in various capacities at our company since 1985. Mr. Pitts earned his B.S.B.A. in general business from the University of Arkansas in 1985. He serves on the Boy Scouts of America Atlanta Area Council.

Alison S. Rand has served as Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer since 2000 and in various capacities at our company since 1995. Prior to 1995, Ms. Rand worked in the audit department of KPMG LLP. Ms. Rand earned her B.S. in accounting from the University of Florida in 1990 and is a certified public accountant. She is a board member of the Atlanta Children’s Shelter, the Partnership Against Domestic Violence, Cool Girls, Inc. and Junior Achievement of Georgia. She also serves on the Terry College of Business Executive Education CFO Roundtable Advisory Board.

Peter W. Schneider has served as President since April 2015. He served as Executive Vice President, General Counsel, and Chief Administrative Officer from 2000 to April 2015 and as Corporate Secretary from 2000 through January 2014. He worked at the law firm of Rogers & Hardin LLP as a partner from 1988 to 2000. Mr. Schneider earned both his B.S. in political science and industrial relations in 1978 and his J.D. in 1981 from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He serves on the boards of directors of the Northwest YMCA and the Carolina Center for Jewish Studies.

Set forth below is biographical information concerning certain significant employees.

Michael C. Adams has served as Chief Business Technology Officer since April 2010, as Executive Vice President responsible for business technology since 1998 and in various capacities at our company since 1980. Mr. Adams earned his B.A. in business and economics from Hendrix College in 1978.

Chess E. Britt has served as Chief Marketing Officer since April 2010, as Executive Vice President responsible for marketing administration and field communication since 1995 and in various capacities at our company since 1982. Mr. Britt earned his B.A. in business administration from the University of Georgia in 1978. He serves on the board of directors of the Gwinnett Chamber of Commerce.

Jeffrey S. Fendler has served as Executive Vice President and Chief Compliance and Risk Officer of our company since February 2014. He served as President of Primerica Life, a subsidiary of Primerica, from 2005 through January 2014 and in various capacities at our company since 1980. Mr. Fendler received a B.A. in economics from Tulane University.  

Alexis P. Ginn has served as our Executive Vice President and General Counsel since May 2015 and as Executive Vice President and Deputy General Counsel from July 1998 to May 2015.  She has served in various legal capacities with Primerica since 1991. Ms. Ginn began her career as a trial attorney in the Civil Division of the Department of Justice.  She received her Bachelor of Science with honors from Tufts University and her J.D. from George Washington University Law School where she was on the law review and a member of the Order of the Coif.

 

 

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PART II

Quarterly Common Stock Prices and Dividends

The common stock of Primerica, Inc. (“Primerica”, “we”, “us” or the “Parent Company”) is listed for trading on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) under the symbol “PRI”. The quarterly high and low sales prices for our common stock as reported on the NYSE and the dividends paid per quarter for the periods indicated were as follows:

Dividends

We paid quarterly dividends to our stockholders totaling approximately $33.4 million and $32.8 million in 2016 and 2015, respectively.

As of January 31, 2017, we had 82 holders of record of our common stock. In the first quarter of 2017, we declared a quarterly dividend to shareholders of $0.19 per share. We currently expect to continue to pay quarterly cash dividends to holders of our common stock. Our payment of cash dividends is at the discretion of our Board of Directors in accordance with applicable law after taking into account various factors, including our financial condition, operating results, current and anticipated cash needs and plans for growth. Under Delaware law, we can only pay dividends either out of surplus or out of the current or the immediately preceding year’s earnings. Therefore, no assurance is given that we will continue to pay any dividends to our common stockholders, or as to the amount of any such dividends.

We are a holding company and have no operations. Our primary asset is the capital stock of our operating subsidiaries. The states in which our U.S. insurance company subsidiaries are domiciled impose certain restrictions on our insurance subsidiaries’ ability to pay dividends to us. Our Canadian subsidiary can pay dividends subject to meeting regulatory requirements for capital adequacy and liquidity with appropriate minimum notice to the Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions Canada. In addition, in the future, we may become subject to agreements that limit our ability to pay dividends. For more information regarding dividend restrictions on our insurance subsidiaries, see Note 15 (Statutory Accounting and Dividend Restrictions) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Depending on market conditions, shares may be repurchased from time to time at prevailing market prices through open market or privately negotiated transactions. On August 13, 2015, our Board of Directors authorized a share repurchase program for up to $200.0 million of our outstanding common stock during 2016. This share repurchase program was completed as of December 31, 2016. On November 17, 2016 the Board of Directors authorized a new share repurchase program for up to $200.0 million of our outstanding common stock for purchases through June 30, 2018. Repurchases under this new program began in January 2017.

The Parent Company has no obligation to repurchase any shares. Subject to applicable corporate securities laws, repurchases may be made at such times and in such amounts as management deems appropriate. Repurchases under a publicly announced program can be discontinued at any time if management believes additional repurchases are not warranted.  

During the quarter ended December 31, 2016, we repurchased shares of our common stock as follows:

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For more information on our share repurchases, see Note 12 (Stockholders’ Equity) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.

Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans

We have two compensation plans under which our equity securities are authorized for issuance. The Primerica, Inc. Amended and Restated 2010 Omnibus Incentive Plan was approved by our stockholders in May 2011. The Primerica, Inc. Stock Purchase Plan for Agents and Employees was approved by our sole stockholder in March 2010. The following table sets forth certain information relating to these equity compensation plans at December 31, 2016.

 

 

 

 

 

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Stock Performance Table ⁽¹⁾

The following graph compares the performance of our common stock to the Standard & Poor’s (“S&P”) MidCap 400 Index and the S&P 500 Insurance Index by assuming $100 was invested in each investment option as of December 31, 2011. The S&P MidCap 400 Index measures the performance of the United States middle market capitalization (“mid-cap”) equities sector. The S&P 500 Insurance Index is a capitalization-weighted index of domestic equities of insurance companies traded on the NYSE and NASDAQ. Our common stock is included in the S&P MidCap 400 index.

 

 

 

The selected financial data should be read in conjunction with the section entitled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes included elsewhere in this report.

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Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (“MD&A”) is intended to inform the reader about matters affecting the financial condition and results of operations of Primerica, Inc. (the “Parent Company”) and its subsidiaries (collectively, “we,” “us” or the “Company”) for the three-year period ended December 31, 2016. As a result, the following discussion should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes that are included herein. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that constitute our plans, estimates and beliefs. These forward-looking statements

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involve numerous risks and uncertainties, including, but not limited to, those discussed in “Risk Factors”. Actual results may differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements.

This MD&A is divided into the following sections:

Business Trends and Conditions

The relative strength and stability of financial markets and economies in the United States and Canada affect our growth and profitability. Our business is, and we expect will continue to be, influenced by a number of industry-wide and product-specific trends and conditions. Economic conditions, including unemployment levels and consumer confidence, influence investment and spending decisions by middle-income consumers, who are generally our primary clients. These conditions and factors also impact prospective recruits’ perceptions of the business opportunity that becoming a Primerica sales representative offers, which can drive or dampen recruiting. Consumer spending and borrowing levels affect how consumers evaluate their savings and debt management plans. In addition, interest rates and equity market returns impact consumer demand for the savings and investment products we distribute. Our customers’ perception of the strength of the capital markets will influence their decisions to invest in the investment and savings products we distribute. The financial and distribution results of our operations in Canada, as reported in U.S. dollars, are affected by changes in the currency exchange rate. The Canadian dollar exchange rate increased modestly in 2016 when compared with 2015 while it decreased sharply in 2015 when compared with 2014. Therefore, the Canadian dollar exchange rate had less impact on the results of our business in 2016 compared to 2015 for all amounts translated and reported in U.S. dollars. The effects of these trends and conditions are discussed below and in the Results of Operations section.

Size of our Independent Sales Force.

Our ability to increase the size of our independent sales force is largely based on the success of our sales force’s recruiting efforts as well as training and motivating recruits to get licensed to sell life insurance. We believe that recruitment and licensing levels are important to sales force trends, and growth in recruiting and licensing is usually indicative of future growth in the overall size of the sales force. Recruiting changes do not always result in commensurate changes in the size of our licensed sales force because new recruits may obtain the requisite licenses at rates above or below historical levels.

Regulatory changes can also impact the size of our independent sales force. For example, the insurance regulators in Canada implemented a new life insurance licensing examination program in January 2016 that requires applicants to complete increased examination requirements in order to obtain a life insurance sales license and has the potential to decrease the number of applicants who obtain their life insurance licenses in Canada. However, we have undertaken efforts to adapt our licensing process to the new program in order to mitigate any adverse effect that these increased examination requirements could have on the size of our Canadian life-licensed sales force. We have not observed a meaningful decline in the number of new life-licensed agents in Canada since the program became effective at the beginning of 2016.

New recruits increased in 2016 to 262,732 from 228,115 in 2015 and 190,439 in 2014 primarily due to growth in the size of our sales force, resulting in more agents available to actively recruit, and is complemented by positive momentum in our business. The size of our life-licensed sales force increased to 116,827 sales representatives at December 31, 2016 from 106,710 at December 31, 2015 and 98,358 at December 31, 2014, primarily due to the increase in recruiting in recent periods, as well as our strong focus on training of new sales representatives to become licensed to sell life insurance.   

Term Life Insurance Product Sales and Face Amount In Force.

The average number of life-licensed sales representatives and the number of term life insurance policies issued, as well as the average monthly rate of new policies issued per life-licensed sales representative (historically between 0.18 and 0.22), were as follows:

The increase in new life insurance policies issued in 2016 from 2015 reflected the positive impact of strong growth in the size of our life-licensed sales force in recent periods. Productivity, measured by the average monthly rate of new policies issued per life-licensed sales representative continues to be at the higher end of our historical range due to the positive sales momentum generated within our

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independent sales force. The number of new life insurance policies also increased in 2015 compared to 2014 mostly due to the factors discussed above in the comparison of 2016 to 2015.

The changes in the face amount of our in-force book of term life insurance policies were as follows:

The face amount of term life insurance policies in force increased 5% during 2016 compared to a 2% growth during 2015 primarily due to the positive impact of strong new policy sales issued and stable persistency levels, which allowed issued face amount to outpace policy terminations face amount. As a percentage of the beginning face amount in force, issued face amount continued to grow due to higher sales, while terminations face amount remained consistent with the prior year. Overall, the increase in total face amount of policies in force as of December 31, 2016 compared to December 31, 2015 was primarily driven by the volume growth in new policies issued. Our average issued face amount in 2016 was also consistent with 2015 at approximately $241,500 and $241,700, respectively.

In 2015, the face amount of term life insurance policies in force increased compared with 2014 also as a result of the higher number of policies issued combined with policy terminations remaining stable. However, the magnitude of the increase in face amount in 2015 versus 2014 was mitigated due to the year-over-year impact of a much stronger U.S. dollar in relation to the Canadian dollar, which reduced the translated face amount of existing Canadian policies in force. In 2015, our average issued face amount of approximately $241,700 in 2015 decreased as compared with approximately $244,600 in 2014 primarily due to the translation impact of the weaker Canadian dollar.

Investment and Savings Product Sales, Asset Values and Accounts. Investment and savings products sales and average client asset values were as follows:

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The rollforward of asset values in client accounts was as follows:

Average number of fee-generating positions was as follows:

 

Product sales. The decrease in investment and savings product sales in 2016 from 2015 was largely attributed to an industry-wide weakness in variable annuity sales, partially offset by positive sales in U.S. retail mutual fund and fixed indexed annuity sales. Our annuity sales activity has been consistent with an industry-wide shift from variable annuities to fixed indexed annuities while positive market performance in recent periods has increased demand for U.S. retail mutual funds.

In 2015, investment and savings product sales increased from 2014 as favorable market conditions, most notably in the first half of the year, drove customer demand for our product sales. The year-over-year increase in investment and savings products was partially offset by the translation impact of the weaker Canadian dollar in relation to the U.S. dollar.

Average client asset values. Average client asset values increased in 2016 from 2015 largely due to favorable market performance throughout the year and continued net positive inflows.

The growth in average client asset values in 2015 can be attributed to the impact of positive net investment inflows during 2015 and favorable market performance during the first half of 2015. The positive effect of these items on average client asset values was partially offset by the foreign currency translation impact of the weaker Canadian dollar as well as the negative impact of market volatility in the second half of 2015.

Rollforward of client asset values. Client asset values increased during 2016 compared to a decrease during 2015 primarily due to an increase in market value and continued net inflows from product sales, which outpaced redemptions. Also contributing to the increase in client asset values was the positive impact of the translated value of client assets in Canada due to the strengthening of the Canadian dollar relative to the U.S. dollar.

The decrease in client asset values during 2015 was largely due to the currency translation impact of the lower Canadian dollar on Canadian client assets as well as negative market performance in the second half of 2015. The impact of these items was partially offset by positive net investment inflows.  

Average number of fee-generating positions. The average number of fee-generating positions increased in 2016 from 2015 primarily due to the cumulative effect of product sales of mutual funds and managed accounts investments that are serviced on the Company’s recordkeeping and custodial services platform.

The average number of fee-generating positions increased in 2015 from 2014 primarily due to the addition of a mutual fund provider on our recordkeeping and custodial services platform during the first quarter of 2015 as well as growth in our mutual funds and managed accounts business.

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Regulatory changes on business trends. Regulatory changes can also impact our product sales. On April 8, 2016, the Department of Labor (“DOL”) published a final regulation (“the DOL Fiduciary Rule”), which more broadly defines the circumstances under which a person or entity may be considered a fiduciary for purposes of the prohibited transaction rules of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act and Internal Revenue Code (“IRC”) Section 4975. IRC Section 4975 prohibits certain types of compensation paid by third parties with respect to transactions involving assets in qualified accounts, including individual retirement accounts (“IRAs”). In connection with the DOL Fiduciary Rule, the DOL also issued new exemptions and amended several existing exemptions. On February 3, 2017, the President of the United States issued a memorandum directing the DOL to review the DOL Fiduciary Rule to determine, based on certain factors, whether the rule should be revised or rescinded. The DOL Fiduciary Rule, which was set to become “applicable” on April 10, 2017, may be delayed for an unspecified period while the Secretary of Labor prepares an updated economic and legal analysis on the impact of the DOL Fiduciary Rule.

IRAs and other qualified accounts are an important component of the investment and savings products we distribute. If it were to become applicable in its current form, we believe that the DOL Fiduciary Rule would necessitate certain changes to our qualified plan business in order for us to continue to help investors save for retirement. Because of the uncertainty of the status of the DOL Fiduciary Rule, we have not yet finalized our plans or determined the extent and nature of those changes. Additionally, we have not determined the extent to which we would make necessitated compensation, product or other changes to our qualified plan business, nor whether we would make such changes consistent across our non-qualified business. As a result, we are currently unable to quantify the impact on our business, financial position or results of operations. During the year ended December 31, 2016, average client assets held in U.S. qualified retirement plans accounted for an estimated 59% of total average client account assets. During the year ended December 31, 2016, product sales of assets held in U.S. qualified retirement plans accounted for approximately 56% of total investment and savings product sales.

Factors Affecting Our Results

Term Life Insurance Segment. Our Term Life Insurance segment results are primarily driven by sales volumes, the accuracy of our pricing assumptions, terms and use of reinsurance, and expenses.

Sales and policies in force. Sales of term policies and the size and characteristics of our in-force book of policies are vital to our results over the long term. Premium revenue is recognized as it is earned over the term of the policy, and eligible acquisition expenses are deferred and amortized ratably with the level premiums of the underlying policies. However, because we incur significant cash outflows at or about the time policies are issued, including the payment of sales commissions and underwriting costs, changes in life insurance sales volume will have a more immediate effect on our cash flows.

Historically, we have found that while sales volume of term life insurance products between fiscal periods may vary based on a variety of factors, the productivity of our individual sales representatives generally remains within a relatively narrow range (i.e., an average monthly rate of new policies issued per life-licensed sales representative between 0.18 and 0.22), and, consequently, our sales volume over the longer term generally correlates to the size of our sales force.

Pricing assumptions. Our pricing methodology is intended to provide us with appropriate profit margins for the risks we assume. We determine pricing classifications based on the coverage sought, such as the size and term of the policy, and certain policyholder attributes, such as age and health. In addition, we generally utilize unisex rates for our term life insurance policies. The pricing assumptions that underlie our rates are based upon our best estimates of mortality, persistency and interest rates at the time of issuance, sales force commission rates, issue and underwriting expenses, operating expenses and the characteristics of the insureds, including the distribution of sex, age, underwriting class, product and amount of coverage. Our results will be affected to the extent there is a variance between our pricing assumptions and actual experience.

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Reinsurance. We use reinsurance extensively, which has a significant effect on our results of operations. Since the mid-1990s, we have reinsured between 60% and 90% of the mortality risk on our U.S. term life insurance policies on a quota share yearly renewable term (“YRT”) basis. In Canada, historically, we utilized reinsurance arrangements similar to the U.S. in certain years and reinsured only face amounts above $500,000 in other years. However, in the first quarter of 2012, we entered into a YRT reinsurance arrangement in Canada similar to our U.S. program. YRT reinsurance permits us to set future mortality at contractual rates by policy class. To the extent actual mortality experience is more or less favorable than the contractual rate, the reinsurer will earn incremental profits or bear the incremental cost, as applicable. In contrast to coinsurance, which is intended to eliminate all risks (other than counterparty risk of the reinsurer) and rewards associated with a specified percentage of the block of policies subject to the reinsurance arrangement, the YRT reinsurance arrangements we enter into are intended only to reduce volatility associated with variances between estimated and actual mortality rates.

In 2010, as part of our corporate reorganization and the initial public offering of our common stock, we entered into significant coinsurance transactions (the “IPO coinsurance transactions”) with entities then affiliated with Citigroup, Inc. (collectively, the “IPO coinsurers”) and ceded between 80% and 90% of the risks and rewards of our term life insurance policies that were in force at year-end 2009. We continue to administer all policies subject to these coinsurance agreements.

The effect of our reinsurance arrangements on ceded premiums and benefits and expenses on our statement of income follows:

We may alter our reinsurance practices at any time due to the unavailability of YRT reinsurance at attractive rates or the availability of alternatives to reduce our risk exposure. We presently intend to continue ceding approximately 90% of our U.S. and Canadian mortality risk on new business.

Expenses. Results are also affected by variances in client acquisition, maintenance and administration expense levels.

Investment and Savings Products Segment. Our Investment and Savings Products segment results are primarily driven by sales, the value of assets in client accounts for which we earn ongoing management, marketing and support, and distribution fees, and the number of recordkeeping and custodial-fee generating positions we administer.

Sales. We earn commissions and fees, such as dealer re-allowances, and marketing and support fees, based on sales of mutual fund products and annuities. Sales of investment and savings products are influenced by the overall demand for investment products in the United States and Canada, as well as by the size and productivity of our sales force. We generally experience seasonality in our Investment and Savings Products segment results due to our high concentration of sales of retirement account products. These accounts are typically funded in February through April, coincident with our clients’ tax return preparation season. While we believe the size of our sales force is a factor in driving sales volume in this segment, there are a number of other variables, such as economic and market conditions, which may have a significantly greater effect on sales volume in any given fiscal period.

Asset values in client accounts. We earn marketing and support fees as well as distribution fees (trail commissions or, with respect to U.S. mutual funds, 12b-1 fees) on mutual fund and annuity assets in the United States and Canada. In the United States, we also earn investment advisory fees on assets in the managed investments program. In Canada, we earn management fees on certain mutual fund assets and on the segregated funds for which we serve as investment manager. Asset values are influenced by new product sales, ongoing contributions to existing accounts, redemptions and the change in market values in existing accounts. While we offer a wide variety of asset classes and investment styles, our clients’ accounts are primarily invested in equity funds.

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Positions. We earn recordkeeping fees for administrative functions we perform on behalf of several of our retail and managed mutual fund providers. An individual client account may include multiple fund positions for which we earn recordkeeping fees. We may also receive fees earned for non-bank custodial services that we provide to clients with retirement plan accounts.

Sales mix. While our investment and savings products all provide similar long-term economic returns to the Company, our results in a given fiscal period will be affected by changes in the overall mix of products within these categories. Examples of changes in the sales mix that influence our results include the following:

Corporate and Other Distributed Products Segment. We earn revenues and pay commissions and referral fees for various other insurance products, prepaid legal services and other financial products, all of which are originated by third parties. National Benefit Life Insurance Company (“NBLIC”) also has in-force policies from several discontinued lines of insurance. At the beginning of 2014, NBLIC sold its short-term statutory disability benefit insurance business to AmTrust North America, Inc., and the net gain recognized on the sale was reported as discontinued operations in 2014. Also during 2014, NBLIC ceased the marketing and underwriting of new student life insurance policies but it continues to administer the existing block of student life business.

Corporate and Other Distributed Products segment net investment income reflects actual net investment income realized by the Company less the amount allocated to our Term Life Insurance segment based on the assumed net interest accreted to the segment’s U.S. GAAP-measured future policy benefit reserve liability less DAC. Actual net investment income reflected in the Corporate and Other Distributed Products segment is impacted by the size and performance of our invested asset portfolio, which can be influenced by interest rates, credit spreads, and the mix of invested assets.

The Corporate and Other Distributed Products segment is also affected by corporate income and expenses not allocated to our other segments, general and administrative expenses (other than expenses that are allocated to our Term Life Insurance or Investment and Savings Products segments), interest expense on notes payable and reserve financing transactions as well as realized gains and losses on our invested asset portfolio.

Capital Structure. Our financial results are affected by our capital structure, which includes our senior unsecured notes (the “Senior Notes”) and common stock. See Note 10 (Debt), Note 12 (Stockholders’ Equity) and Note 16 (Commitments and Contingent Liabilities) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report for more information on changes in our capital structure.

Foreign Currency. The Canadian dollar is the functional currency for our Canadian subsidiaries and our consolidated financial results, reported in U.S. dollars, are affected by changes in the currency exchange rate. As such, the translated amount of revenues, expenses, assets and liabilities attributable to our Canadian subsidiaries will be higher or lower in periods where the Canadian dollar appreciates or weakens relative to the U.S. dollar, respectively. While the Canadian dollar spot rate relative to the U.S. dollar has improved during 2016, it remains lower as compared with 2014 due to the significant decline in the value of the Canadian dollar relative to the U.S. dollar in 2015.

The year-over-year increase in the year-end exchange rates used by the Company to translate our Canadian dollar functional currency assets and liabilities into U.S. dollars was 4% in 2016 from 2015 and it decreased by 17% from 2015 to 2014. The year-over-year decrease in the average exchange rates used by the Company to translate our Canadian dollar functional currency revenues and expenses into U.S. dollars was 4% in 2016 from 2015 and 14% in 2015 from 2014.

See “Results of Operations” and “Financial Condition” and “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk – Canadian Currency Risk” and Note 3 (Segment and Geographical Information) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report for more information on our Canadian subsidiaries and the impact of foreign currency on our financial results.

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Critical Accounting Estimates

We prepare our financial statements in accordance with U.S GAAP. These principles are established primarily by the Financial Accounting Standards Board. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions based on currently available information when recording transactions resulting from business operations. Our significant accounting policies are described in Note 1 (Description of Business, Basis of Presentation, and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report. The most significant items on our consolidated balance sheets are based on fair value determinations, accounting estimates and actuarial determinations, which are susceptible to changes in future periods and could affect our results of operations and financial position.

The estimates that we deem to be most critical to an understanding of our results of operations and financial position are those related to DAC, future policy benefit reserves and corresponding amounts due from reinsurers, income taxes, and the valuation of investments. The preparation and evaluation of these critical accounting estimates involve the use of various assumptions developed from management’s analyses and judgments. Subsequent experience or use of other assumptions could produce significantly different results.

Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs. We defer incremental direct costs of successful contract acquisitions that result directly from and are essential to the contract transaction(s) and that would not have been incurred had the contract transaction(s) not occurred. These costs include commissions and policy issue expenses. Deferrable term life insurance policy acquisition costs are amortized over the initial premium-paying period of the related policies in proportion to premium income and include assumptions made by us regarding persistency, expenses, interest rates and claims, which are updated on new business to reflect recent experience. These assumptions may not be modified, or unlocked on in-force term life insurance business, unless recoverability testing deems estimated future cash flows to be inadequate. DAC is subject to recoverability testing annually and when circumstances indicate that recoverability is uncertain.

If actual lapses are different from pricing assumptions for a particular period, DAC amortization for that period will be affected. If the rate of policies that lapse is 1% higher than the rate of policies that we expected to lapse in our original pricing assumptions, approximately 1% more of the existing DAC balance will be amortized, which would have been equal to approximately $16.3 million as of December 31, 2016 (assuming such lapses were distributed proportionately among policies of all durations). We believe that a lapse rate in the number of policies that is 1% higher than the rate assumed in our pricing assumptions is a reasonably possible variation. Higher lapses in the early durations would have a greater effect on DAC amortization since the DAC balances are higher at the earlier durations. Due to the inherent uncertainties in making assumptions about future events, materially different experience from expected results in persistency could result in a material increase or decrease of DAC amortization in a particular period.

Deferrable acquisition costs for Canadian segregated funds are amortized over the life of the policies in relation to the present value of estimated gross profits expected to be realized over the life of the underlying policies. The gross profits and resulting DAC amortization will vary with actual and anticipated fund returns, redemptions, commissions and expenses. DAC from our Canadian segregated funds reflects approximately 3% of our total DAC, and DAC amortization on these segregated funds reflects approximately 3% of our total DAC amortization for the year ended December 31, 2016.

For additional information on DAC, see Note 1 (Description of Business, Basis of Presentation, and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies) and Note 7 (Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.

Future Policy Benefit Reserves and Reinsurance. Liabilities for future policy benefits on our term life insurance products have been computed using a net level method and include assumptions as to mortality, persistency, interest rates, and other assumptions based on our historical experience, modified as necessary for new business to reflect anticipated trends and to include provisions for possible adverse deviation. Reserves related to reinsured policies are accounted for using assumptions consistent with those used to determine the future policy benefit reserves and are included in Due from reinsurers in our consolidated balance sheets. Similar to the term life insurance DAC discussion above, we do not modify the assumptions used to establish future policy benefit reserves during the policy term unless recoverability testing deems them to be inadequate and there is no remaining DAC associated with the underlying policies. Our results depend significantly upon the extent to which our actual experience is consistent with the assumptions we used in determining our future policy benefit reserves. Our future policy benefit reserve assumptions and estimates require significant judgment and, therefore, are inherently uncertain.

If the rate of policies that lapse is 1% higher than the rate of policies that we expected to lapse in our pricing assumptions, approximately 1% more of the future policy benefit reserves will be released, which would have been equal to approximately $54.6 million (assuming such lapses were distributed proportionately among policies of all durations), partially offset by the release of the corresponding due from reinsurers asset of approximately $38.6 million as of December 31, 2016, which decreases over time with the run-off of policies subject to the IPO coinsurance transactions. Higher lapses in later durations would have a greater effect on the release of future policy benefit reserves since the future policy benefit reserves are higher at the later durations.

We cannot determine with precision the ultimate amounts that we will pay for actual claims or the timing of those payments.

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For additional information on future policy benefits and reinsurance, see Note 1 (Description of Business, Basis of Presentation, and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies) and Note 6 (Reinsurance) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.

Income Taxes. We account for income taxes using the asset and liability method. We recognize deferred tax assets and liabilities for the future tax consequences attributable to (i) temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and (ii) operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. We recognize the effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates in income in the period that includes the enactment date. Deferred tax assets are recognized subject to management’s judgment that realization is more likely than not applicable to the periods in which we expect the temporary difference will reverse.

In light of the multiple tax jurisdictions in which we operate, our tax returns are subject to routine audit by the Internal Revenue Service and other taxation authorities. These audits at times may produce alternative views regarding particular tax positions taken in the year(s) of review. As a result, the Company records uncertain tax positions, which requires recognition at the time when it is deemed more likely than not that the position in question will be upheld. Although management believes that the judgment and estimates involved are reasonable and that the necessary provisions have been recorded, changes in circumstances or unexpected events could adversely affect our financial position, results of operations, and cash flows.

For additional information on income taxes, see Note 1 (Description of Business, Basis of Presentation, and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies) and Note 11 (Income Taxes) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.

Invested Assets. We hold primarily fixed-maturity securities, including bonds and redeemable preferred stocks, and equity securities, including common and non-redeemable preferred stock. We have classified these invested assets as available-for-sale, except for the securities of our U.S. broker-dealer subsidiary, which we have classified as trading securities. We also hold a credit-enhanced note, which we classified as a held-to-maturity security that was issued in exchange for a surplus note with an equal principal amount as part of a redundant reserve financing transaction. All of these securities are carried at fair value, except for the held-to-maturity security, which is carried at amortized cost. Unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities, except for other-than-temporary impairments (“OTTI”) discussed below, are included as a separate component of other comprehensive income in our statements of comprehensive income. Changes in fair value of trading securities are included in net investment income in the accompanying consolidated statements of income in the period in which the change occurred.

Fair value. Fair value is the price that would be received upon the sale of an asset in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Fair value measurements are based upon observable and unobservable inputs. Observable inputs reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect our view of market assumptions in the absence of observable market information. We classify and disclose all invested assets carried at fair value in one of the three fair value measurement categories prescribed by U.S. GAAP.

As of each reporting period, we classify all invested assets in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Significant levels of estimation and judgment are required to determine the fair value of certain of our investments. The factors influencing these estimations and judgments are subject to change in subsequent reporting periods.

OTTI. The determination of whether a decline in fair value of available-for-sale securities below amortized cost is other-than-temporary is subjective. Furthermore, this determination can involve a variety of assumptions and estimates, particularly for invested assets that are not actively traded in established markets. We evaluate a number of quantitative and qualitative factors when determining the impairment status of individual securities, including issuer-specific risks as well as relevant macroeconomic risks.

For available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position that we intend to sell or would more-likely-than-not be required to sell before the expected recovery of the amortized cost basis, we recognize an impairment charge for the difference between amortized cost and fair value as a realized investment loss in our statements of income. For available-for-sale fixed maturity securities in an unrealized loss position for which we have no intent to sell and believe that it is not more-likely-than-not that we will be required to sell before the expected recovery of the amortized cost basis, only the amount related to the principal cash flows not expected to be received over the remaining term of the security, or the credit loss component, of the difference between cost and fair value is recognized as a realized investment loss in our statements of income, while the remainder is recognized in other comprehensive income in our statements of comprehensive income.

OTTI analyses that we perform involve the use of estimates, assumptions, and subjectivity. If these factors or future events change, we could experience material OTTI in future periods, which could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and the size and quality of our invested assets portfolio.

For additional information on our invested assets, see Note 1 (Description of Business, Basis of Presentation, and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies), Note 4 (Investments) and Note 5 (Fair Value of Financial Instruments) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.

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Results of Operations

Revenues. Our revenues consist of the following:

Benefits and Expenses. Our operating expenses consist of the following:

Insurance expenses and other operating expenses directly attributable to the Term Life Insurance and the Investment and Savings Products segments are recorded directly to the applicable segment. We allocate certain other revenue and operating expenses that are not directly attributable to a specific operating segment based on the relative sizes of our life-licensed and securities-licensed independent sales forces. These allocated items include fees charged for access to our proprietary sales force support application and costs incurred for field technology, supervision, training and certain other costs. We also allocate certain technology and occupancy costs to our operating segments based on estimated usage. Costs that are not directly charged or allocated to our two primary operating segments are included in our Corporate and Other Distributed Products segment.

 

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Primerica, Inc. and Subsidiaries Results. Our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014 were as follows:

 

Total revenues. Total revenues increased in 2016 from 2015 largely due to incremental premiums on term life insurance policies that are not subject to the IPO coinsurance transactions as well as direct premiums growth reflecting the increase in the number of new policies issued in recent periods. Commissions and fees from our Investment and Savings Products segment increased modestly in 2016 compared to 2015 primarily due to higher asset-based revenues driven by the increase in average client asset values and higher account-based revenues primarily driven by an increase in our account-based fee structure on U.S. qualified accounts, offset by lower sales-based revenues due to weakness in variable annuity sales.

Net investment income increased in 2016 from 2015 as increasing prices on fixed-income investments led to an approximately $4.7 million higher total return on the deposit asset backing the 10% coinsurance agreement that is subject to deposit method accounting. This increase was partially offset by approximately $2.1 million of lower investment income due to lower yield on a slightly larger invested asset portfolio. Interest expense on surplus note line item will fluctuate from period to period along with the principal amount of our surplus note (the “Surplus Note”) based on the balance of reserves being contractually supported under a redundant reserve financing transaction used by our Vidalia Re, Inc. (“Vidalia Re”) captive insurance company. Investment income earned on our held-to-maturity invested asset completely offsets the interest expense on Surplus Note line item, thereby eliminating any impact on net investment income. For more information on the Surplus Note, see Note 10 (Debt) and for additional information on the redundant reserve financing transaction used by Vidalia Re, see Note 4 (Investments) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.

Realized investment gains (losses), including OTTI losses, increased primarily due to higher realized investment gains we recognized in the second quarter of 2016 from the sale of certain securities where the Company was able to reduce its exposure to specific issuers, as well as a lower amount of impairments on certain investments in our invested asset portfolio.   

Other, net revenues increased during 2016 compared to 2015 largely due to the increase in fees for our proprietary sales force support system, consistent with subscriber growth. We allocate fees collected for our proprietary sales force support system between our Term Life Insurance segment and our Investment and Savings Products segment based on the estimated number of sales force representatives that are licensed to sell products in each respective segment.

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During 2015, total revenues increased from 2014 primarily due to incremental premiums on term life insurance policies not subject to the IPO coinsurance transactions and higher direct premiums reflecting the increase in new policy sales in recent periods. Also contributing to the year-over-year increase in revenues in 2015 versus 2014 were higher commissions and fees generated from our Investment and Savings Products segment as a result of investment and savings product sales growth and client asset values growth.

Partially offsetting the increase in revenues in 2015 from 2014 was a decline in net investment income, which was mostly attributed to lower yield on invested assets, lower total return on the deposit asset underlying the 10% coinsurance agreement, and lower income from called fixed-income securities. Increases in realized investment losses recognized in 2015 compared to 2014 also negatively impacted revenue as we recognized a higher amount of impairments on certain investments in our invested asset portfolio, most notably in the fourth quarter of 2015, which we deemed to be other-than-temporarily impaired as a result of factors specific to the issuer or our intent to sell the investment in the near term. Also offsetting the year-over-year increase in revenues in 2015 was the translation impact of the weaker Canadian dollar in relation to the U.S. dollar. Measured in constant currency by translating 2015 Canadian local currency revenues using the average 2014 exchange rate, the year-over-year impact from the decrease in exchange rates negatively impacted revenues in 2015 by approximately $36.2 million.

Total benefits and expenses. Total benefits and expenses increased in 2016 from 2015 reflecting growth in premium-related expenses, which include benefits and claims, amortization of DAC and insurance expenses. Also contributing to the increase in insurance expenses and other operating expenses was higher spending of approximately $10.4 million for our proprietary sales force support system’s mobile application as well as accommodating increased capacity for the growth in subscribers, higher employee-related costs of approximately $4.3 million, and costs related to preparing for the implementation of the DOL Fiduciary Rule of approximately $3.3 million. These increases were partially offset by the decline in interest expense incurred on our 10% coinsurance agreement which is discussed further in Note 6 (Reinsurance) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.

The increase in total benefits and expenses in 2015 from 2014 was in line with the increase in total revenues. The growth in benefits and claims, amortization of DAC, and insurance expenses was generally consistent with the percentage increase in net premiums. In addition, the increase in sales commissions was largely in line with the percentage increase in commissions and fees revenues. Similar to revenues, the impact of Canadian foreign exchange rates partially offset the increase in total benefits and expenses. In 2015, total benefits and expenses of our Canadian subsidiaries translated into U.S. dollars was approximately $26.1 million lower than 2014 as measured on a constant currency basis.

Income taxes. Our effective income tax rate was relatively consistent each year at 35.0%, 34.7%, and 34.8% in 2016, 2015, and 2014, respectively.

For additional information, see the discussions of results of operations by segment below.

Term Life Insurance Segment. Our results for the Term Life Insurance segment for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014 were as follows:

 

Net premiums. Direct premiums grew in 2016 from 2015 largely due to the increase in the number of new policies issued in recent periods. The change in ceded premiums reflected our increasing non-level YRT ceded premiums and the run-off of business subject to the IPO coinsurance transactions. The sustained impact of growth in direct premiums and the run-off of business subject to the IPO coinsurance transactions resulted in net premiums growing faster than direct premiums.

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The increase in net premiums in 2015 from 2014 was largely due to the factors discussed above in the comparison of 2016 to 2015. In addition, the weaker Canadian dollar caused lower direct premium growth and a higher run-off of the Canadian business subject to the IPO coinsurance transactions, which negatively impacted net premiums in 2015 by approximately $14.0 million compared with 2014 when measured on a constant currency basis.

Benefits and claims. The increase in benefits and claims in 2016 from 2015 was primarily driven by the growth in net premiums. However, benefits and claims increased at a slower rate than net premiums primarily due to disabled life premium waiver claims experience during 2016 being an estimated $5 million lower than historical levels, YRT rate reductions negotiated for 2014 and later issue years and modestly lower persistency. Death claims were relatively consistent with historical experience.

In comparing 2015 to 2014, benefits and claims also grew in line with net premiums due to YRT rate reductions negotiated for 2014 and later issue years partially offset by persistency improvements in 2015 versus 2014. Death claims for both 2015 and 2014 were in-line with historical averages.

Amortization of DAC. The amortization of DAC increased for 2016 from 2015 largely due to growth in net premiums. The increase in DAC amortization was higher than the increase in net premiums reflecting modestly lower persistency than the prior year as well as a higher amount of commissions deferred in recent periods.

The increase in amortization of DAC in 2015 compared to 2014 was also impacted by a higher amount of commissions deferred in recent periods, resulting in a rate of DAC amortization in excess of the growth in net premiums. This increase was mostly offset by improved persistency in 2015.

Insurance expenses. Growth in the business and the run-off of expense allowances related to the IPO coinsurance transactions resulted in a year-over-year increase in insurance expenses of approximately $4.4 million in 2016 compared with 2015. Increased spending associated with our proprietary sales force support system’s mobile application also contributed to the increase in insurance expenses by approximately $8.5 million. During 2015, we reallocated certain employee-related expenses from the Term Life Insurance segment to the Corporate and Other Distributed Products segment due to the change in the Company’s management structure that occurred in April 2015. The approximately $3.3 million full-year effect of the reallocated expenses, when combined with higher employee merit and headcount expenses in 2016 of approximately $2.3 million, resulted in a net decrease of approximately $1.0 million in the segment’s employee-related expenses in 2016 versus 2015. Furthermore, several miscellaneous cost saving items in 2016 that aggregated to approximately $3.0 million in lower insurance expenses affected the year-over-year change.  

In comparing 2015 to 2014, the growth in the business and the run-off of expense allowances related to the IPO coinsurance transactions resulted in a year-over-year increase in insurance expenses of approximately $5.5 million. Costs related to our proprietary sales force support system’s mobile application increased by approximately $2.8 million in 2015 versus 2014. Higher employee-related costs increased insurance expenses by approximately $1.8 million in 2015 but were largely offset by a reduction in the translated amount of Canadian functional currency insurance expenses as a result of the weaker Canadian dollar compared with 2014.  

Investment and Savings Products Segment. Our results of operations for the Investment and Savings Products segment for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014 were as follows:

 

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Commissions and fees. Sales-based revenues decreased in 2016 compared to 2015 primarily driven by lower variable annuity sales.  Asset-based revenues increased in 2016 compared to 2015 due to the increase in average client asset values, which was indicative of favorable market performance combined with continued net positive inflows. Account-based revenues also increased in 2016 compared to 2015 primarily due to an increase in our account-based fee structure on U.S. qualified accounts, which accounted for a year-over-year increase of approximately $4.1 million, as well as the increase in the average number of fee-generating positions in mutual funds and managed accounts investments that are serviced on the Company’s recordkeeping and custodial services platform.  

The increase in commissions and fees in 2015 from 2014 was largely attributable to growth in average client asset values as discussed earlier in the “Investment and Savings Product Sales, Asset Values and Accounts” section. Account-based revenue increased largely due to the increase in the average number of fee generating accounts from the addition of a mutual fund provider on our recordkeeping and custodial services platform during 2015. Sales-based revenues were flat on a year-over-year basis as modest growth in sales-based revenue generating product sales was offset by a shift in product sales mix to product offerings with lower sales-based commission rates.

Amortization of DAC. Amortization of DAC on our Canadian segregated funds product decreased in 2016 from 2015 largely due to the impact of favorable segregated funds market performance. The effect of lower redemption estimates for the 2016 annual update of assumptions based on emerging experience was in line with 2015 and therefore did not impact the year-over-year comparison of DAC amortization.  

In 2015, amortization of DAC on our Canadian segregated funds product was lower compared to 2014 due to the translation impact from the decline in the Canadian exchange rate, which reduced amortization by approximately $1.7 million. The year-over-year decline in DAC amortization was partially offset by the lower adjustment (approximately $1.0 million in 2015 compared to approximately $2.4 million in 2014) to reduce amortization reflecting updated assumptions of future redemptions based on emerging experience.  

Insurance commissions. The increase in insurance commissions in 2016 from 2015 was largely driven by a change in trail commission rate earned by the sales force on our Canadian segregated funds during the second quarter of 2015.

Insurance commissions increased in 2015 compared with 2014 largely due to the factor discussed above in the comparison of 2016 to 2015. Partially offsetting the increase was the impact of approximately $1.5 million that the year-over-year decline in Canadian exchange rates had on the translated balance of insurance commissions reported.

Sales commissions. The decline in sales-based commissions was in line with the decline in sales-based revenue. The increase in asset-based commissions slightly outpaced the increase in asset-based revenue primarily due to the change in product mix.

The decrease in sales-based commissions in 2015 from 2014 was relatively consistent with the decline in sales-based revenues. The increase in asset-based commissions outpaced the increase in asset-based revenues primarily due to the translation impact of the weaker Canadian dollar in relation to the U.S. dollar on Canadian segregated funds revenue included in asset-based revenue.

Other operating expenses. Other operating expenses increased in 2016 from 2015 largely due to $3.3 million of higher costs related to preparation for the DOL Fiduciary Rule. In addition, increased spending associated with our proprietary sales force support system’s mobile application resulted in approximately $2.4 million of higher operating expenses in 2016. Also contributing to the growth in operating expenses in 2016 as compared with 2015 were higher employee-related costs of approximately $0.9 million.

The increase in other operating expenses in 2015 from 2014 was primarily due to higher costs associated with the growth in the business. The year-over-year percentage growth in other operating expenses exceeded the percentage growth in total revenues due to several other business initiatives with the largest being approximately $0.9 million in higher spending on our proprietary sales force support system’s mobile application.    

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Corporate and Other Distributed Products Segment. Our results of operations for the Corporate and Other Distributed Products segment for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014 were as follows:

 

Total revenues. Total revenues increased in 2016 from 2015 partly due to commissions and fees revenue from stronger sales of other fee-based distributed products. Net premiums for the closed blocks of business issued by our NBLIC subsidiary decreased slightly due to the run-off of NBLIC’s non-term life insurance block of business. The increase in allocated net investment income as well as realized investment gains (losses) was driven by the same factors discussed earlier in “Total revenues” under the consolidated “Primerica, Inc. and Subsidiaries Results” section.

The decrease in total revenues in 2015 from 2014 was primarily attributable to the decline in allocated net investment income and the increase in realized investment gains (losses) discussed earlier in “Total revenues” under the consolidated “Primerica, Inc. and Subsidiaries Results” section. Total revenue also decreased due to lower premiums attributable to the continued run-off of NBLIC’s non-term life insurance closed block, which included the student life insurance business that ceased writing new policies in 2014.

Total Benefits and Expenses. Total benefits and expenses increased in 2016 from 2015 primarily due to higher employee-related costs in other operating expenses of approximately $4.4 million, which includes the full-year effect of reallocated employee-related expenses of approximately $3.3 million between segments in the second quarter of 2015 as described earlier in the Term Life Insurance segment discussion. The increase was partially offset by the reduction in the interest expense incurred on our 10% coinsurance agreement. For more information on the interest expense incurred on our 10% coinsurance agreement, see Note 6 (Reinsurance) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.

The decrease in total benefits and expenses in 2015 from 2014 was primarily due to reduced other operating expenses of approximately $4.2 million reflecting the recognition of transition expenses for our former co-CEOs in 2014 that resulted from the modification of their employment terms, including ending their employment on April 1, 2015 instead of in August 2015. In addition, other operating expenses were reduced by approximately $4.0 million in 2015 versus 2014 as a sales force technology project associated with a non-core product offering ended and its related developed software was written off in 2014.

 

Financial Condition

Investments. Our insurance business is primarily focused on selling term life insurance, which does not include an investment component for the policyholder. The invested asset portfolio funded by premiums from our term life insurance business does not involve the substantial asset accumulations and spread requirements that exist with other non-term life insurance products. As a result, the profitability of our term life insurance business is not as sensitive to the impact that interest rates have on our invested asset portfolio and investment income as the profitability of other companies that distribute non-term life insurance products.

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We follow a conservative investment strategy designed to emphasize the preservation of our invested assets and provide adequate liquidity for the prompt payment of claims. To meet business needs and mitigate risks, our investment guidelines provide restrictions on our portfolio’s composition, including limits on asset type, per issuer limits, credit quality limits, portfolio duration, limits on the amount of investments in approved countries and permissible security types. We also manage and monitor our allocation of investments to limit the accumulation of any disproportionate concentrations of risk among industry sectors or issuer countries outside of the U.S. and Canada. In addition, as of December 31, 2016, we did not hold any country of issuer concentrations outside of the U.S. or Canada that represented more than 5% of the fair value of our available-for-sale invested asset portfolio or any industry concentrations of corporate bonds that represented more than 10% of the fair value of our available-for-sale invested asset portfolio.

We may also direct our investment managers to invest some of our invested asset portfolio in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. For example, a portion of our portfolio is invested in assets denominated in Canadian dollars, which, at minimum, would equal our reserves for policies denominated in Canadian dollars. Additionally, to ensure adequate liquidity for payment of claims, we take into account the maturity and duration of our invested asset portfolio and our general liability profile.

We also hold within our invested asset portfolio a credit enhanced note (“LLC Note”) issued by a limited liability company owned by a third-party service provider which is classified as a held-to-maturity security. The LLC Note, which is scheduled to mature on December 31, 2029, was obtained in exchange for a surplus note of equal principal amount issued by Vidalia Re, a special purpose financial captive insurance company and wholly owned subsidiary of Primerica Life. For more information on the LLC Note, see Note 4 (Investments) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.

We have an investment committee composed of members of our senior management team that is responsible for establishing and maintaining our investment guidelines and supervising our investment activity. Our investment committee regularly monitors our overall investment results and our compliance with our investment objectives and guidelines. We use a third-party investment advisor to assist us in the management of our investing activities. Our investment advisor reports to our investment committee.

Our invested asset portfolio is subject to a variety of risks, including risks related to general economic conditions, market volatility, interest rate fluctuations, liquidity risk and credit and default risk. Investment guideline restrictions have been established to minimize the effect of these risks but may not always be effective due to factors beyond our control. Interest rates are highly sensitive to many factors, including governmental monetary policies, domestic and international economic and political conditions and other factors beyond our control. A significant increase in interest rates could result in significant losses, realized or unrealized, in the value of our invested asset portfolio. Additionally, with respect to some of our investments, we are subject to prepayment and, therefore, reinvestment risk.

Details on asset mix (excluding our held-to-maturity security) were as follows:

 

The composition and duration of our portfolio will vary depending on several factors, including the yield curve and our opinion of the relative value among various asset classes. The year-end average rating, duration and book yield of our fixed-maturity portfolio (excluding our held-to-maturity security) were as follows:

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Ratings for our investments in fixed-maturity securities are determined using Nationally Recognized Statistical Rating Organizations designations and/or equivalent ratings. The distribution of our investments in fixed-maturity securities (excluding our held-to-maturity security) by rating, including those classified as trading securities, were as follows:

 

The ten largest holdings within our invested asset portfolio (excluding our held-to-maturity security) were as follows:

For additional information on our invested asset portfolio, see Note 4 (Investments) and Note 5 (Fair Value of Financial Instruments) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.

Other Significant Assets and Liabilities. The balances of and changes in other significant assets and liabilities were as follows:

Due from reinsurers. Due from reinsurers reflects future policy benefit and claim reserves due from third-party reinsurers, including the IPO coinsurers. Such amounts are reported as due from reinsurers rather than offsetting future policy benefits. The year-over-year increase at year-end 2016 was primarily driven by the timing of reinsurance payments received for monthly reinsurance claims at year end.

Deferred policy acquisition costs, net. The increase in DAC was primarily a result of incremental commissions and expenses deferred as a result of new business in 2016, which was not subject to the IPO coinsurance agreements.

Future policy benefits. The increase in future policy benefits was primarily a result of the growth in our in-force book of business.

For additional information, see the notes to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Dividends and other payments to the Parent Company from its subsidiaries are our principal sources of cash. The amount of dividends paid by the subsidiaries is dependent on their capital needs to fund future growth and applicable regulatory restrictions. The primary uses of funds by the Parent Company include the payments of stockholder dividends, interest on notes payable, general operating

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expenses, and income taxes, as well as repurchases of shares outstanding. During 2016, our life insurance underwriting companies declared and paid ordinary dividends of $117.0 million to the Parent Company. See Note 15 (Statutory Accounting and Dividend Restrictions) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report for more information on insurance subsidiary dividends and statutory restrictions. In addition, our non-life insurance subsidiaries declared and paid dividends of approximately $72.5 million to the Parent Company in 2016. At December 31, 2016, the Parent Company had cash and invested assets of approximately $68.0 million.

The Parent Company’s subsidiaries generate operating cash flows primarily from term life insurance premiums (net of premiums ceded to reinsurers), income from invested assets, commissions and fees collected from the distribution of investment and savings products as well as other financial products. The subsidiaries’ principal operating cash outflows include the payment of insurance claims and benefits (net of ceded claims recovered from reinsurers), commissions to our sales force, insurance and other operating expenses, interest expense for future policy benefit reserves financing transactions, and income taxes.

The distribution and underwriting of term life insurance requires upfront cash outlays at the time the policy is issued as we pay a substantial majority of the sales commission during the first year following the sale of a policy and incur costs for underwriting activities at the inception of a policy’s term. During the early years of a policy’s term, we generally receive level term premiums in excess of claims paid. We invest the excess cash generated during earlier policy years in fixed-maturity and equity securities held in support of future policy benefit reserves. In later policy years, cash received from the maturity or sale of invested assets is used to pay claims in excess of level term premiums received.

Historically, cash flows generated by our businesses, primarily from our existing block of term life policies and our investment and savings products, have provided us with sufficient liquidity to meet our operating requirements. We anticipate that cash flows from our businesses will continue to provide sufficient operating liquidity over the next 12 months.

We may seek to enhance our liquidity position or capital structure through borrowings from third-party sources, sales of debt or equity securities, reserve financings or some combination of these sources. Additionally, we believe that cash flows from our businesses and potential sources of funding will sufficiently support our long-term liquidity needs.

Cash Flows. The components of the changes in cash and cash equivalents were as follows:

Operating activities. The increase in operating cash flows in 2016 from 2015 was partially the result of an increase in cash received from the collection of premium revenues in excess of benefits and claims paid in our Term Life Insurance segment. Growth in direct premiums as well as the additional layering of net premiums from term life insurance policies not subject to the IPO coinsurance transactions has continued to generate positive incremental cash flows after payments are made for policy acquisition costs during the first year that policies are issued. In addition, the timing of remittances for monthly reinsurance premiums to reinsurers as well as the timing impact of when outstanding checks were paid from our bank disbursement accounts at year end contributed to the increase in operating cash flows in 2016 as compared with 2015. Also contributing to the increase in operating cash flows in 2016 versus 2015 was lower cash income taxes in Canada relative to income tax expense incurred due to the timing of remittances to Canadian tax authorities. The year-over-year growth in new life insurance policies issued resulted in higher cash payments for DAC (net of income tax deductions) in 2016 as compared with 2015, which partially offset the year-over-year increase in operating cash flows.

The largest item contributing to the increase in net cash provided by operating activities in 2015 from 2014 was also driven by the impact of an additional year of term life insurance policies issued subsequent to the IPO coinsurance transactions. The year-over-year growth in new life insurance policies issued resulted in higher cash payments for DAC in 2015 as compared with 2014, which partially offset the year-over-year increase in operating cash flows.

Investing activities. The decrease in cash used in investing activities in 2016 from 2015 was primarily driven by lower purchases of fixed-maturity securities as the Company accumulated a higher balance of short-term cash equivalent investments at the end of the year in pursuit of opportunities to reinvest in a rising interest rate environment. The decrease in cash used was partially offset by higher capital expenditures in 2016 for our information technology infrastructure.

The use of cash in investing activities increased in 2015 from 2014 primarily due to the purchase of available-for-sale investments with proceeds obtained from operating activities combined with the lower level of investments that matured or were called in 2015. The year-over-year change was partially offset by the accumulation of cash from sales of available-for-sale securities to fund our larger and accelerated share repurchases during 2015 compared to 2014.

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Financing activities. Net cash used in financing activities during 2016 decreased compared to 2015 as we utilized the additional $50 million of capacity authorized in our share repurchase programs in 2015 compared with 2016.

Cash used in financing activities during 2015 increased compared to 2014 primarily due to a larger amount of shares that were repurchased, which the Company increased in 2015 given our assessment of the market prices for which we had been able to execute our share repurchases. In addition, an increase in the dividends per share from 2014 to 2015 contributed to a higher amount of cash used in financing activities.

Risk-Based Capital (“RBC”). The National Association of Insurance Commissioners (“NAIC”) has established RBC standards for U.S. life insurers, as well as a risk-based capital model act (the “RBC Model Act”) that has been adopted by the insurance regulatory authorities. The RBC Model Act requires that life insurers annually submit a report to state regulators regarding their RBC based upon four categories of risk: asset risk; insurance risk; interest rate risk and business risk. The capital requirement for each is determined by applying factors that vary based upon the degree of risk to various asset, premiums and policy benefit reserve items. The formula is an early warning tool to identify possible weakly capitalized companies for purposes of initiating further regulatory action.

As of December 31, 2016, our U.S. life insurance subsidiaries had statutory capital substantially in excess of the applicable statutory requirements to support existing operations and to fund future growth. Primerica Life’s RBC ratio remained well positioned to support existing operations and fund future growth.

In Canada, an insurer’s minimum capital requirement is overseen by the Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions (“OSFI”) and determined as the sum of the capital requirements for five categories of risk: asset default risk; mortality/morbidity/lapse risks; changes in interest rate environment risk; segregated funds risk; and foreign exchange risk. As of December 31, 2016, Primerica Life Canada was in compliance with Canada’s minimum capital requirements as determined by OSFI.

For more information regarding statutory capital requirements and dividend capacities of our insurance subsidiaries see Note 15 (Statutory Accounting and Dividend Restrictions) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report for more information.

Redundant Reserve Financings. The Model Regulation entitled Valuation of Life Insurance Policies, commonly known as Regulation XXX, requires insurers to carry statutory policy benefit reserves for term life insurance policies with long-term premium guarantees which are often significantly in excess of the future policy benefit reserves that insurers deem necessary to satisfy claim obligations (“redundant policy benefit reserves”). Accordingly, many insurance companies have sought ways to reduce their capital needs by financing redundant policy benefit reserves through bank financing, reinsurance arrangements and other financing transactions.

We have established Peach Re, Inc. ("Peach Re") and Vidalia Re as special purpose financial captive insurance companies and wholly owned subsidiaries of Primerica Life. Primerica Life has ceded certain term life policies issued prior to 2011 to Peach Re as part of a Regulation XXX redundant reserve financing transaction (the “Peach Re Redundant Reserve Financing Transaction”) and has ceded certain term life policies issued in 2011, 2012, 2013 and 2014 to Vidalia Re as part of a Regulation XXX redundant reserve financing transaction (the “Vidalia Re Redundant Reserve Financing Transaction”). These redundant reserve financing transactions allow us to more efficiently manage and deploy our capital. The NAIC has adopted a model regulation for determining reserves using a principle-based approach (“principle-based reserves” or “PBR”), which is designed to reflect each insurer’s own experience in calculating reserves and move away from a standardized reserving formula. PBR has been adopted by almost all state insurance departments effective in 2017, but has not yet been adopted by Massachusetts or New York, where two of our U.S. insurance subsidiaries are domiciled. If adopted, the new principle-based reserve regulation will greatly reduce the statutory policy benefit reserve requirements, but will only apply for business issued after the effective date.  We may explore expanding our existing redundant reserve financing transactions or establishing new transactions for business sold prior to the effective date of any principle-based reserve regulation. See Note 4 (Investments), Note 10 (Debt) and Note 16 (Commitments and Contingent Liabilities) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report for more information on these redundant reserve financing transactions.

Notes Payable. The Company has $375.0 million of publicly-traded, Senior Notes outstanding issued at a price of 99.843% with an annual rate of 4.75%, payable semi-annually in arrears on January 15 and July 15. The Senior Notes mature July 15, 2022.

We were in compliance with the covenants of the Senior Notes at December 31, 2016. No events of default(s) occurred on the Senior Notes during the year ended December 31, 2016.

Financial Ratings. As of December 31, 2016, the investment grade credit ratings for our Senior Notes were as follows:

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As of December 31, 2016, Primerica Life’s financial strength ratings were as follows:

Securities Lending. We participate in securities lending transactions with brokers to increase investment income with minimal risk. See Note 4 (Investments) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report for additional information.

Short-Term Borrowings. We had no short-term borrowings as of or during the year ended December 31, 2016.

Surplus Note. Vidalia Re issued a Surplus Note in exchange for the LLC Note as a part of the Vidalia Re Redundant Reserve Financing Transaction. The Surplus Note has a principal amount equal to the LLC Note and is scheduled to mature on December 31, 2029. For more information on the Surplus Note, see Note 10 (Debt) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements. Our off-balance sheet arrangements as of December 31, 2016 consisted of the letter of credit issued under the credit facility agreement with Deutsche Bank (the “Credit Facility Agreement”) and associated with the Peach Re Redundant Reserve Financing Transaction as described in Note 16 (Commitments and Contingent Liabilities) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.

Contractual Obligations. Our contractual obligations, including payments due by period, were as follows:

Our liability for future policy benefits represents the present value of estimated future policy benefits to be paid, less the present value of estimated future net benefit premiums to be collected. Net benefit premiums represent the portion of gross premiums required to provide for all benefits and associated expenses. These benefit payments are contingent on policyholders continuing to renew their policies and make their premium payments. Our contractual obligations table discloses the impact of benefit payments that will be due assuming the underlying policy renewals and premium payments continue as expected in our actuarial models. The future policy benefit payments represented in the table are presented on an undiscounted basis, gross of any amounts recoverable through reinsurance agreements and gross of any premiums to be collected. We expect to fully fund the obligations for future policy benefits from cash flows from general account invested assets, claims reimbursed by reinsurers, and from future premiums. These estimations are based on mortality and lapse assumptions comparable with our historical experience. Due to the significance of the assumptions used, the amounts presented could materially differ from actual results.

Policy claims and other benefits payable represents claims and benefits currently owed to policyholders.

Other policyholders’ funds primarily represent claim payments left on deposit with us.

Long-term debt principal relates to our Senior Notes.

Interest obligations (reported within other liabilities in our consolidated balance sheets) reflect expected interest on our Senior Notes, the financing charges related to an issued letter of credit, fees paid for the credit enhancement feature on the LLC Note, and a finance charge incurred pursuant to one of our coinsurance agreements as of December 31, 2016. We did not include the principal or interest on the Surplus Note in the table above as the payments due for these items are contractually offset by the principal and interest on the LLC Note as long as we hold the LLC Note. The Company asserts its positive intent and ability to hold the LLC Note until maturity.

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Commissions represent commissions that have been earned by our sales force but have not been paid as of December 31, 2016. We are only obligated to pay commissions as earned from sales of our products. The total liability amount is reported within other liabilities in our consolidated balance sheets.

Purchase obligations include agreements to purchase goods or services that are enforceable and legally binding and that specify all significant terms. These obligations consist primarily of accounts payable and certain accrued liabilities, including committed funds related to meetings and conventions for our independent sales force, plus a variety of vendor commitments funding our ongoing business operations. The total liability amount is reported within other liabilities in our consolidated balance sheets.

Our operating lease obligations primarily relate to office, warehouse, printing, and distribution properties. Our executive and home operations for all of our domestic U.S. operations (except New York) are located in Duluth, Georgia.

Other liabilities are obligations reported within the consolidated balance sheets and consist primarily of amounts due under reinsurance agreements and general accruals and payables. The total payments within the table differ from the amounts presented in our consolidated balance sheets due to the exclusion of amounts where a reasonable estimate of the period of settlement cannot be determined.

For additional information concerning our commitments and contingencies, see Note 16 (Commitments and Contingent Liabilities) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.

Market risk is the risk of the loss of fair value resulting from adverse changes in market rates and prices, such as interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates. Market risk is directly influenced by the volatility and liquidity in the markets in which the related underlying financial instruments are traded. Sensitivity analysis measures the impact of hypothetical changes in interest rates, foreign exchange rates and other market rates or prices on the profitability of market-sensitive financial instruments.

The following discussion about the potential effects of changes in interest rates and Canadian currency exchange rates is based on shock-tests, which model the effects of interest rate and Canadian exchange rate shifts on our financial condition and results of operations. Although we believe shock tests provide the most meaningful analysis permitted by the rules and regulations of the SEC, they are constrained by several factors, including the necessity to conduct the analysis based on a single point in time and by their inability to include the extraordinarily complex market reactions that normally would arise from the market shifts modeled. Although the following results of shock tests for changes in interest rates and Canadian currency exchange rates may have some limited use as benchmarks, they should not be viewed as forecasts. These disclosures also are selective in nature and address, in the case of interest rates, only the potential direct impact on our financial instruments and, in the case of Canadian currency exchange rates, the potential translation impact on net income from our Canadian subsidiaries. They do not include a variety of other potential factors that could affect our business as a result of these changes in interest rates and Canadian currency exchange rates.

Interest Rate Risk. The fair value of the fixed-maturity securities (excluding the held-to-maturity security) in our invested asset portfolio as of December 31, 2016 was approximately $1.8 billion. The primary market risk for this portion of our invested asset portfolio is interest rate risk. One means of assessing the exposure of our fixed-maturity securities portfolios to interest rate changes is a duration-based analysis that measures the potential changes in market value resulting from a hypothetical change in interest rates of 100 basis points across all maturities. This model is sometimes referred to as a parallel shift in the yield curve. Under this model, with all other factors constant and assuming no offsetting change in the value of our liabilities, we estimated that such an increase in interest rates would cause the market value of our fixed-maturity securities portfolios to decline by approximately $64.1 million, or approximately 4%, based on our actual securities positions as of December 31, 2016.

If interest rates remain at or near historically low levels, we anticipate the average yield of our fixed-income investment portfolio, and therefore the investment income derived from it, would decrease as maturing fixed-income investments would be replaced with purchases of lower yielding investments.

Canadian Currency Risk. We also have exposure to foreign currency exchange risk to the extent we conduct business in Canada. A strong Canadian dollar relative to the U.S. dollar results in higher levels of reported revenues, expenses, net income, assets, liabilities, and accumulated comprehensive income (loss) in our U.S. dollar financial statements, and a weaker Canadian dollar would have the opposite effect. Generally, our Canadian dollar-denominated assets are held in support of our Canadian dollar-denominated liabilities. For the year ended December 31, 2016, 16% of our revenues from operations, excluding realized investment gains, and 20% of income from continuing operations before income taxes were generated by our Canadian operations.

One means of assessing exposure to changes in Canadian currency exchange rates is to model the effects on reported income using a sensitivity analysis. We analyzed our Canadian currency exposure for the year ended December 31, 2016. Net exposure was measured assuming a 10% decrease in Canadian currency exchange rates compared to the U.S. dollar. We estimated that such a decrease would decrease our income before income taxes for the year ended December 31, 2016 by approximately $6.8 million.

Our investment in the net assets of our Canadian operations is also subject to Canadian currency risk. If we were to assume a 10% decrease in Canadian currency exchange rates compared to the U.S. dollar, the translated value of our net investment in our Canadian

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subsidiaries in U.S. dollars would decrease by approximately $24.3 million based on net assets as of December 31, 2016. Historically, we have not hedged this exposure, although we may elect to do so in future periods. The impact of translating the balance of net assets of our Canadian operations is recorded in our consolidated balance sheets within the accumulated other comprehensive income component of stockholders’ equity.

Credit Risk. We extensively use reinsurance in the United States to diversify our insurance and underwriting risk and to manage our loss exposure to mortality risk. Reinsurance does not relieve us of our direct liability to our policyholders. Due to factors such as insolvency, adverse underwriting results or inadequate investment returns, our reinsurers may not be able to pay the amounts they owe us on a timely basis or at all. Further, reinsurers might refuse or fail to pay losses that we cede to them or might delay payment. To limit our exposure with any one reinsurer, we monitor the concentration of credit risk we have with our reinsurance counterparties, as well as their financial condition. We manage this reinsurer credit risk through analysis and monitoring of the credit-worthiness of each of our reinsurance partners to minimize collection issues. Also, for reinsurance contracts with unauthorized reinsurers, we require collateral such as letters of credit. For information on our reinsurance exposure and reinsurers, see Note 6 (Reinsurance) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.

In connection with our Credit Facility Agreement, the Company assumes credit risk associated with Deutsche Bank’s ability to make payment to us as fulfillment of its obligations under the letter of credit. Such a draw on the letter of credit would only be requested in the event that the assets held in support of the liabilities assumed by Peach Re were insufficient, which, based on actuarial analysis, is unlikely.

Concurrent with the execution of the Regulation XXX redundant reserve financing transaction between Vidalia Re and Primerica Life, Vidalia Re entered into a Surplus Note Purchase Agreement (the “Surplus Note Purchase Agreement”) with Hannover Life Reassurance Company of America and certain of its affiliates (collectively, “Hannover Re”) and a newly formed limited liability company (the “LLC”) owned by a third-party service provider. Under the Surplus Note Purchase Agreement, Vidalia Re issued the Surplus Note to the LLC in exchange for the LLC Note of equal principal amount. The Company assumes credit risk associated with a credit enhancement feature provided by Hannover Re, which bears the obligation to absorb the LLC’s losses in the event of a Surplus Note default in exchange for a fee.

For information on our Credit Facility Agreement and Surplus Note Purchase Agreement, see Note 16 (Commitments and Contingent Liabilities), Note 4 (Investments), and Note 10 (Debt) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.

We also bear credit risk on our investment portfolio related to the uncertainty associated with the continued ability of an obligor to make timely payments of principal and interest. In an effort to meet business needs and mitigate credit and other portfolio risks, we established investment guidelines that provide restrictions on our portfolio’s composition, including limits on asset type, per issuer limits, credit quality limits, portfolio duration, limits on the amount of investments in approved countries and permissible security types. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Financial Condition” included elsewhere in this report for details on our investment portfolio, including investment strategy, asset mix, and credit ratings.

 

 

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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

The Board of Directors and Stockholders of Primerica, Inc.:

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Primerica, Inc. and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2016. These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Primerica, Inc. and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2016, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), Primerica, Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO), and our report dated February 27, 2017 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

/s/ KPMG LLP

Atlanta, Georgia

February 27, 2017

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PRIMERICA, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Balance Sheets

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

 

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PRIMERICA, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Statements of Income

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

 

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PRIMERICA, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

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PRIMERICA, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

 

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PRIMERICA, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

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PRIMERICA, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(1) Description of Business, Basis of Presentation, and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Description of Business. Primerica, Inc. (the "Parent Company"), together with its subsidiaries (collectively, "we", "us" or the "Company"), is a leading distributor of financial products to middle-income households in the United States and Canada. We assist our clients in meeting their needs for term life insurance, which we underwrite, and mutual funds, annuities, managed investments and other financial products, which we distribute primarily on behalf of third parties. Our primary subsidiaries include the following entities: Primerica Financial Services, Inc. ("PFS"), a general agency and marketing company; Primerica Life Insurance Company ("Primerica Life"), our principal life insurance company; Primerica Financial Services (Canada) Ltd., a holding company for our Canadian operations, which includes Primerica Life Insurance Company of Canada ("Primerica Life Canada") and PFSL Investments Canada Ltd. ("PFSL Investments Canada"); and PFS Investments Inc. ("PFS Investments"), an investment products company and broker-dealer. Primerica Life, domiciled in Massachusetts, owns National Benefit Life Insurance Company ("NBLIC"), a New York insurance company. We established Peach Re, Inc. ("Peach Re") and Vidalia Re, Inc. (“Vidalia Re”) as special purpose financial captive insurance companies and wholly owned subsidiaries of Primerica Life. Peach Re and Vidalia Re have each entered into separate coinsurance agreements with Primerica Life whereby Primerica Life has ceded certain level-premium term life insurance policies to Peach Re and Vidalia Re (respectively, the “Peach Re Coinsurance Agreement” and the “Vidalia Re Coinsurance Agreement”).

Basis of Presentation. We prepare our financial statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”). These principles are established primarily by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”). The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect financial statement balances, revenues and expenses and cash flows, as well as the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. Management considers available facts and knowledge of existing circumstances when establishing the estimates included in our financial statements.

Use of Estimates. The most significant items that involve a greater degree of accounting estimates and actuarial determinations subject to change in the future are the valuation of investments, deferred policy acquisition costs (“DAC”), liabilities for future policy benefits and unpaid policy claims, and income taxes. Estimates for these and other items are subject to change and are reassessed by management in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Consolidation. The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and those entities required to be consolidated under applicable accounting standards. All material intercompany profits, transactions, and balances among the consolidated entities have been eliminated.

Reclassifications. Certain reclassifications have been made to prior-period amounts to conform to current-period reporting classifications. These reclassifications had no impact on net income or total stockholders’ equity.

Subsequent Events. The Company has evaluated subsequent events for recognition and disclosure for occurrences and transactions after the date of the consolidated financial statements at December 31, 2016.

Foreign Currency Translation. Assets and liabilities of our Canadian subsidiaries are translated into U.S. dollars using year-end exchange rates, and the translation adjustments are reported in other comprehensive income (loss). Revenues and expenses of our Canadian subsidiaries are translated monthly at amounts that approximate weighted-average exchange rates.

Investments. Investments are reported on the following bases:

Investment transactions are recorded on a trade-date basis. We use the specific-identification method to determine the realized gains or losses from securities transactions and report the realized gains or losses in the accompanying consolidated statements of income.

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Unrealized gains and losses on AFS securities are included as a separate component of other comprehensive income, except for other-than-temporary impairments (“OTTI”) discussed below, in the accompanying consolidated statements of comprehensive income.

Investments are reviewed on a quarterly basis for OTTI. Credit risk, interest rate risk, the amount of time the security has been in an unrealized loss position, actions taken by ratings agencies, and other factors are considered in determining whether an unrealized loss is other-than-temporary. OTTI in our accompanying consolidated statements of income reflect the impairment on AFS securities that we intend to sell or would more likely than not be required to sell before the expected recovery of the amortized cost basis. For AFS fixed maturity securities that we have no intent to sell and believe that it is not more likely than not we will be required to sell prior to recovery, only the credit loss component of OTTI is recognized in our accompanying consolidated statements of income, while the remainder is recognized in other comprehensive income in the accompanying consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss). The credit loss component of OTTI recognized in net income is identified as the amount of principal cash flows not expected to be received over the remaining term of the security. Any subsequent changes (if not an other-than-temporary impairment) in the fair value of AFS securities are recognized in other comprehensive income in the accompanying statements of comprehensive income.

Interest income on fixed-maturity securities is recorded when earned by determining the effective yield, which gives consideration to amortization of premiums, accretion of discounts, and any previous OTTI. Dividend income on equity securities is recorded when declared. These amounts are included in net investment income in the accompanying consolidated statements of income.

Included within fixed-maturity securities are loan-backed and asset-backed securities. Amortization of the premium or accretion of the discount uses the retrospective method. The effective yield used to determine amortization/accretion is calculated based on actual and historical projected future cash flows and updated quarterly.

Embedded conversion options associated with fixed-maturity securities are bifurcated from the fixed-maturity security host contracts and separately recognized as equity securities. The change in fair value of these bifurcated conversion options is recorded in realized gains (losses), including OTTI in the accompanying consolidated statements of income.

Cash and Cash Equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, money market instruments, and all other highly liquid investments purchased with an original or remaining maturity of three months or less at the date of acquisition.

Reinsurance. We use reinsurance extensively, utilizing yearly renewable term (“YRT”) and coinsurance agreements. Under YRT agreements, we reinsure only the mortality risk, while under coinsurance, we reinsure a proportionate part of all risks arising under the reinsured policy. Under coinsurance, the reinsurer receives a proportionate part of the premiums, less commission allowances, and is liable for a corresponding part of all benefit payments.

All reinsurance contracts in effect for the three-year period ended December 31, 2016 transfer a reasonable possibility of substantial loss to the reinsurer or are accounted for under the deposit method of accounting.

Ceded premiums are treated as a reduction to direct premiums and are recognized when due to the assuming company. Ceded claims are treated as a reduction to direct benefits and are recognized when the claim is incurred on a direct basis. Ceded policy reserve changes are also treated as a reduction to benefits and claims expense and are recognized during the applicable financial reporting period.

Reinsurance premiums, commissions, expense reimbursements and benefits and reserves related to reinsured long-duration contracts are accounted for over the life of the underlying contracts using assumptions consistent with those used to account for the underlying policies. Amounts recoverable from reinsurers are estimated in a manner consistent with the claim liabilities and future policy benefits associated with reinsured policies. Ceded policy reserves and claims liabilities relating to insurance ceded are shown as due from reinsurers on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.

We analyze and monitor the credit-worthiness of each of our reinsurance partners to minimize collection issues. For reinsurance contracts with unauthorized reinsurers, we require collateral such as letters of credit.

To the extent we receive ceding allowances to cover policy and claims administration under reinsurance contracts, these allowances are treated as a reduction to insurance commissions and expenses and are recognized when due from the assuming company. To the extent we receive ceding allowances reimbursing commissions that would otherwise be deferred, the amount of commissions deferrable will be reduced. The corresponding DAC balances are reduced on a pro rata basis by the portion of the business reinsured with reinsurance agreements that meet risk transfer provisions. The reduced DAC will result in a corresponding reduction of amortization expense.

DAC. We defer incremental direct costs of successful contract acquisitions that result directly from and are essential to the contract transaction(s) and that would not have been incurred had the contract transaction(s) not occurred. These deferred policy acquisition costs mainly include commissions and policy issue expenses. All other acquisition-related costs, including unsuccessful acquisition and renewal efforts, are charged to expense as incurred. Also, administrative costs, rent, depreciation, occupancy, equipment, and all other general overhead costs are considered indirect costs and are charged to expense as incurred.

DAC for term life insurance policies is amortized over the initial premium-paying period of the related policies in proportion to premium income. DAC for Canadian segregated funds is amortized over the life of the underlying policies at a constant rate based on

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the present value of the estimated gross profits expected to be realized over the life of the underlying policies. DAC is subject to recoverability testing annually and when impairment indicators exist.

Intangible Assets. Intangible assets are amortized over their estimated useful lives. Any intangible asset that was deemed to have an indefinite useful life is not amortized but is subject to an annual impairment test. An impairment exists if the carrying value of the indefinite-lived intangible asset exceeds its fair value. For the other intangible assets, which are subject to amortization, an impairment is recognized if the carrying amount is not recoverable and exceeds the fair value of the intangible asset.

The components of intangible assets were as follows:

We have an indefinite-lived intangible asset related to the 1989 purchase of the right to contract with our sales force. This asset represents the core distribution model of our business, which is our primary competitive advantage to profitably distribute term life insurance and investment and savings products on a significant scale, and as such, is considered to have an indefinite life. This indefinite-lived intangible asset is supported by a significant portion of the discounted cash flows of our future business. We assessed this asset for impairment as of October 1, 2016 and determined that no impairment had occurred. There have been no subsequent events requiring further analysis.

We also have an amortizing intangible asset related to a 1995 sales agreement termination payment to Management Financial Services, Inc. This asset is supported by a non-compete agreement with the founder of our business model. We calculate the amortization of this contract buyout on a straight-line basis over 24 years, which represents the life of the non-compete agreement. Intangible asset amortization expense was approximately $3.4 million in 2016, 2015 and 2014. Amortization expense is expected to be approximately $3.4 million annually during the remainder of the amortization period. No events have occurred during 2016, and no factors exist as of December 31, 2016 that would indicate that the net carrying value of our amortizing intangible asset may not be recoverable or will not be used throughout its estimated useful life.

Property and Equipment. Property and equipment, which are included in other assets, are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is recognized on a straight-line basis over the asset’s estimated useful life, which is estimated as follows:

Depreciation expense is included in other operating expenses in the accompanying consolidated statements of income. Depreciation expense was $11.2 million, $7.6 million, and $7.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014, respectively.

Property and equipment balances were as follows:

 

Separate Accounts. The separate accounts are primarily comprised of contracts issued by the Company through its subsidiary, Primerica Life Canada, pursuant to the Insurance Companies Act (Canada). The Insurance Companies Act authorizes Primerica Life Canada to establish the separate accounts.

The separate accounts are represented by individual variable annuity contracts. Purchasers of variable annuity contracts issued by Primerica Life Canada have a direct claim to the benefits of the contract that entitles the holder to units in one or more investment funds (the “Funds”) maintained by Primerica Life Canada. The Funds invest in assets that are held for the benefit of the owners of the contracts. The benefits provided vary in amount depending on the market value of the Funds’ assets. The Funds’ assets are administered by Primerica Life Canada and are held separate and apart from the general assets of the Company. The liabilities reflect the variable insurance annuity contract holders’ interests in variable annuity assets based upon actual investment performance of the

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respective Funds. Separate account operating results relating to contract holders’ interests are excluded from our consolidated statements of income.

Primerica Life Canada’s contract offerings guarantee the maturity value at the date of maturity (or upon death, whichever occurs first) to be equal to 75% of the sum of all contributions made, net of withdrawals, on a first-in first-out basis. Otherwise, the maturity value or death benefit will be the accumulated value of units allocated to the contract at the specified valuation date. The amount of this value is not guaranteed, but will fluctuate with the fair value of the Funds.

Policyholder Liabilities. Future policy benefits are accrued over the current and expected renewal periods of the contracts. Liabilities for future policy benefits on traditional life insurance products have been computed using a net level method, including assumptions as to interest rates, mortality, persistency, and other assumptions based on our experience, modified as necessary to reflect anticipated trends and to include provisions for possible adverse deviation. The underlying mortality tables are the Society of Actuaries (“SOA”) 65-70, SOA 75-80, SOA 85-90, and the 91 Bragg, modified to reflect various underwriting classifications and assumptions. Interest rate reserve assumptions at December 31, 2016 and 2015 ranged from approximately 3.5% to 7.0%. For policies issued in 2010 and after, we have been using an increasing interest rate assumption to reflect the historically low interest rate environment. The liability for policy claims and other benefits payable on traditional life insurance products includes estimated unpaid claims that have been reported to us and claims incurred but not yet reported.

The future policy benefit reserves we establish are necessarily based on estimates, assumptions and our analysis of historical experience. We do not modify the assumptions used to establish future policy benefit reserves during the policy term unless recoverability testing deems them to be inadequate and there is no remaining DAC associated with the underlying policies. Our results depend significantly upon the extent to which our actual claims experience is consistent with the assumptions we used in determining our future policy benefit reserves and pricing our products. Our future policy benefit reserve assumptions and estimates require significant judgment and, therefore, are inherently uncertain. We cannot determine with precision the ultimate amounts that we will pay for actual claims or the timing of those payments.

Other Policyholders’ Funds. Other policyholders’ funds primarily represent claim payments left on deposit with us.

Litigation. The Company is involved from time to time in legal disputes, regulatory inquiries and arbitration proceedings in the normal course of business. Contingent litigation- related losses are recognized when probable and can be reasonably estimated. Legal costs, such as attorneys’ fees and other litigation-related expenses that are incurred in connection with resolving litigation are expensed as incurred. These disputes are subject to uncertainties, including indeterminate amounts sought in certain of these matters and the inherent unpredictability of litigation. Due to the difficulty of estimating costs of litigation, actual costs may be substantially higher or lower than any amounts reserved.

Income Taxes. We are subject to the income tax laws of the United States, its states, municipalities, and certain unincorporated territories, and those of Canada. These tax laws can be complex and subject to different interpretations by the taxpayer and the relevant governmental taxing authorities. In establishing a provision for income tax expense, we must make judgments and interpretations about the applicability of these tax laws. We also must make estimates about the future impact certain items will have on taxable income in the various tax jurisdictions, both domestic and foreign.

Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to (i) differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and (ii) operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. Deferred tax assets are recognized subject to management’s judgment that realization is more likely than not applicable to the periods in which we expect the temporary difference will reverse.

Premium Revenues. Traditional life insurance products consist principally of those products with fixed and guaranteed premiums and benefits, and are primarily related to term products. Premiums are recognized as revenues when due.

Commissions and Fees. We receive commission revenues from the sale of various non-life insurance products. Commissions are generally received on sales of mutual funds and annuities. We also receive trail commission revenues from mutual fund and annuity products based on the net asset value of shares sold by us. We, in turn, pay certain commissions to our sales force. Additionally, we receive marketing and support fees from product originators. We also receive management fees based on the average daily net asset value of managed investments and contracts related to separate account assets issued by Primerica Life Canada. We earn recordkeeping fees for administrative functions that we perform on behalf of several of our mutual fund providers and custodial fees for services performed as a non-bank custodian of our clients’ retirement plan accounts. We, in turn, pay a third-party provider for its servicing of certain of these accounts. Commissions and fees are recognized as income during the period in which they are earned.

Benefits and Expenses. Benefit and expense items are charged to income in the period in which they are incurred. Both the change in policyholder liabilities, which is included in benefits and claims, and the amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs will vary with policyholder persistency.

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Share-Based Transactions. For employee and director share-based compensation awards, we determine a grant date fair value based on the price of our publicly-traded common stock and recognize the related compensation expense, adjusted for expected forfeitures, in the statement of income on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for the entire award. For non-employee share-based compensation, we recognize the impact during the period of performance, and the fair value of the award is measured as of the date performance is complete, which is the vesting date. To the extent that a share-based award contains sale restrictions extending beyond the vesting date, we reduce the recognized fair value of the award to reflect the corresponding illiquidity discount. Most non-employee share-based compensation is an incremental direct cost of successful acquisitions or renewals of life insurance policies that result directly from and are essential to the policy acquisition(s) and would not have been incurred had the policy acquisition(s) not occurred. We defer these expenses and amortize the impact in the same manner as all other DAC.

Earnings Per Share (“EPS”). The Company has outstanding common stock and equity awards that consist of restricted stock units (“RSUs”), performance-based stock units (“PSUs”), and stock options. The RSUs maintain non-forfeitable dividend rights that result in dividend payment obligations on a one-to-one ratio with common shares for any future dividend declarations. Unvested RSUs are deemed participating securities for purposes of calculating EPS as they maintain dividend rights.

See Note 13 (Earnings Per Share) for details related to the calculations of our basic and diluted EPS using the two-class method.

New Accounting Principles.

In April 2015, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2015-03, Interest — Imputation of Interest (Subtopic 835-30) – Simplifying the Presentation of Debt Issuance Costs (“ASU 2015-03”). Prior to the adoption of ASU 2015-03, debt issuance costs related to a recognized debt liability were presented as a deferred charge, or asset, within the balance sheet. ASU 2015-03 requires the presentation of debt issuance costs related to a recognized debt liability as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of that debt liability, consistent with debt discounts. We adopted ASU 2015-03 during the three months ended March 31, 2016 and the amendments in the update were applied retrospectively, which resulted in the deduction of debt issuance costs of approximately $2.8 million from other assets and a corresponding reduction in the carrying amounts of the notes payable and surplus note of approximately $2.0 million and $0.8 million, respectively, in our consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2015. This update had no impact on our results of operations.

In March 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No 2016-09 (“ASU 2016-09”) Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718) - Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting. ASU 2016-09 intends to simplify several aspects of the accounting for share-based payment transactions, including the income tax consequences, classification of awards as either equity or liabilities, and classification on the statement of cash flows. We anticipate that its most notable impact on the Company’s financial statements will involve the change in accounting for the income tax consequences associated with share-based payment transactions in the income statement. The amendments in ASU 2016-09 require that the tax effect of the difference between the cumulative compensation cost of a share-based award recognized for financial reporting purposes and the deduction of the award for tax purposes (“excess tax benefits or deficiencies”) be recognized as income tax expense or benefit in the income statement. Under current U.S. GAAP, the Company recognizes excess tax benefits or deficiencies as an adjustment to additional paid-in capital in the statement of stockholders’ equity. The amendments in ASU 2016-09 that require a change in the accounting for excess tax benefits and deficiencies in the income statement are effective prospectively, and the Company will adopt the amendments in ASU 2016-09 beginning in the first quarter of 2017. We do not expect the adoption of the amendments in ASU 2016-09 will materially affect our results of operations.

In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) (“ASU 2014-09”). ASU 2014-09 clarifies the principles for recognizing revenue by establishing the core principle that an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. ASU 2014-09 also requires additional disclosure about the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue that is recognized. Insurance contracts are specifically excluded from the scope of ASU 2014-09 and therefore revenue from our insurance product lines will not be affected by the new standard. The amendments in ASU 2014-09, as updated by ASU No. 2015-14, are effective retrospectively for the Company beginning in fiscal year 2018. Early adoption is not permitted. We have performed an initial assessment of the revenue streams in our Investment and Savings Products and Corporate and Other Distributed Products segments, and we currently believe that it will not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. However, we will continue to further evaluate all aspects of ASU 2014-09 and analyze our non-insurance revenue streams through the adoption date.

In January 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-01, Financial Instruments—Overall (Subtopic 825-10) – Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities (“ASU 2016-01”). ASU 2016-01 intends to enhance the reporting model for financial instruments and addresses certain aspects of recognition, measurement of investments in equity securities and the presentation of certain fair value changes for financial liabilities measured at fair value. ASU 2016-01 also amends certain disclosure requirements associated with the fair value of financial instruments. The amendments in ASU 2016-01 are effective for the Company beginning in fiscal year 2018. The recognition and measurement provisions of ASU 2016-01 will be applied by means of a cumulative-effect adjustment to the balance sheet as of the beginning of the fiscal year of adoption and early adoption is not permitted. We expect its primary impact on the Company will be the recognition of all unrealized gains and losses on AFS equity securities in net income. Currently, all unrealized gains and losses (except for OTTI) on AFS equity securities are recognized in other

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comprehensive income (loss).  The impact of adopting this standard will be driven by the market value of AFS equity securities as of the effective date of adoption. See Note 4 (Investments) for details of unrealized gains and losses on AFS equity securities held by the Company.

In February 2016, FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-02 (“ASU 2016-02”), Leases (ASC 842). ASU 2016-02 intends to enhance transparency and comparability among organizations by requiring lessees to recognize lease assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet. The amendments in ASU 2016-02 are effective for the Company beginning in fiscal year 2019, with early adoption permitted. The Company intends to adopt the amendments in ASU 2016-02 beginning in the first quarter of 2019. We expect the primary impact will be the recognition of our operating lease obligations and corresponding right to use assets on our balance sheet, which mainly consist of our executive and home office operations and other real estate leases of office space as well as office equipment. We anticipate that the impact of adopting this standard will result in an increase to assets and liabilities that is generally consistent with our remaining lease obligations as listed in Note 16 “Commitments and Contingent Liabilities” plus any new operating lease commitments agreed to before the effective date.

In June 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-13 (“ASU 2016-13”), Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326) – Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. ASU 2016-13 introduces new guidance for accounting for credit losses on financial instruments within its scope by replacing the current approach that delays recognition until it is probable a loss has been incurred with a new approach that estimates an allowance for anticipated credit losses on the basis of an entity’s own expectations. The objective of the new approach for estimating credit losses is to require consideration of a broader range of forward-looking information, which is expected to result in earlier recognition of credit losses on financial instruments. AFS debt securities are excluded from the scope of financial instruments that require measurement of credit losses on the basis of a forward-looking expected loss estimate under ASU 2016-13. The incurred probable loss approach for measuring credit losses on AFS debt securities will remain under ASU 2016-13 but will be presented as an allowance rather than as a write-down. Therefore, an entity will be allowed to reverse credit losses previously recorded on AFS debt securities in situations where the estimate of credit losses on those securities has declined.  The amendments in ASU 2016-13 also preclude an entity from considering the length of time an AFS debt security has been in an unrealized loss position to avoid recording a credit loss and remove the requirement to consider recoveries or declines in fair value after the balance sheet date. The amendments in ASU 2016-13 are effective for the Company beginning in fiscal year 2020. The Company is currently in the process of evaluating its impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Future Application of Accounting Standards. Recent accounting guidance not discussed is not applicable, is immaterial to our financial statements, or did not or will not have an impact on our business.

 

(2) Discontinued Operations

In January 2014, NBLIC sold the assets and liabilities of its short-term statutory disability benefit insurance business (“DBL”) to AmTrust North America, Inc. and its affiliates (the “buyer”). As part of the sale agreement, the buyer assumed all liabilities for DBL insurance policies. In addition, NBLIC transferred the assets held in support of DBL’s insurance liabilities and all other premium-related assets and liabilities to the buyer as of January 1, 2014. The results of DBL’s operations from January 1, 2014 forward were also transferred to the buyer. NBLIC received cash proceeds from the sale of $3.0 million and recognized a pre-tax gain on the sale of approximately $2.4 million, which comprised income from discontinued operations before income taxes in our results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2014.

After the sale, we no longer had significant continuing involvement in the operations of DBL, and its direct cash flows have been eliminated from our ongoing operations. As a result, beginning in 2014, the results of operations for DBL have been reported in discontinued operations for all periods presented in the consolidated statements of income. We had no assets or liabilities related to DBL as of December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014. The results of DBL included in discontinued operations were as follows:

 

(3) Segment and Geographical Information

Segments. We have two primary operating segments — Term Life Insurance and Investment and Savings Products. The Term Life Insurance segment includes underwriting profits on our in-force book of term life insurance policies, net of reinsurance, which are underwritten by our life insurance company subsidiaries. The Investment and Savings Products segment includes retail and managed mutual funds and annuities distributed through licensed broker-dealer subsidiaries and includes segregated funds, an individual annuity savings product that we underwrite in Canada through Primerica Life Canada. In the United States, we distribute mutual fund and annuity products of several third-party companies. We also earn fees for account servicing on a subset of the mutual funds we

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distribute. In Canada, we offer a Primerica-branded fund-of-funds mutual fund product, as well as mutual funds of well-known mutual fund companies. These two operating segments are managed separately because their products serve different needs — term life insurance income protection versus wealth-building savings products.

We also have a Corporate and Other Distributed Products segment, which consists primarily of revenues and expenses related to several discontinued lines of insurance other than our core term life insurance products and the distribution of various other financial products generally underwritten or offered by third-party providers. All of the Company’s net investment income, except for the portion allocated to the Term Life Insurance segment that represents the assumed interest accreted to its U.S. GAAP-measured future policy benefit reserve liability less DAC, is attributed to the Corporate and Other Distributed Products segment. In addition, interest expense incurred by the Company as well as realized gains and losses on our invested asset portfolio are entirely attributed to the Corporate and Other Distributed Products segment.

Notable information included in profit or loss by segment was as follows:

Insurance expenses and other operating expenses directly attributable to the Term Life Insurance and the Investment and Savings Products segments are recorded directly to the applicable segment. We allocate certain other revenue and operating expenses that are not directly attributable to a specific operating segment based on the relative sizes of our life-licensed and securities-licensed independent sales forces. These allocated items include fees charged for access to our sales force support applications and costs incurred for field technology, supervision, training and certain miscellaneous costs. We also allocate certain technology and occupancy costs to our operating segments based on estimated usage. Any remaining unallocated revenue and expense items, as well as realized investment gains and losses, are reported in the Corporate and Other Distributed Products segment. We measure income and loss for the segments on an income before income taxes basis.

Total assets by segment were as follows:

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⁽¹⁾  The Investment and Savings Products segment includes assets held in separate accounts. Excluding separate accounts, the Investment and Savings Products segment assets were approximately $103.7 million, $93.8 million, and $105.5 million as of December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014, respectively.

Assets specifically related to a segment are held in that segment. All invested assets held by the Company, including the deposit asset recognized in connection with our 10% coinsurance agreement (the “10% Coinsurance Agreement”) and the held-to-maturity security received in connection with the Vidalia Re Coinsurance Agreement, are reported as assets of the Corporate and Other Distributed Products segment. DAC is recognized in a particular segment based on the product to which it relates. Separate account assets supporting the segregated funds product in Canada are held in the Investment and Savings Products segment. Any remaining unallocated assets are reported in the Corporate and Other Distributed Products segment.

Geographical Information. Results of continuing operations by country and long-lived assets — primarily tangible assets reported in other assets in our consolidated balance sheets —were as follows:

 

 

(4) Investments

AFS Securities. The period-end cost or amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses, and fair value of AFS fixed-maturity and equity securities follow:

 

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All of our AFS mortgage- and asset-backed securities represent variable interests in variable interest entities (“VIEs”). We are not the primary beneficiary of these VIEs because we do not have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the entities’ economic performance. The maximum exposure to loss as a result of our involvement in these VIEs equals the carrying value of the securities.

The scheduled maturity distribution of the AFS fixed-maturity portfolio at December 31, 2016 follows:

Expected maturities may differ from scheduled contractual maturities because issuers of securities may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.

Unrealized Gains and Losses on Investments. The net effect on stockholders’ equity of unrealized gains and losses on AFS securities was as follows:

Trading Securities. We maintain a portfolio mostly of fixed-maturity securities that are classified as trading securities. The carrying values of the fixed-maturity securities classified as trading securities were approximately $7.4 million and $5.4 million as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

Held-to-maturity Security. Concurrent with the execution of the Vidalia Re Coinsurance Agreement, Vidalia Re entered into a Surplus Note Purchase Agreement (the “Surplus Note Purchase Agreement”) with Hannover Life Reassurance Company of America and certain of its affiliates (collectively, “Hannover Re”) and a newly formed limited liability company (the “LLC”) owned by a third- party service provider. Under the Surplus Note Purchase Agreement, Vidalia Re issued a surplus note (the “Surplus Note”) to the LLC in exchange for a credit enhanced note from the LLC with an equal principal amount (the “LLC Note”). The principal amount of both the LLC Note and the Surplus Note will fluctuate over time to coincide with the amount of reserves contractually supported under the Vidalia Re Coinsurance Agreement. Both the LLC Note and the Surplus Note mature on December 31, 2029 and bear interest at an annual interest rate of 4.50%. The LLC Note is guaranteed by Hannover Re through a credit enhancement feature in exchange for a fee, which is reflected in interest expense on our consolidated statements of income.

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The LLC is a VIE as its owner does not have an equity investment at risk that is sufficient to permit the LLC to finance its activities without Vidalia Re or Hannover Re. The Parent Company, Primerica Life, and Vidalia Re share the power to direct the activities of the LLC with Hannover Re, but do not have the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive any residual returns related to the LLC’s primary risks or sources of variability. Through the credit enhancement feature, Hannover Re is the ultimate risk taker in this transaction and bears the obligation to absorb the LLC’s losses in the event of a Surplus Note default in exchange for the fee. Accordingly, the Company is not the primary beneficiary of the LLC and does not consolidate the LLC within its consolidated financial statements.

The LLC Note is classified as a held-to-maturity debt security in the Company’s invested asset portfolio as we have the positive intent and ability to hold the security until maturity. As of December 31, 2016, the LLC Note, which was rated A+ by Fitch Ratings, had an estimated unrealized holding gain of $9.8 million based on its amortized cost and estimated fair value, which is derived using the valuation techniques described in Note 5 (Fair Value of Financial Instruments).

See Note 10 (Debt) for more information on the Surplus Note.

Investments on Deposit with Governmental Authorities. As required by law, we have investments on deposit with governmental authorities and banks for the protection of policyholders. The fair values of investments on deposit were $18.2 million and $18.1 million as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

Securities Lending Transactions. We participate in securities lending transactions with broker-dealers and other financial institutions to increase investment income with minimal risk. We require minimum collateral on securities loaned equal to 102% of the fair value of the loaned securities. We accept collateral in the form of securities, which we are not able to sell or encumber, and to the extent the collateral declines in value below 100%, we require additional collateral from the borrower. Any securities collateral received is not reflected on our consolidated balance sheets. We also accept collateral in the form of cash, all of which we reinvest. For loans involving unrestricted cash collateral, the collateral is reported as an asset with a corresponding liability representing our obligation to return the collateral. We continue to carry the loaned securities as invested assets on our consolidated balance sheets during the terms of the loans, and we do not report them as sales. Cash collateral received and reinvested was approximately $73.6 million and $71.5 million as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

Investment Income. The components of net investment income were as follows:

The components of net realized investment gains (losses), as well as details on gross realized investment gains (losses) and proceeds from sales or other redemptions, were as follows:

OTTI. We conduct a review each quarter to identify and evaluate impaired investments that have indications of possible OTTI. An investment in a debt or equity security is impaired if its fair value falls below its cost. Factors considered in determining whether an unrealized loss is temporary include the length of time and extent to which fair value has been below cost, the financial condition and near-term prospects for the issue, and our ability and intent to hold the investment for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery, which may be maturity for fixed-maturity securities or within a reasonable period of time for equity securities.

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Our review for OTTI generally entails:

AFS fixed-maturity and equity securities with a cost basis in excess of their fair values were approximately $450.9 million and $626.0 million as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

The following tables summarize, for all AFS securities in an unrealized loss position, the aggregate fair value and the gross unrealized loss by length of time such securities have continuously been in an unrealized loss position:

 

 

The amortized cost and fair value of AFS fixed-maturity securities in default were as follows:

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Impairment charges recognized in earnings on AFS securities were as follows:

The securities noted above were considered to be other-than-temporarily impaired due to our intent to sell them; adverse credit events, such as news of an impending filing for bankruptcy; analyses of the issuer’s most recent financial statements or other information in which liquidity deficiencies, significant losses and large declines in capitalization were evident; or analyses of rating agency information for issuances with severe ratings downgrades that indicated a significant increase in the possibility of default. We also recognized impairment losses related to invested assets held at the Parent Company that we intended to sell to fund share repurchases, as well as credit impairments on certain other investments.

As of December 31, 2016, the unrealized losses on our AFS invested asset portfolio were largely caused by interest rate sensitivity and changes in credit spreads. We believe that fluctuations caused by movement in interest rate and credit spreads have little bearing on the recoverability of our investments.  We do not consider these investments to be other-than-temporarily impaired because we have the ability to hold these investments until maturity or a market price recovery, and we have no present intention to dispose of them.  

Net impairment losses recognized in earnings were as follows:

The roll-forward of the OTTI recognized in net income for all fixed-maturity securities still held follows:

As of December 31, 2016, no impairment losses have been recognized on the LLC Note held-to-maturity security.

Derivatives. Embedded conversion options associated with fixed-maturity securities are bifurcated from the fixed-maturity security host contracts and separately recognized as equity securities. The change in fair value of these bifurcated conversion options is reflected in realized investment gains (losses), including OTTI losses. As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, the fair value of these bifurcated options was approximately $4.3 million and $5.4 million, respectively.

We have a deferred loss related to closed forward contracts, which were settled several years ago, that were used to mitigate our exposure to foreign currency exchange rates that resulted from the net investment in our Canadian operations. The amount of deferred

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loss included in accumulated other comprehensive income was approximately $26.4 million as of December 31, 2016 and 2015. While we have no current intention to do so, these deferred losses will not be recognized until such time as we sell or substantially liquidate our Canadian operations.

(5) Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Fair value is the price that would be received upon the sale of an asset in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Fair value measurements are based upon observable and unobservable inputs. Observable inputs reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect our view of market assumptions in the absence of observable market information. We classify and disclose all invested assets carried at fair value in one of the following three categories:

As of each reporting period, all assets and liabilities recorded at fair value are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input (Level 3 being the lowest) that is significant to the fair value measurement. Significant levels of estimation and judgment are required to determine the fair value of certain of our investments. The factors influencing these estimations and judgments are subject to change in subsequent reporting periods.

The estimated fair value and hierarchy classifications for assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis were as follows:

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In assessing fair value of our investments, we use a third-party pricing service for approximately 95% of our securities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis. The remaining securities are primarily thinly traded securities such as private placements and are valued using models based on observable inputs on public corporate spreads having similar characteristics (e.g., sector, average life and quality rating) and liquidity and yield based on quality rating, average life and treasury yields. All observable data inputs are corroborated by independent third-party data. In the absence of sufficient observable inputs, we utilize non-binding broker quotes, which are reflected in our Level 3 classification as we are unable to evaluate the valuation technique(s) or significant inputs used to develop the quotes. Therefore, we do not internally develop the quantitative unobservable inputs used in measuring the fair value of Level 3 investments. However, we do corroborate pricing information provided by our third-party pricing servicing by performing a review of selected securities. Our review activities include obtaining detailed information about the assumptions, inputs and methodologies used in pricing the security; documenting this information; and corroborating it by comparison to independently obtained prices and or independently developed pricing methodologies.

Furthermore, we perform internal reasonableness assessments on fair value determinations within our portfolio throughout the quarter and at quarter-end, including pricing variance analyses and comparisons to alternative pricing sources and benchmark returns. If a fair value appears unusual relative to these assessments, we will re-examine the inputs and may challenge a fair value assessment made by the pricing service. If there is a known pricing error, we will request a reassessment by the pricing service. If the pricing service is unable to perform the reassessment on a timely basis, we will determine the appropriate price by requesting a reassessment from an alternative pricing service or other qualified source as necessary. We do not adjust quotes or prices except in a rare circumstance to resolve a known error.

Because many fixed-maturity securities do not trade on a daily basis, third-party pricing services generally determine fair value using industry-standard methodologies, which vary by asset class. For corporate, government, and agency securities, these methodologies include developing prices by incorporating available market information such as U.S. Treasury curves, benchmarking of similar securities including new issues, sector groupings, quotes from market participants and matrix pricing. Observable information is compiled and integrates relevant credit information, perceived market movements and sector news. Additionally, security prices are periodically back-tested to validate and/or refine models as conditions warrant. Market indicators and industry and economic events are also monitored as triggers to obtain additional data. For certain structured securities (such as mortgage-and assets-backed securities) with limited trading activity, third-party pricing services generally use industry-standard pricing methodologies that incorporate market information, such as index prices or discounting expected future cash flows based on underlying collateral, and quotes from market participants, to estimate fair value. If these measures are not deemed observable for a particular security, the security will be classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy.

Where specific market information is unavailable for certain securities, pricing models produce estimates of fair value primarily using Level 2 inputs along with certain Level 3 inputs. These models include matrix pricing. The pricing matrix uses current treasury rates and credit spreads received from third-party sources to estimate fair value. The credit spreads incorporate the issuer’s industry- or issuer-specific credit characteristics and the security’s time to maturity, if warranted. Remaining unpriced securities are valued using an estimate of fair value based on indicative market prices that include significant unobservable inputs not based on, nor corroborated by, market information, including the utilization of non-binding broker quotes.

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The roll-forward of the Level 3 assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis was as follows:

 

We obtain independent pricing quotes based on observable inputs as of the end of the reporting period for all securities in Level 2. Those inputs include benchmark yields, reported trades, broker/dealer quotes, issuer spreads, two-sided markets, benchmark securities, market bids/offers, quoted prices for similar instruments in markets that are not active, and other relevant data. We monitor these inputs for market indicators as well as industry and economic events. We recognize transfers into new levels and out of previous levels as of the end of the reporting period, including interim reporting periods, as applicable. There were no material transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 or between Level 1 and Level 3 during the year ended December 31, 2016. We transferred a $1.0 million security from Level 1 to Level 2 during the year ended December 31, 2015  as it was not consistently trading in an active market. There were no material transfers between Level 1 and Level 3 during the year ended December 31, 2015.

Invested assets included in the transfer from Level 3 to Level 2 primarily were fixed-maturity investments for which we were able to obtain independent pricing quotes based on observable inputs.

The carrying values and estimated fair values of our financial instruments were as follows:

The fair values of financial instruments presented above are estimates of the fair values at a specific point in time using various sources and methods, including market quotations and a complex matrix system that takes into account issuer sector, quality, and spreads in the current marketplace.

Recurring fair value measurements. Estimated fair values of investments in AFS fixed-maturity securities are principally a function of current spreads and interest rates that are corroborated by independent third-party data. Therefore, the fair values presented are indicative of amounts we could realize or settle at the respective balance sheet date. We do not necessarily intend to dispose of or liquidate such instruments prior to maturity. Trading securities, which primarily consist of fixed-maturity securities, are carried at fair value. Equity securities, including common and nonredeemable preferred stocks, are carried at fair value. Segregated funds in separate accounts are carried at the underlying value of the variable insurance contracts, which is fair value.

Nonrecurring fair value measurements. The estimated fair value of the held-to-maturity fixed-maturity security, which is classified as a Level 3 fair value measurement, is derived using the credit spread on similarly rated debt securities and the hypothetical spread of the security’s credit enhancement feature. Policy loans, which are categorized as Level 3 fair value measurements, are carried at the unpaid principal balances. The fair value of policy loans approximate the unpaid principal balances as the timing of repayment is uncertain and the loans are collateralized by the amount of the policy. The deposit asset underlying the 10% Coinsurance Agreement represents the value of the assets necessary to back the economic reserves held in support of the reinsurance agreement. The carrying

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value of this deposit asset approximates fair value, which is categorized as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy. Notes payable represent our publicly-traded senior notes and are valued as a Level 2 fair value measurement using the quoted market price for our notes. The estimated fair value of the Surplus Note is derived by using an assumed credit spread we would expect if Vidalia Re was a credit-rated entity and the hypothetical spread of the Surplus Note’s subordinated structure. The Surplus Note is classified as a Level 3 fair value measurement.

The carrying amounts for cash and cash equivalents, receivables, accrued investment income, accounts payable, cash collateral and payables for security transactions approximate their fair values due to the short-term nature of these instruments. Consequently, such instruments are not included in the above table.

(6) Reinsurance

We use reinsurance extensively, which has a significant effect on our results of operations. Reinsurance arrangements do not relieve us of our primary obligation to the policyholder. Our reinsurance contracts typically do not have a fixed term. In general, the reinsurers’ ability to terminate coverage for existing cessions is limited to such circumstances as material breach of contract or nonpayment of premiums by the ceding company. Our reinsurance contracts generally contain provisions intended to provide the ceding company with the ability to cede future business on a basis consistent with historical terms. However, either party may terminate any of the contracts with respect to the future business upon appropriate notice to the other party. Generally, the reinsurance contracts do not limit the overall amount of the loss that can be incurred by the reinsurer.

Our policy is to limit the amount of life insurance retained on the life of any one person to $1 million. To limit our exposure with any one reinsurer, we monitor the concentration of credit risk we have with our reinsurance counterparties, as well as their financial condition. No credit losses related to our reinsurance counterparties have been experienced by the Company during the three-year period ended December 31, 2016.

Due from reinsurers represents ceded policy reserve balances and ceded claim liabilities. The amounts of ceded claim liabilities included in due from reinsurers that we paid and which are recoverable from those reinsurers were $30.0 million and $25.5 million as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Benefits and claims ceded to reinsurers for 2016, 2015, and 2014 were $1,205.6 million, $1,178.6 million, and $1,191.9 million, respectively.

In connection with our corporate reorganization that included an initial public offering (“IPO”) of our common stock by Citigroup, Inc. (“Citigroup”), Primerica Life, Primerica Life Canada and NBLIC entered into significant coinsurance transactions (the “IPO coinsurance agreements”) on March 30, 2010 with three insurance companies then affiliated with Citigroup (collectively, the “IPO coinsurers”). Under the IPO coinsurance agreements, we ceded between 80% and 90% of the risks and rewards of our term life insurance policies in force at year-end 2009. Because these agreements were part of a business reorganization among entities under common control, they did not generate any deferred gain or loss upon their execution. Concurrent with signing these agreements, we transferred the corresponding account balances in respect of the coinsured policies along with the assets to support the statutory liabilities assumed by the IPO coinsurers. Each of the account balances transferred were at book value with no gain or loss recorded in net income.

Three of the IPO coinsurance agreements satisfy U.S. GAAP risk transfer rules. Under these agreements, we ceded between 80% and 90% of our term life future policy benefit reserves, and we transferred a corresponding amount of assets to the IPO coinsurers. These transactions did not impact our future policy benefit reserves. As such, we have recorded an asset for the same amount of risk transferred in due from reinsurers. We also reduced DAC by a corresponding amount, which reduces future amortization expenses. In addition, we are transferring between 80% and 90% of all future premiums and benefits and claims associated with these policies to the corresponding reinsurance entities. We receive ongoing ceding allowances, which are reflected as a reduction to insurance expenses, to cover policy and claims administration expenses as well as certain corporate overhead charges under each of these reinsurance contracts.

The largest of the IPO coinsurance agreements is a coinsurance agreement originally between Primerica Life and Prime Reinsurance Company (“Prime Re”), an affiliate of Citigroup, where we ceded to Prime Re 80% of our U.S. (except New York) term life insurance business in force at year-end 2009 (the “80% U.S. Coinsurance Agreement”). Beginning on January 1, 2016, Pecan Re Inc. (“Pecan Re”), an insurance company owned by Swiss Re Life & Health America Inc. (“Swiss Re”), assumed Prime Re’s obligations under the 80% U.S. Coinsurance Agreement through a novation agreement (the “Swiss Re Novation Agreement”). In addition, the counterparties to the related trust and capital maintenance agreements that provide Primerica Life with statutory reinsurance credit for the 80% U.S. Coinsurance Agreement were replaced by Pecan Re and Swiss Re, respectively. No material terms and conditions of the 80% U.S. Coinsurance Agreement and the related trust and capital maintenance agreements were modified.

We have also ceded 80% of our Canadian term life insurance business in force at year-end 2009 in an IPO coinsurance agreement (the “80% Canada Coinsurance Agreement”) originally between Primerica Life Canada and Financial Reassurance Company 2010, Ltd. (“FRAC”).  On September 23, 2016, Munich American Reassurance Company acquired FRAC from Citigroup. As part of this transaction, Munich Re of Malta, an insurance company owned by Munich American Reassurance Company, ultimately assumed FRAC’s obligations under the 80% Canada Coinsurance Agreement through a novation agreement (the “Munich Re Novation Agreement”). No material terms and conditions of the 80% Canada Coinsurance Agreement were modified.

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In a fourth IPO coinsurance agreement, the 10% Coinsurance Agreement, we have ceded to Prime Re 10% of our U.S. (except New York) term life insurance business in force at year-end 2009 subject to an experience refund provision. As the 10% Coinsurance Agreement includes an experience refund provision, it does not satisfy U.S. GAAP risk transfer rules. As a result, we have accounted for this contract using deposit method accounting and have recognized a deposit asset in other assets on our consolidated balance sheets for assets backing the economic reserves. The deposit asset held in support of this agreement was $202.4 million and $181.9 million at December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. We make contributions to the deposit asset during the life of the agreement to fulfill our responsibility of funding the economic reserve. The market return on the deposit asset is reflected in net investment income during the life of the agreement. Prime Re is responsible for ensuring that there are sufficient assets to meet all statutory requirements. In exchange for our consent to the Swiss Re Novation Agreement discussed above, the finance charge on the statutory reserves in excess of economic reserves funded by Prime Re in support of the 10% Coinsurance Agreement was reduced from 3.0% to 2.0% beginning on July 1, 2015 and then from 2.0% to 0.5% beginning on January 1, 2016. This finance charge is reflected in interest expense in our consolidated statements of income.

The following table represents the Company’s in-force life insurance at December 31, 2016 and 2015:

Due from reinsurers includes ceded reserve balances and ceded claim liabilities. Reinsurance receivable and financial strength ratings by reinsurer were as follows:

 

NR – not rated

⁽⁵⁾     This entity, which is rated AA- by S&P, ultimately assumed FRAC's obligations under the 80% Canada Coinsurance Agreement as a result of the Munich Re Novation Agreement.

Certain reinsurers with which we do business receive group ratings. Individually, those reinsurers are SCOR Global Life Americas Reinsurance Company, SCOR Global Life U.S.A. Reinsurance Company, SCOR Global Life Re Insurance Company of Delaware, and SCOR Global Life of Canada.

The IPO coinsurance agreements include provisions to ensure that Primerica Life, Primerica Life Canada and NBLIC receive full regulatory credit for the reinsurance treaties. Under these agreements, the ceded business can be recaptured with no fee in the event the IPO reinsurers do not comply with the various safeguard provisions in their respective IPO coinsurance agreements. Pecan Re also has entered into a capital maintenance agreement requiring Swiss Re to provide additional funding, if needed, at any point during the term of the agreement up to the maximum as described in the capital maintenance agreement.

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(7) Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs

We defer incremental direct costs of successful contract acquisitions that result directly from and are essential to the contract transaction(s) and that would not have been incurred had the contract transaction(s) not occurred. The amortization of DAC requires us to make certain assumptions regarding persistency, expenses, interest rates and claims. For DAC associated with term life insurance policies, these assumptions may not be modified, or unlocked, unless recoverability testing deems them to be inadequate. We update assumptions for new business to reflect the most recent experience. For DAC associated with Canadian segregated funds, the assumptions used in determining amortization expense are evaluated regularly and are updated if actual experience or other evidence suggests revisions to earlier estimates are appropriate.

DAC amortization for term life insurance policies is affected by differences between the original assumptions used for persistency, expenses, interest rates and claims and actual results and are recognized in the period in which the change occurs. For policies underlying the Canadian segregated funds, gross profits and the resulting DAC amortization will vary with actual fund returns, redemptions and expenses. Due to the inherent uncertainties in making assumptions about future events, materially different experience from expected results could result in a material increase or decrease of DAC amortization in a particular period.

In determining DAC amortization expense for term life insurance policies, we use interest rates available at the time a policy is issued. For policies issued in 2010 and after, we have been using an increasing interest rate assumption based on the historically low interest rate environment. Interest rate assumptions at December 31, 2016 and 2015 ranged from 3.5% to 7.0%.

DAC is subject to recoverability testing annually and when impairment indicators exist. The recoverability of DAC is dependent on the future profitability of the related policies, which, in turn, is dependent principally upon mortality, persistency, investment returns, and the expense of administering the business, as well as upon certain economic variables, such as inflation.

The balances and activity in DAC were as follows:

 

(8) Separate Accounts

The Funds primarily consist of a series of branded investment funds known as the Asset Builder Funds, a registered retirement fund known as the Strategic Retirement Income Fund (“SRIF”), and a money market fund known as the Cash Management Fund. The principal investment objective of the Asset Builder Funds is to achieve long-term growth while preserving capital. The principal objective of the SRIF is to provide a stream of investment income during retirement plus the opportunity for modest capital appreciation. The Asset Builder Funds and the SRIF use diversified portfolios of publicly-traded Canadian stocks, investment-grade corporate bonds, Government of Canada bonds, and foreign equity investments to achieve their objectives. The Cash Management Fund invests in government guaranteed short-term bonds and short-term commercial and bank papers, with the principal investment objective being the provision of interest income while maintaining liquidity and preserving capital.

Under these contract offerings, benefit payments to contract holders or their designated beneficiaries are only due upon death of the annuitant or upon reaching a specific maturity date. Benefit payments are based on the value of the contract holder’s units in the portfolio at the payment date, but are guaranteed to be no less than 75% of the contract holder’s contribution, adjusted for withdrawals. Account values are not guaranteed for withdrawn units if contract holders make withdrawals prior to the maturity dates. Maturity dates for contracts investing in the Asset Builder Funds and Cash Management Fund vary by contract and range from 10 years from the contract issuance date to December 31, 2070. Contracts investing in the SRIF mature when the policyholder reaches age 100, which is a minimum of 20 years after issue. The SRIF is designed to provide periodic retirement income payments and as such, regular withdrawals, subject to legislated minimums, are anticipated. The cumulative effects of the periodic withdrawals are expected to substantially reduce both account and minimum guaranteed values prior to maturity.

Both the asset and the liability for the separate accounts reflect the net value of the underlying assets in the portfolio as of the reporting date. Primerica Life Canada’s exposure to losses under the guarantee at the time of account maturity is limited to contract holder accounts that have declined in value more than 25%, adjusted for withdrawals, since the contribution date prior to maturity. Because maturity dates are of a long-term nature, the likelihood guarantee payments are required at any given point is very small. Additionally, the portfolios consist of a very large number of individual contracts, further spreading the risk related to the guarantee being exercised upon death. The length of the contract terms provides significant opportunity for the underlying portfolios to recover any short-term losses prior to maturities or deaths of the contract holders. Furthermore, the funds’ investment allocations are aligned with the maturity risks of the related contracts and include investments in Government Strip Bonds and floating-rate notes.

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We periodically assess the exposure related to these contracts to determine whether any additional liability should be recorded. As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, an additional liability for these contracts was deemed to be unnecessary.

The following table represents the fair value of assets supporting separate accounts by major investment category:

 

(9) Insurance Reserves

Changes in policy claims and other benefits payable were as follows:

 

See Note 1 (Description of Business, Basis of Presentation, and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies) for details regarding the accounting for policyholder liabilities.

(10) Debt

Notes Payable. Notes payable consisted of the following:

At December 31, 2016, we had $375.0 million in principal amount of publicly-traded, senior unsecured notes (the “Senior Notes”). The Senior Notes were issued in 2012 at a price of 99.843% of the principal amount with an annual interest rate of 4.75%, payable semi-annually in arrears on January 15 and July 15, and are scheduled to mature on July 15, 2022. We were in compliance with the covenants of the Senior Notes at December 31, 2016. No events of default occurred on the Senior Notes during the year ended December 31, 2016.

As unsecured senior obligations, the Senior Notes rank equally in right of payment with all existing and future unsubordinated indebtedness and senior to all existing and future subordinated indebtedness of the Parent Company. The Senior Notes are structurally subordinated in right of payment to all existing and future liabilities of our subsidiaries. In addition, the Senior Notes contain covenants that restrict our ability to, among other things, create or incur any indebtedness that is secured by a lien on the capital stock of certain of our subsidiaries, and merge, consolidate or sell all or substantially all of our properties and assets.

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Surplus Note. As of December 31, 2016, the principal amount outstanding on the Surplus Note issued by Vidalia Re was approximately $503.2 million, equal to the principal amount of the LLC Note invested asset. The Surplus Note was issued in exchange for the LLC Note, which supports certain obligations of Vidalia Re for a portion of the statutory accounting-based reserves (commonly referred to as Regulation XXX reserves) related to the Vidalia Re Coinsurance Agreement. The principal amount of the Surplus Note and the LLC Note will fluctuate over time to coincide with the amount of reserves contractually supported. Both the LLC Note and the Surplus Note mature on December 31, 2029 and bear interest at an annual interest rate of 4.50%. Based on the estimated reserves for ceded policies issued in 2011, 2012, 2013, and 2014, the maximum principal amounts of the Surplus Note and the LLC Note are expected to be approximately $915.0 million each. This financing arrangement is non-recourse to the Parent Company and Primerica Life, meaning that neither of these companies has guaranteed the Surplus Note or is otherwise liable for reimbursement for any payments triggered by the credit enhancement feature underlying the LLC Note. The Parent Company has agreed to support Vidalia Re’s obligation to pay the credit enhancement fee incurred on the LLC Note.

See Note 4 (Investments) for more information on the LLC Note.

(11) Income Taxes

Income tax expense (benefit) from continuing operations consists of the following:

Total income tax expense from continuing operations is different from the amount determined by multiplying income from continuing operations before income taxes by the statutory federal tax rate of 35%. The reconciliation for such difference follows:

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The main components of deferred income tax assets and liabilities were as follows:

The majority of total deferred tax assets are attributable to future policy benefit reserves and unpaid policy claims, which represents the difference between the financial statement carrying value and tax basis for liabilities related to future policy benefits. The tax basis for future policy benefit reserves and unpaid policy claims is actuarially determined in accordance with guidelines set forth in the Internal Revenue Code. The majority of total deferred tax liabilities are attributable to DAC, which represents the difference between the policy acquisition costs capitalized for U.S. GAAP purposes and those capitalized for tax purposes, as well as the difference in the resulting amortization methods.

The Company has state net operating losses resulting in a deferred tax asset of approximately $10.6 million, which are available for use through 2034. The Company has no other material net operating loss or credit carryforwards.

In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Management considers the scheduled reversal of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income, carryback and carryforward periods, and tax planning strategies in making this assessment. Management believes that it is more likely than not that the results of future operations will generate sufficient taxable income to realize the deferred tax assets. Therefore, there was no deferred tax asset valuation allowance at December 31, 2016 or 2015.

The Company has direct ownership of a group of controlled foreign corporations in Canada. We have asserted a position of permanent reinvestment for the difference in share basis and certain operational earnings. Such operational earnings if not permanently reinvested would have generated a deferred tax liability of approximately $11.0 million as of December 31, 2016. For those operational earnings for which we have not made a permanent reinvestment assertion, we have established a deferred tax liability to account for the tax liability that will occur upon repatriation of such earnings. As of December 31, 2016, we had approximately $28.0 million in Canadian operational earnings available to be repatriated to the U.S. for which we have not made a permanent reinvestment assertion.

The total amount of unrecognized benefits on uncertain tax positions that, if recognized, would affect our effective tax rate was approximately $11.7 million and $9.3 million as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. We recognize interest expense related to unrecognized tax benefits in tax expense net of federal income tax. As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, the total amount of accrued interest and penalties in the consolidated balance sheets was approximately $2.1 million and $2.0 million, respectively. Additionally, we recognized interest related to unrecognized tax benefits in the consolidated statements of income of less than $0.2 million of expense in 2016, 2015, and 2014.

A reconciliation of the change in the unrecognized income tax benefit for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 is as follows:

We have no penalties included in calculating our provision for income taxes. There is no significant change that is reasonably possible to occur within twelve months of the reporting date.

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In connection with our corporate reorganization, we entered into a tax separation agreement with Citigroup, whereby Citigroup agreed to indemnify the Company against any consolidated, combined, affiliated, unitary or similar federal, state or local income tax liability related to any taxable period ending on or before April 2010. As of December 31, 2016, the Company had a Citigroup tax indemnification asset of $0.7 million.

The major tax jurisdictions in which we operate are the United States and Canada. We are currently open to tax audit by the Internal Revenue Service for the year ended December 31, 2010 and for the years ended December 31, 2013 and thereafter for federal income tax purposes. We are currently open to audit in Canada for tax years ended December 31, 2012 and thereafter for federal and provincial income tax purposes. For those periods prior to the IPO, we are fully indemnified by Citigroup.

 

(12) Stockholders’ Equity

A reconciliation of the number of shares of our common stock follows:

The above reconciliation excludes RSUs and PSUs, which do not have voting rights. As sales restrictions on RSUs lapse and PSUs are earned, we issue common shares with voting rights. As of December 31, 2016, we had a total of approximately 1.1 million RSUs and 18 thousand PSUs outstanding.

On August 13, 2015, our Board of Directors authorized a share repurchase program for up to $200.0 million of our outstanding common stock (the “share repurchase program”) for purchases through December 31, 2016. Under the share repurchase program we repurchased 4,169,467 shares of our common stock in the open market for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $200.0 million through December 31, 2016, fully exhausting the program. On November 17, 2016, the Board of Directors authorized a new share repurchase program for up to $200.0 million of our outstanding common shares for purchases through June 30, 2018. Repurchases under this new program began in January 2017.

(13) Earnings Per Share

The Company has outstanding common stock and equity awards that consist of RSUs, PSUs and stock options. The RSUs maintain non-forfeitable dividend rights that result in dividend payment obligations on a one-to-one ratio with common shares for any future dividend declarations.

Unvested RSUs are deemed participating securities for purposes of calculating EPS as they maintain dividend rights. We calculate EPS using the two-class method. Under the two-class method, we allocate earnings to common shares and vested RSUs outstanding for the period. Earnings attributable to unvested participating securities, along with the corresponding share counts, are excluded from EPS as reflected in our consolidated statements of income.

In calculating basic EPS, we deduct any dividends and undistributed earnings allocated to unvested RSUs from net income and then divide the result by the weighted-average number of common shares and vested RSUs outstanding for the period.

We determine the potential dilutive effect of PSUs and stock options outstanding (“contingently-issuable shares”) on EPS using the treasury-stock method. Under this method, we determine the proceeds that would be received from the issuance of the contingently- issuable shares if the end of the reporting period were the end of the contingency period. The proceeds from the contingently-issuable shares include: the remaining unrecognized compensation expense of the awards, the cash received for the exercise price on stock options, and the resulting effect on the income tax deduction from the vesting of PSUs and the exercise of stock options. We then use the average market price of our common shares during the period the contingently-issuable shares were outstanding to determine how many shares we could repurchase with the proceeds raised from the issuance of the contingently-issuable shares. The net incremental share count issued represents the potential dilutive securities. We then reallocate earnings to common shares and vested RSUs by incorporating the increased fully-diluted share count to determine diluted EPS.

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The calculation of basic and diluted EPS follows:

 

(14) Share-Based Transactions

The Company has outstanding equity awards under its Omnibus Incentive Plan (“OIP”). The OIP provides for the issuance of equity awards, including stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, deferred stock, RSUs, PSUs, unrestricted stock, as well as cash-based awards. In addition to time-based vesting requirements, awards granted under the OIP also may be subject to specified performance criteria. Since 2010, the Company has issued equity awards to our management (officers and other key employees), non-employees who serve on our Board of Directors (“directors”), and sales force leaders under the OIP. As of December 31, 2016, we had approximately 0.9 million shares available for future grants under this plan.

Employee and Director Share-Based Compensation. As of December 31, 2016, the Company had outstanding RSUs, PSUs, and stock options issued to our management (officers and other key employees), as well as RSUs issued to our directors, under the OIP.

Restricted Stock and RSUs.

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All of our outstanding management and director RSU awards are eligible for dividend equivalents regardless of vesting status.

In connection with our granting of management and director restricted stock and RSU awards, we recognized expense and tax benefit offsets as follows:

The following table summarizes management and director restricted stock and RSU activity during the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014.

As of December 31, 2016, total compensation cost not yet recognized in our financial statements related to management and director RSU awards with time-based vesting conditions yet to be reached was approximately $4.3 million, and the weighted-average period over which cost will be recognized was 0.7 years.

PSUs.

In connection with our granting of PSU awards, we recognized expense and tax benefit offsets as follows:

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The following table summarizes PSU activity during the year ended December 31, 2016.

As of December 31, 2016, total unrecognized compensation related to PSU awards was approximately $0.2 million, and the weighted-average period over which cost will be recognized was 0.8 years.

Stock Options. Beginning in 2013, the Company issued stock options to certain of its executive officers under the OIP as part of their annual equity compensation. Stock options are generally granted with an exercise price equal to the fair market value of our common stock on the grant date, and they expire 10 years from the date of grant. These options have time-based restrictions with equal and annual graded vesting over a three-year period. Stock options issued in 2014 and thereafter provide for such awards to vest upon the voluntary termination of employment by any employee who is “retirement eligible” as of his or her termination date. Upon retirement, employees have the lesser of three years or the remaining option term to exercise any vested options. We currently do not anticipate issuing any new stock options pursuant to our current employee compensation program.

Compensation expense and related tax benefits recognized for stock option awards were as follows:

The fair value of each option was estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes model. We derived expected volatility after considering the historical volatility of our own stock, which has been trading since April 1, 2010. The Company’s per share dividend yield as of the grant date was used as the input for the expected dividend payout on the underlying shares. The risk-free interest rate was based on the U.S. Treasury yield for a term approximating the expected life of the options at the time of grant. The Company used a blended approach to develop the expected term that considered both actual exercise activity where available along with the simplified method where historical information was not available. All inputs into the Black-Scholes model were estimates made at the time of grant. The actual realized value of each option grant could materially differ from these estimates, which would have no impact on future reported compensation expense.

The following assumptions were used to estimate the fair value of stock options granted:

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The following table summarizes activity related to stock options outstanding and exercisable during the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014.

The aggregate intrinsic value represents the difference between the exercise price of our stock options and the quoted closing price of our common stock as of December 31, 2016. A summary of the intrinsic values of our stock options is as follows:

 

The intrinsic value, tax benefit realized and value of shares withheld related to option exercise activity are summarized as follows:

 

As of December 31, 2016, there was approximately $0.5 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested options, and the weighted-average period over which cost will be recognized was approximately 0.7 years.

Non-Employee Share-Based Compensation. Non-employee share-based transactions relate to the granting of RSUs to members of our sales force (“agent equity awards”). Agent equity awards are generally granted as a part of quarterly contests for successful life insurance policy acquisitions and for sales of investment and savings products for which the grant and the service period occur within the same calendar quarter.

The following table summarizes non-employee RSU activity during the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014.

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Agent equity awards vest and are measured using the fair market value at the conclusion of the quarterly contest, which is the time that performance is complete. However, agent equity awards are subject to long-term sales restrictions expiring over three years. Because the sale restrictions extend up to three years beyond the vesting period, the fair market value of the awards incorporates an illiquidity discount reflecting the risk associated with the post-vesting restrictions. To quantify this discount for each award, we use a series of put option models with one-, two- and three-year tenors to estimate a hypothetical cost of eliminating the downside risk associated with the sale restrictions.

The most significant assumptions in the Black-Scholes models are the volatility assumptions. We derive volatility assumptions primarily from the historical volatility of our common stock using terms comparable to the sale restriction terms.

The following table presents the assumptions used in valuing quarterly RSU grants to agents:

To the extent that these awards are an incremental direct cost of successful acquisitions of life insurance policies that result directly from and are essential to the policy acquisition(s) and would not have been incurred had the policy acquisition(s) not occurred, we defer and amortize the fair value of the awards in the same manner as other deferred policy acquisition costs. All agent equity awards that are not directly related to the acquisition of life insurance policies are recognized as expense over the requisite vesting period.

Details on the granting and valuation of these awards follow:

As of December 31, 2016, all agent equity awards were fully vested with the exception of approximately 42,000 shares that vested on January 1, 2017. As such, any related compensation cost not recognized as either expense or DAC in our financial statements through December 31, 2016 is immaterial.

 

(15) Statutory Accounting and Dividend Restrictions

U.S. Insurance Subsidiaries. Our two underwriting U.S. insurance subsidiaries are Primerica Life and NBLIC. Primerica Life wholly owns Peach Re and Vidalia Re, and ceded to each in separate coinsurance arrangements certain level-premium term life insurance policies.

Our U.S. insurance subsidiaries are required to report their results of operations and financial position to state authorities on the basis of statutory accounting practices prescribed or permitted by such authorities and the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (“NAIC”), which is a comprehensive basis of accounting other than U.S. GAAP. Prescribed statutory accounting practices include a variety of publications of the NAIC, as well as state laws, regulations and general administrative rules. Permitted statutory accounting practices encompass all accounting practices not so prescribed. The Company’s principal life insurance company, Primerica Life, prepares its statutory financial statements on the basis of accounting practices prescribed or permitted by the NAIC and the Massachusetts Division of Insurance (“Massachusetts DOI”) and includes the statutory financial statements of its wholly owned insurance subsidiaries, NBLIC, Peach Re, and Vidalia Re. NBLIC’s statutory financial statements are prepared on the basis of accounting practices prescribed or permitted by the NAIC and the New York State Department of Financial Services, while the statutory financial statements of Peach Re and Vidalia Re are prepared on the basis of accounting practices prescribed or permitted by the NAIC or the Vermont Department of Financial Regulation (“Vermont DOI”). Our U.S. insurance subsidiaries’ ability to pay dividends to their parent is subject to and limited by the various laws and regulations of their respective states. There are no regulatory restrictions on the ability of the Parent Company to pay dividends (other than limitations under the Delaware General Corporation Code that provide that dividends on common stock shall be declared by the Board of Directors out of surplus or, if there is no surplus, out of net profits for the fiscal year in which the dividend is declared and/or the preceding prior fiscal year).

Primerica Life’s statutory ordinary dividend capacity is based on the greater of: (1) the previous year’s statutory net gain from operations (excluding pro rata distributions of any class of the insurer’s own securities) or (2) 10% of the previous year-end statutory surplus (net of capital stock), which may only be paid out of statutory unassigned surplus. Dividends that, together with the amount of other distributions or dividends made within the preceding 12 months, exceed this statutory limitation are referred to as extraordinary dividends. Extraordinary dividends require advance notice to the Massachusetts DOI, Primerica Life’s primary state insurance

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regulator, and are subject to potential disapproval. For dividends exceeding these thresholds, Primerica Life must provide notice to the Massachusetts DOI and receive notice that the Massachusetts DOI does not object to the payment of such dividends.

Primerica Life’s statutory capital and surplus and statutory unassigned surplus at December 31, 2016 and 2015 was as follows:

Primerica Life’s statutory net gain from operations was approximately $392.4 million, $436.3 million and $267.4 in 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Primerica Life made no pro rata distributions of any class of its own securities during 2016. During 2016, Primerica Life paid ordinary dividends of $94.7 million to the Parent Company and had estimated ordinary dividend capacity of approximately $41.6 million as of January 1, 2017.

Primerica Life’s investment basis in NBLIC, Peach Re, and Vidalia Re reflect their statutory capital and surplus amounts recorded in accordance with statutory accounting practices prescribed or permitted by the NAIC and/or each subsidiary’s state of domicile; New York and Vermont. Peach Re was formed as a special-purpose financial captive insurance company and, with the explicit permission of the Vermont DOI, has included the value of a letter of credit serving as collateral for its policy reserves as an admitted asset in its statutory capital and surplus. This permitted accounting practice was critical to the organization and operational plans of Peach Re and explicitly included in the licensing order issued by the Vermont DOI. The impact of this permitted practice as of December 31, 2016 was approximately $408.7 million on Peach Re’s statutory capital and surplus. As of December 31, 2016, even if Peach Re had not been permitted to include the letter of credit as an admitted asset, Primerica Life would not have been below the minimum statutory capital and surplus level that triggers a regulatory action event. Vidalia Re does not have any permitted accounting practices that are not encompassed in prescribed statutory accounting practices.

Canadian Insurance Subsidiary. Primerica Life Canada is incorporated under the provisions of the Canada Business Corporations Act and is a domiciled Canadian Company subject to regulation under the Insurance Companies Act (Canada) by the Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions in Canada (“OSFI”) and by Provincial Superintendents of Financial Institutions/Insurance in those provinces in which Primerica Life Canada is licensed. The statutory financial statements of Primerica Life Canada reported to OSFI are prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”).

Primerica Life Canada’s capacity to pay ordinary dividends to its parent is limited by OSFI regulations to the extent that its capital exceeds projected capital requirements. OSFI requires companies to set internal target levels of capital sufficient to provide for all the risks of the insurer, including risks specified in OSFI’s capital guidelines. As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, Primerica Life Canada’s statutory capital and surplus satisfied regulatory requirements and was approximately $286.7 million and $252.6 million, respectively.

In Canada, dividends can be paid subject to the paying insurance company continuing to have adequate capital and forms of liquidity as defined by OSFI following the dividend payment and upon 15 days minimum notice to OSFI. Primerica Life Canada’s dividend capacity at January 1, 2017 is estimated to be approximately $55.9 million, which is calculated based on its projection of maintaining internal target capital requirements under certain adverse capital scenarios during each year over the next five years. The actual amount of future dividends that Primerica Life Canada will declare and pay is also subject to the Company’s asserted position of permanent reinvestment of certain unremitted earnings discussed in Note 11 (Income Taxes).

(16) Commitments and Contingent Liabilities

Commitments. We lease office equipment and office and warehouse space under various noncancellable operating lease agreements that expire through June 2028. Total minimum rent expense was $7.0 million, $7.2 million, and $7.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014, respectively. We had no contingent rent expense during 2016, 2015, or 2014. In March 2013, we began a 15-year lease agreement for our corporate headquarters in Duluth, Georgia with estimated minimum annual rental payments ranging from approximately $4.5 million at inception to approximately $5.6 million in year 15.

As of December 31, 2016, the minimum aggregate rental commitments for operating leases were as follows:

As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, we had no material capital leases.

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Letter of Credit. Effective March 31, 2012, Peach Re entered into a Credit Facility Agreement with Deutsche Bank (the “Credit Facility Agreement”) to support certain obligations for a portion of the reserves (commonly referred to as Regulation XXX reserves) related to level premium term life insurance policies ceded to Peach Re from Primerica Life under the Peach Re Coinsurance Agreement.

Under the Credit Facility Agreement, Deutsche Bank issued a letter of credit in the initial amount of $450.0 million with a term of approximately 14 years (the “LOC”) for the benefit of Primerica Life, the direct parent of Peach Re. Subject to certain conditions, the amount of the LOC periodically increased up to a maximum amount of approximately $507.0 million, which was reached in 2014. Pursuant to the terms of the Credit Facility Agreement, in the event amounts are drawn under the LOC by Primerica Life, Peach Re will be obligated, subject to certain limited conditions, to reimburse Deutsche Bank for the amount of any draws and interest thereon. Peach Re has collateralized its obligations to Deutsche Bank by granting it a security interest in all of its assets with the exception of amounts held in a special account established to meet minimum asset thresholds required by state regulatory authorities. As of December 31, 2016, the Company was in compliance with all financial covenants under the Credit Facility Agreement.

Contingent Liabilities. The Company is involved from time to time in legal disputes, regulatory inquiries and arbitration proceedings in the normal course of business. These disputes are subject to uncertainties, including the large and/or indeterminate amounts sought in certain of these matters and the inherent unpredictability of litigation. As such, the Company is unable to estimate the possible loss or range of loss that may result from these matters unless otherwise indicated.

The Company is currently undergoing multi-state treasurer unclaimed property audits by 30 jurisdictions focusing on the life insurance claims paying practices of its subsidiaries, Primerica Life and NBLIC. Other jurisdictions may pursue similar audits and litigation. The potential outcome of such actions is difficult to predict but could subject the Company to adverse consequences, including, but not limited to, settlement payments, additional payments to beneficiaries and additional escheatment of funds deemed abandoned under state laws. At this time, the Company cannot reasonably estimate the likelihood or the impact of additional costs or liabilities that could result from the resolution of these matters.

(17) Benefit Plans

We sponsor a defined contribution plan for the benefit of our employees. The expense associated with this plan was approximately $7.4 million, $6.7 million, and $6.5 million in 2016, 2015, and 2014, respectively.

(18) Other Comprehensive Income

The components of other comprehensive income (“OCI”), including the income tax expense or benefit allocated to each component, were as follows:

 

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(19) Unaudited Quarterly Financial Data

In management’s opinion, the following quarterly consolidated financial information fairly presents the results of operations for such periods and is prepared on a basis consistent with our annual audited consolidated financial statements. Financial information for the quarters presented was prepared on a consolidated basis.

 

 

Quarterly amounts may not agree in total to the corresponding annual amounts due to rounding.

There have been no changes in, or disagreements with, accountants on accounting and financial disclosure matters during the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015.

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

The Company’s management, with the participation of the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)) as of the end of the period covered by this report (the “Evaluation Date”). Based on such evaluation, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that, as of the Evaluation Date, the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures are effective.

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Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There have not been any changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the fourth quarter of 2016 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company's internal control over financial reporting.

Management’s Annual Report On Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting for our company. With the participation of the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer, our management conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework and criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013), issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on this evaluation, our management has concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2016.

Our independent auditor, KPMG LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, has issued an attestation report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. This attestation report appears below.

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

The Board of Directors and Stockholders of Primerica, Inc.:

We have audited Primerica, Inc.’s (the Company) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

In our opinion, Primerica, Inc. maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by COSO.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the consolidated balance sheets of Primerica, Inc. and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2016, and our report dated February 27, 2017 expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements.

/s/ KPMG LLP

Atlanta, Georgia

February 27, 2017

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Not applicable.

 

 

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PART III

Pursuant to General Instruction G to Form 10-K and as described below, portions of Items 10 through 14 of this report are incorporated by reference from the Company’s definitive Proxy Statement relating to the Company’s 2017 Annual Meeting of Stockholders (the “Proxy Statement”), which will be filed with the SEC within 120 days of December 31, 2016, pursuant to Regulation 14A under the Exchange Act. The Report of the Audit Committee of our Board of Directors and the Report of the Compensation Committee of our Board of Directors to be included in the Proxy Statement shall be deemed to be furnished in this report and shall not be incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, as a result of such furnishing.

Our website address is www.primerica.com. You may obtain free electronic copies of our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and all amendments to those reports from the investors section of our website. These reports are available on our website as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file them with the SEC. These reports should also be available through the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov.

We have adopted corporate governance guidelines. The guidelines and the charters of our board committees are available in the corporate governance subsection of the investor relations section of our website, www.primerica.com, and are also available in print upon written request to the Corporate Secretary, Primerica, Inc., 1 Primerica Parkway, Duluth, GA 30099.

For a list of executive officers, see Part I Item X. Executive Officers and Certain Significant Employees of the Registrant herein.

We have adopted a written code of conduct that applies to all directors, officers and employees, including a separate code that applies to only our principal executive officers and senior financial officers in accordance with Section 406 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the rules of the SEC promulgated thereunder. Our Code of Conduct is available in the corporate governance subsection of the investor relations section of our website, www.primerica.com, and is available in print upon written request to the Corporate Secretary, Primerica, Inc., 1 Primerica Parkway, Duluth, GA 30099. In the event that we make changes in, or provide waivers from, the provisions of the Code of Conduct that the SEC requires us to disclose, we will disclose these events in the corporate governance section of our website.

Except for the information above and the information set forth in Part I, Item X. Executive Officers and Certain Significant Employees of the Registrant, the information required by this item will be contained under the following headings in the Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference:

The information required by this item will be contained under the following headings in the Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference:

Except for the information set forth in Part II, Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities, the information required by this item will be contained under the following headings in the Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference:

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The information required by this item will be contained under the following headings in the Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference:

The information required by this item will be contained under the following headings in the Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference:

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PART IV

(a) 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Included in Part II, Item 8, of this report:

Primerica, Inc.:

 

2. FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES

Included in Part IV of this report:

 

3. EXHIBIT INDEX

An “Exhibit Index” has been filed as part of this Report beginning on the following page and is incorporated herein by reference.

Schedules other than those listed above are omitted because they are not required, are not material, are not applicable, or the required information is shown in the financial statements or notes thereto.

(b) Exhibit Index.

The agreements included as exhibits to this report are included to provide information regarding the terms of these agreements and are not intended to provide any other factual or disclosure information about the Company or its subsidiaries, our business or the other parties to these agreements. These agreements may contain representations and warranties by each of the parties to the applicable agreement. These representations and warranties have been made solely for the benefit of the other parties to the applicable agreement and:

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Accordingly, these representations and warranties may not describe the actual state of affairs as of the date they were made or at any other time, and should not be relied upon by investors.

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(c) Financial Statement Schedules.

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM ON FINANCIAL

STATEMENT SCHEDULES

The Board of Directors and Stockholders of Primerica, Inc.:

Under date of February 27, 2017, we reported on the consolidated balance sheets of Primerica, Inc. and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2016. In connection with our audits of the aforementioned consolidated financial statements, we also audited the related financial statement schedules included herein. These financial statement schedules are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statement schedules based on our audits.

In our opinion, such financial statement schedules, when considered in relation to the basic consolidated financial statements taken as a whole, present fairly, in all material respects, the information set forth therein.

/s/ KPMG LLP

Atlanta, Georgia

February 27, 2017

 

 

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Schedule I

Consolidated Summary of Investments — Other Than Investments in Related Parties

PRIMERICA, INC.

 

See the accompanying report of independent registered public accounting firm.

 

 

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Schedule II

Condensed Financial Information of Registrant

PRIMERICA, INC. (Parent Only)

Condensed Balance Sheets

 

See the accompanying notes to condensed financial statements.

See the accompanying report of independent registered public accounting firm.

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Schedule II

Condensed Financial Information of Registrant

PRIMERICA, INC. (Parent Only)

Condensed Statements of Income

 

See the accompanying notes to condensed financial statements.

See the accompanying report of independent registered public accounting firm.

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Schedule II

Condensed Financial Information of Registrant

PRIMERICA, INC. (Parent Only)

Condensed Statements of Comprehensive Income

 

See the accompanying notes to condensed financial statements.

See the accompanying report of independent registered public accounting firm.

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Schedule II

Condensed Financial Information of Registrant

PRIMERICA, INC. (Parent Only)

Condensed Statements of Cash Flows

 

See the accompanying notes to condensed financial statements.

See the accompanying report of independent registered public accounting firm.

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Schedule II

Condensed Financial Information of Registrant

PRIMERICA, INC. (Parent Only)

Notes to Condensed Financial Statements

(A) Description of Business

Primerica, Inc. (“we”, “us” or the “Company”) is a holding company with our primary asset being the capital stock of our wholly owned operating subsidiaries, and our primary liability being $375.0 million in principal amount of senior unsecured notes issued in a public offering in 2012 (the “Senior Notes”). Our subsidiaries assist clients in meeting their needs for term life insurance, which our insurance subsidiaries underwrite, and mutual funds, annuities, managed investments and other financial products, which our subsidiaries distribute primarily on behalf of third parties. Our primary subsidiaries include the following entities: Primerica Financial Services, Inc., a general agency and marketing company; Primerica Life Insurance Company ("Primerica Life"), our principal life insurance company; Primerica Financial Services (Canada) Ltd., a holding company for our Canadian operations, which includes Primerica Life Insurance Company of Canada and PFSL Investments Canada Ltd.; and PFS Investments Inc., an investment products company and broker-dealer. Primerica Life, domiciled in Massachusetts, owns National Benefit Life Insurance Company, a New York insurance company. In addition, we established Peach Re, Inc. ("Peach Re") and Vidalia Re, Inc. (“Vidalia Re”) as special purpose financial captive insurance companies domiciled in Vermont and wholly owned subsidiaries of Primerica Life.

(B) Basis of Presentation

These condensed financial statements reflect the results of operations, financial position and cash flows for the Company. We prepare our financial statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”). These principles are established primarily by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”). The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect financial statement balances, revenues and expenses and cash flows, as well as the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. Management considers available facts and knowledge of existing circumstances when establishing the estimates included in our financial statements.

The most significant item that involves a greater degree of accounting estimates subject to change in the future is the determination of our investments in subsidiaries. Estimates for this and other items are subject to change and are reassessed by management in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

The accompanying condensed financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto of Primerica, Inc. and subsidiaries included in Part II, Item 8 of this report.

(C) Note Payable

In July 2012, we issued the Senior Notes in a public offering at a price of 99.843% of the principal amount with an annual interest rate of 4.75%, payable semi-annually in arrears on January 15 and July 15. The Senior Notes mature on July 15, 2022.

As unsecured senior obligations, the Senior Notes rank equally in right of payment with all existing and future unsubordinated indebtedness and senior to all existing and future subordinated indebtedness of the Company. The Senior Notes are structurally subordinated in right of payment to all existing and future liabilities of our subsidiaries. In addition, the Senior Notes contain covenants that restrict our ability to, among other things, create or incur any indebtedness that is secured by a lien on the capital stock of certain of our subsidiaries, and merge, consolidate or sell all or substantially all of our properties and assets.

We were in compliance with the covenants of the Senior Notes at December 31, 2016. No events of default(s) occurred on the Senior Notes during the year ended December 31, 2016.

(D) Dividends

For the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014, the Company received dividends from our non-life insurance subsidiaries of approximately $72.5 million, $86.5 million, and $71.3 million, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014, the Company received dividends from our life insurance subsidiaries of approximately $117.0 million, $62.6 million, and $248.4 million, respectively.

(E) Commitments and Contingent Liabilities

Peach Re and Vidalia Re have each entered into separate coinsurance agreements with Primerica Life whereby Primerica Life has ceded certain level-premium term life insurance policies to Peach Re and Vidalia Re. In conjunction with these coinsurance agreements, we have capital maintenance agreements with both Peach Re and Vidalia Re. Each capital maintenance agreement requires us at times to make capital contributions to Peach Re and Vidalia Re to insure that their regulatory accounts, as defined in the coinsurance agreements with Primerica Life will not be less than $20.0 million for each financial captive insurance company. For Peach Re, the regulatory account will only be used to satisfy obligations under its coinsurance agreement after all other available

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assets have been used, including a letter of credit issued by Deutsche Bank for the benefit of Primerica Life. For Vidalia Re, the regulatory account will only be used to satisfy obligations under its coinsurance agreement after all other available assets have been used including its held-to-maturity security ultimately guaranteed by Hannover Life Reassurance Company of America.

The Company is involved from time to time in legal disputes, regulatory inquiries and arbitration proceedings in the normal course of business. These disputes are subject to uncertainties, including large and/or indeterminate amounts sought in certain of these matters and the inherent unpredictability of litigation. As such, the Company is unable to estimate the possible loss or range of loss that may result from these matters.

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Schedule III

Supplementary Insurance Information

PRIMERICA, INC.

 

See the accompanying report of independent registered public accounting firm.

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Schedule IV

Reinsurance

PRIMERICA, INC.

See the accompanying report of independent registered public accounting firm.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

Primerica, Inc.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

 

 

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